statistics on state and local governments joseph dalaker u.s. census bureau economy-wide statistics...
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Statistics on State and Local Governments
Joseph Dalaker
U.S. Census Bureau
Economy-Wide Statistics Division
Disclaimer: This report is released to inform interested parties of research and to encourage discussion of work in progress. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the U.S. Census Bureau.
Statistics About Governments
Main purposes Provide economic statistics about governments Serve as public-sector counterpart to private sector Track activity of governments over time
Response is voluntary Public nature of the data
State and Local Government Data: Uses
Calculation of important economic measures GDP: Bureau of Economic Analysis Flow of Funds: Federal Reserve Board
Time series analysis Comparative analysis Public Policy
Tax, health, education, welfare, transit, etc.
Governments as Producers
Components of Gross Domestic ProductSource: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product 2013
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Net Exports-3.0%
Personal Consumption
68.5% Private Domestic Investment
15.8%
Government Expenditure
18.7%
7.3% Federal Govt.
11.4% State & Local Govt.
Governments as Economic Entities
Governments as employers: 16.5% of civilian labor force 2.1% federal government 14.4% state & local government
4.0% state government 10.4% local government
(March 2012)
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012 Current Employment Statistics Survey and U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 Census of Governments: Public Employment and Payroll
6
Government Statistics in the News
1790 First Population Census
1840 Decennial Census collected some data on the number and types of schools and pupils
1850 Information collected in the Decennial Census included tax levies, governmental debt, and wealth, and the number and types of schools and their pupils
1880 Inquiries included the number of schools, details about cities including sewage and drainage, utilities, and public services and 105 additional questions that assessed governments’ financial conditions
1902 First comprehensive compilation of governmental data by the new “Census Office”
1950 Congress enacted legislation which provided that a “Census of Governments” be taken every 5 years, for years ending in “2” and “7” (Title 13, Section 161, U.S. Code)
1957 First Census of Governments focusing on four major areas of data collection-Governmental Organization-Taxable Property Values-Employment-Finances
History of Statistics on Governments
2012 Census of Governments
Census Bureau’s Statistics on Governments
Statistics on Governments
Frequency Survey/ProgramData Available For:
Data Items Included Sponsoring AgencyUS State County
Every 5 YearsCensus of Governments X X X Number of Units, Employment,
Finance, etc. Census Bureau
Government Units Survey X Functions performed, authorizing legislation, etc. Census Bureau
Annual
Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll X X X Employment, wages, etc. Census Bureau
Annual Survey of State Government Finances X X Revenue, expenditures, etc. Census Bureau
Annual Survey of School System Finances X X X Revenue, expenditures, etc. Census Bureau/NCES
Annual Survey of Public Pensions X X X Contributions, assets, etc. Census Bureau
Annual Survey of Local Government Finances X X X Revenue, expenditures, debt, assets Census Bureau
Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections X X Tax revenue Census Bureau
Quarterly
Quarterly Survey of Public Pensions X Contributions, assets, etc. Census Bureau
Quarterly Summary of State and Local Government Tax Revenues X X Tax revenue Census Bureau
Census of Governments
First conducted in 1957 Conducted every 5 years – ending 2 & 7 Content:
Counts & structure of governments Employment measures Financial measures
Census vs. Annual Surveys
• Content is the same • Number of governments surveyed is different
State and Local Government Data Collection Methods
• Mail canvass • Electronic reporting - Centurion & Harvester • Central collection - paper & electronic• Compilations
Content
Government Organization Government Finances Public Employment and Payroll
Government Organization
Why is understanding government structure important? What is included and what isn’t? How are basic services provided? Which comparisons are valid?
Defining a Government
Three criteria for defining a government: Existence as an organized entity Governmental character Substantial autonomy
Fiscal independence Administrative independence
Governmental Structure
Core government
Executive, legislative, and sometimes judicial Dependent agencies Jointly governed activities
90,106Government Organiz ations
90,056Local Governments
38,910General Purpose
Governments
3,031Counties
19,519Cities
16,360Townships
51, 146Special Purpose
Governments
38,266Special
Districts
12,880Independent
School Districts
50 State Governments
Types of GovernmentsMeasured and Defined
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 Census of Governments
Examples
Government Airport authorities Cities Counties Sanitary districts States
Non-Government Homeowners’
associations Most charter schools
Many services can be provided either by governments or by private entities – what matters is how the entity is organized, whether it has governmental character, and whether it has substantial autonomy.
