status of international nonproliferation and counterterrorism efforts in central asia
DESCRIPTION
Threat Convergence Fact Sheet SeriesTRANSCRIPT
Status of International Nonproliferation and
Counterterrorism Efforts in Central Asia
Threat Convergence Fact Sheet Series
THREAT CONVERGENCE | THE FUND FOR PEACE
Copyright © 2011
The Fund for Peace.
Report prepared by Jonas Vaicikonis
Series Editor Patricia Taft
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without prior written consent from The Fund for Peace.
The Fund for Peace 1720 I Street NW 7th Floor Washington, D.C. 20006 T: +1 202 223 7940 F: +1 202 223 7947 www.fundforpeace.org The Fund for Peace Publication CR-11-10-TC (11-04A) Circulation: PUBLIC
WMD Non-Proliferation Initiatives 5 Export Control Laws and Projects in Place 6 Counterterrorism Initiatives 7 CTC Technical Assistance Matrix 7 International Anti-Terrorism Instruments 11 Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives 12 U.S. Multilateral Initiatives 13 Key Resources 14 About The Fund for Peace 15
Contents
www.fundforpeace.org 3 The Fund for Peace
www.fundforpeace.org 4 The Fund for Peace
UNSCR 1540 Reports
submitte
d1
Nuclear N
onprolife
ratio
n Treaty
Comprehensive Test B
an Treaty
(not yet e
ntered into fo
rce)
Chemical W
eapons Conventio
n
(1993)
Biological Toxin Weapons
Conventio
n (1
972)
Internatio
nal A
tomic Energy
Agency
Conventio
n on th
e Physical
Protectio
n of N
uclear M
ateria
l (1980)
Joint C
onventio
n on th
e Safety of
Spent Fuel M
anagement a
nd on th
e
safety of R
adioactive Waste
Management (1
997)
Conventio
n on Nuclear S
afety
(1994)
Internatio
nal C
onventio
n fo
r the
Suppression of A
cts of N
uclear
Terro
rism (2
005)
Kazakhstan 10 Dec 2004
7 Dec2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP S S S
Kyrgyzstan 21 Dec2004
18 Feb2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP - SP - S
Mongolia 3 Jun 2005 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - SP
Tajikistan 12 Jan2005
9 Jan 2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP - S
Turkmenistan 14 Oct2004 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP - - SP
Uzbekistan 27 Jun 2006 SP SP SP SP CSA/AP SP SP - SP
AP Additional Protocol in Force
CSA Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in force
Abbreviations
S Signatory
SP State Party
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WMD Nonproliferation Activities
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan participates in two export control regimes, the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. Kazakhstan has been praised for taking the lead in strengthening export controls
among Central Asian states and has a number of nonproliferation export control laws. It has had an automated export control system since 2000. It is continuing to address questions of rapid turnover in its
export control office and of the office’s under-resourcing. Kazakhstan, partnering with the U.S. and U.K., recently moved 100 tons of highly radioactive material from a Soviet-era reactor to a secure storage site.
This project was widely praised internationally as a successful multi-state partnership to reduce the risk of terrorist acquisition of dangerous material. Kazakhstan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan participates in two export control regimes, the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It has requested assistance from other UN member states in fulfilling its obligations
under UNSCR 1540. It has asked for “methodological, financial, and technical assistance.” Kyrgyzstan has a number of national trade and export control laws and is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-
Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.
Mongolia Mongolia does not participate in any multilateral export regimes. It has, however, declared that Mongolia is a nuclear weapon free zone and the UN has certified this declaration. Legislation, such as
the Law on Protection Against Toxic Chemicals (1995) and the Law on Combating Terrorism (2004), enables Mongolia to fight WMD proliferation. Mongolian export control laws prohibit the transfer of
weapons or weapons components into or through its territory, although they do not specifically mention WMD.
Tajikistan Tajikistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address the problem of WMD use and transport. Tajikistan
is a state party to 14 treaties that address terrorism and nonproliferation. It is a well-known transit hub for drugs and other illicit goods, and it has not been able to secure its borders to stem this tide. Tajikistan
is a member of the Central Asian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws. Turkmenistan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-
Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has requested assistance in fulfilling its obligations under UNSCR 1540, especially in training its border security personnel. It has a
number of national trade and export control laws. Uzbekistan is a state party to the Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty.
www.fundforpeace.org 6 The Fund for Peace
Export Control Laws and Projects in Place
CTC Cooperation UNSCR 1373 Reports
submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports
submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
CTC assistance received 2004-2008
S/2001/1307 S/2002/1087
S/2003/862 S/2004/658
Add 1. S/2005/287
S/2008/337 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation
with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).
• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2007).
• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and
the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey, February 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the
members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2005).
• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on
international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).
Kazakhstan
Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/countryreports/Creports.shtml) and 1624 (http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/1624.html).
www.fundforpeace.org 7 The Fund for Peace
Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)*
*Only reports dated through 2006 are made publicly available.
CTC Cooperation UNSCR 1373 Reports
submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports
submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
CTC assistance received 2004-2007
S/2002/204 S/2003/776
S/2004/660 Add. 1
S/2006/350
S/2010/328 • Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the
Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).
• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2007).
• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and
the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey, February 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the
members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2005).
• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on
international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).
CTC assistance received 2005
S/2001/1135 S/2002/1152
S/2005/455
- • Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for
Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).
Kyrgyzstan
Mongolia
www.fundforpeace.org 8 The Fund for Peace
Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)
CTC Cooperation UNSCR 1373 Reports
submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports
submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
Tajikistan
CTC assistance received 2004-2008
S/2002/358 S/2003/147
S/2004/992 S/2006/86
S/2006/400 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation
with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).
• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October
2007).
• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.
Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2007).
• Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey,
February 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of
universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow,
Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative
implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).
• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational
organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).
CTC assistance received 2004-2007
S/2002/580 S/2003/129
S/2003/868 S/2005/213
Add. 1 S/2009/498
See: S/2009/498 • Participated in the second subregional expert workshop on International Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism, Corruption and
the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime (Antalya, Turkey, February 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the
members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2005).
• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational
organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).
Turkmenistan
www.fundforpeace.org 9 The Fund for Peace
Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)
CTC Cooperation UNSCR 1373 Reports
submitted
UNSCR 1624 Reports
submitted UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities
CTC assistance received 2004-2007
S/2002/4 S/2002/974
S/2003/833 S/2005/347
S/2006/837
See: S/2006/837
• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the
Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).
• Participated in the Regional Workshop for Central Asia and Afghanistan on Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the OSCE (Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
April 2007).
• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in
promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (Moscow,
Russia, November 2005).
• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for
Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).
• Participated in a workshop for Central Asia and the Caucasus on international cooperation against terrorism and transnational organized crime, organized in cooperation with the Government of
Turkey (Antalya, Turkey, February 2004).
Uzbekistan
www.fundforpeace.org 10 The Fund for Peace
*Only reports dated through 2006 are made publicly available.
Counterterrorism Initiatives (UNSCR 1373 & 1624)
Conventio
n on Offences a
nd Certa
in Other A
cts Committe
d On Board Aircra
ft (1963)
Conventio
n for th
e Suppressio
n of U
nlawful Seizure of A
ircraft (1
970)
Conventio
n for th
e Suppressio
n of U
nlawful A
cts Against th
e Safety of C
ivil
Aviatio
n (1
971)
Conventio
n on th
e Prevention and Punish
ment o
f Crim
es a
gainst
Internationally Protecte
d Perso
ns, in
cluding Diplomatic A
gents (1
973)
International C
onventio
n Against th
e Taking of H
osta
ges (1
979)
Conventio
n on th
e Physica
l Protectio
n of N
ucle
ar M
ateria
l (1980)
Protocol fo
r the Suppressio
n of U
nlawful A
cts of V
iolence at A
irports S
erving
International C
ivil Aviatio
n, su
pplementary to
the Conventio
n for th
e
Suppressio
n of U
nlawful A
cts against th
e Safety of C
ivil A
viatio
n (1
988)
Conventio
n for th
e Suppressio
n of U
nlawful A
cts Against th
e Safety of
Maritim
e Navigation (1
988)
Protocol fo
r the Suppressio
n of U
nlawful A
cts Against th
e Safety of Fixed
Platfo
rms L
ocated on th
e Contin
ental Shelf (1
988)
Conventio
n on th
e Marking of Plastic E
xplosiv
es fo
r the Purpose of D
etectio
n
(1991)
International C
onventio
n for th
e Suppressio
n of T
erro
rist Bombings (1
997)
International C
onventio
n for th
e Suppressio
n of A
cts of N
ucle
ar T
erro
rism
(2005)
Amendment to
the Conventio
n on th
e Physica
l Protectio
n of N
ucle
ar M
ateria
l
Protocol of 2
005 to
the Conventio
n for th
e su
ppressio
n of u
nlawful acts
against th
e sa
fety of m
aritim
e navigatio
n
Protocol of 2
005 to
the Protocol fo
r the su
ppressio
n of u
nlawful acts a
gainst
the sa
fety of fix
ed platfo
rms lo
cated on th
e contin
ental sh
elf
SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP S - -
SP SP SP SP SP - SP - - SP SP SP SP - -
SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - -
SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - SP SP SP S - -
SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP -
SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP - -
www.fundforpeace.org 11 The Fund for Peace
International Antiterrorism Instrumentsa
Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations
Kazakhstan SP Kazakhstan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It passed
its AML/CFT regime in 2010. A mutual evaluation of Kazakhstan’s AML/CFT legislation is being conducted from 2010-2011.