Differences in Governmental Structure Among States
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 Census of Governments
State County Governments
City Governments
Township Governments
Special District Governments
School District Governments
Alabama 67 461 0 548 132
Connecticut 0 30 149 447 17
Georgia 153 535 0 510 180
Indiana 91 569 1,006 752 291
New York 57 614 929 1,174 679
Texas 254 1,214 0 2,600 1,079
Washington 39 281 0 1,285 295
1952 1982 2012116,694 82,290 90,056
Total Number of Governments
Number of Local Governments: United States
The Evolving Picture of our Governments
Source: 1952, 1982, & 2012 Census of Governments Counties
2%Counties
3%Counties
4%
Government Finances
Revenue by type Expenditure by character & function Debt by term Cash and securities by type of holding
Data products by: topic (tax collections, public schools, pension systems) level of government (state, local, state and local combined)
Finance Data are Nested
State Tax
Public Pension Data
Public Education Data
State Finance Data
State and Local Finance
Data
Sources of Tax Revenue – Variety Among StatesPercent Distribution of State Government Tax Revenue
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013 Survey of State Government Tax Collections
Percent Distribution of State Government Tax Revenue
Total % Sales Total General Sales
Selective Sales
License Taxes Total
Income Taxes Total
Individual Income
Corporation Income
All Other Taxes Total
Property Taxes Other Taxes
U.S. Average 100 46.4 30.1 16.3 6.6 41.9 36.6 5.3 5 .2 1.6 3.6
Alabama 100 50.8 25.2 25.6 5.3 38.7 34.6 4.1 5.2 3.5 1.7
Alaska 100 4.9 X 4.9 2.6 12.3 X 12.3 85.2 1.9 78.3
Delaware 100 14.6 X 14.6 37.6 43.0 33.8 9.3 4.8 X 4.8
Florida 100 82.5 60.1 22.4 5.8 6.0 X 6.0 5.8 >.01 5.8
Indiana 100 60.8 40.1 20.7 4.1 34.0 29.4 4.6 3.6 .04 3.6
Government Employment
Full-time employees Full-time gross payroll Part-time employees Part-time gross payroll Computed FTE
State & Local Government Employment,U.S. Total and Alabama
Utilities
Transportation
Other
Environment & housing
General administration
Social services & income maintenance
Public safety
Education
2.1
3.8
3.2
4.9
5.7
18.8
9.6
51.9
2.6
3.0
3.8
4.9
6.5
11.1
11.1
57.0
U.S.Alabama
SOURCE: 2012 Census of Governments: Employment
Percentage of Employees by Government Function
www.census.gov/govs
Reimbursable Programs
Reimbursable ProgramsFrequency Survey/Program Data Available For: Data Items Included Sponsoring AgencyUS State County Place
Every 5 Years
Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities (Prison Census) X X Staffing, facility size, capacity, programs offered, basic
prisoner information BJS (DOJ)
Census of Jail Inmates X X X X Staffing, facility size, capacity, programs offered, inmate characteristics BJS (DOJ)
Biennial
Academic Libraries Survey X X Expenditures, staffing, circulation, etc. NCES (Dept. of Education)
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement X X Demographic, offense, etc. OJJDP (DOJ)Juvenile Residential Facility Survey X X Facility characteristics OJJDP (DOJ)
Survey of Government Research and Development Expenditures X X Type of R&D, funding, etc. NSF
Annual
Annual Survey of Jails X X X Jails and inmates BJS (DOJ)Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment
Survey X Finance and employment BJS (DOJ)
Annual Survey of School System Finances X X X X Revenue, expenditures, etc. Census Bureau/NCESFederal Audit Clearinghouse Finance OMB
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - Public X X X X Health plans, premiums, benefits, and enrollment AHRQ
National Public Education Financial Survey X X Revenue, expenditures NCES (Dept. of Education)
Common Core of Data - Non-fiscal X X Directory, membership, teachers, staff, dropouts,
graduates NCES (Dept. of
Education)Education Demographic and Geographic
Estimates X X Demographic and geographic support NCES (Dept. of Education)
Public Libraries Survey X X Circulation, visits, staffing, etc. IMLSSurvey of Sexual Violence X X X Allegations, demographics BJS (DOJ)
National Prisoner Statistics 8 X X Characteristics of persons under sentence of death and of execution BJS (DOJ)
Teacher Compensation Survey* X X Salaries, expenditures, degree earned, etc. NCES (Dept. of Education)
BiannualNational Prisoner Statistics 1B X X Characteristics of population BJS (DOJ)
School Attendance Boundary Survey X X Geographic school boundaries NCES (Dept. of Education)
Reimbursable Surveys
Follow the survey life cycle Differences
Contract negotiation Collection content determined by sponsor Deliverables content and date set by sponsor Follow sponsor’s statistical and publication standards Funding comes from sponsor Sponsoring agency releases the data
Conclusion
The Census Bureau collects information on state and local governments including their characteristics, finances, and employment.
The Census Bureau also collects information for other agencies on topics including libraries, education, and criminal justice.
Questions?
Thank you!
Joseph Dalaker
Section Chief
Data User Outreach and Education Branch
Economy-Wide Statistics Division
U.S. Census Bureau
1-800-242-2184