Kyrgyzstan SP Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It passed
its AML/CFT law in 2006 and then strengthened it during 2008-2009. It was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 25 of the 40 recommendations
and in 8 of the 9 special recommendations. Kyrgyzstan joined the Egmont Group in 2009 to further improve its anti-money laundering abilities. Kyrgyzstan’s latest evaluation
report can be found at http://eurasiangroup.org/ru/news/eagkyrgyz.pdf.
Mongolia SP Mongolia is a member of the Asia/Pacific Group, an FATF-style organization in Asia, which it joined in 2004. Mongolia passed an AML/CFT law in 2006 and strengthened it in
2009. It was rated “partially compliant” or non-compliant” in 38 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.
Tajikistan SP Tajikistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It formed
a working group in 2009 to create AML/CFT legislation. Tajikistan was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 35 of the 40 recommendations and in 9 of 9 special
recommendations. Tajikistan’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://eurasiangroup.org/ru/news/tajikistan.pdf.
Turkmenistan SP Turkmenistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2010. Its
AML/CFT legislation was adopted in 2009. A mutual evaluation of Turkmenistan’s AML/CFT legislation is being conducted from 2010-2011.
International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing
Uzbekistan SP Uzbekistan is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2005.
Uzbekistan’s AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2006. Uzbekistan was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 17 of the 40 recommendations and 5 of the 9
special recommendations. Uzbekistan’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.eurasiangroup.org/Uzbekistan.php.
www.fundforpeace.org 12 The Fund for Peace
Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Terrorism Finance Initiatives
Container Security Initiative
Proliferation Security Initiative
Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative
Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear Security
Administration)
Kazakhstan - Participant
Joint action plan signed in 2006 (See NSOI Kazakhstan fact sheet at
http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Kazakhstan%20fact%
20sheets.pdf)
-
Kyrgyzstan - Participant
Joint action plan signed in 2007 (See NSOI Kyrgyzstan fact sheet at
http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Kyrgyz%20republic%20fact%
20sheets.pdf)
-
Mongolia - Participant - -
Tajikistan - Participant Provisionally agreed to a joint action plan in 2010. The Tajik government is
now reviewing the plan.
-
Uzbekistan - Participant An NSOI delegation met with the Uzbek government to discuss the
creation of a joint action plan in 2010.
-
www.fundforpeace.org 13 The Fund for Peace
U.S. Multilateral Initiatives
• National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml
• US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/
• FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/
document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html
• FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/
document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html
• FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/
finterr.htm
• US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/
internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1
• Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm
• UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/
• UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/
index.html
• Central Asia Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty Text: http://disarmament.un.org/
treatystatus.nsf/44e6eeabc9436b78852568770078d9c0/c851f154c73c8837852572f8005597f1?OpenDocument
www.fundforpeace.org 14 The Fund for Peace
Key Resources
www.fundforpeace.org 15 The Fund for Peace
About The Fund for Peace
T he Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit
research and educational organization that works to prevent violent
conflict and promote sustainable security.
Conflict Early Warning and Assessment
Transnational Threats
Sustainable Development, Sustainable Security
We promote sustainable security through research,
training and education, engagement of civil society,
building bridges across diverse sectors, and developing
innovative technologies and tools for policy makers.
A leader in the conflict assessment and early warning
field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of
weak and failing states. Our objective is to create
practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation
that are useful to decision-makers.
The Fund for Peace adopts a holistic approach to the
issues stemming from weak and failing states. We
work at both the grassroots level with civil society
actors and at policy levels with key decision makers.
We have worked in over 50 countries with a wide
range of partners in all sectors: governments, interna-
tional organizations, the military, nongovernmental
organizations, academics, journalists, civil society
networks, and the private sector.
The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of initiatives
focused on our central objective of promoting sustain-
able security, the ability of a state to solve its own
problems peacefully without an external military or
administrative presence. Our programs fall into three
primary thematic areas: Conflict Early Warning and
Assessment; Transnational Threats; and Sustainable
Development, Sustainable Security.
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