statistics of jews - hillel international...(jewish chronicle, december 12, 1920.) a...

STATISTICS OF JEWS(Prepared by The Bureau of Jewish Social Research)

A. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WOELD

INTEODTTCTOBY NOTE

The •statistics of Jewish population given below are basedlargely upon estimates made before the World War. The popula-tion figures for the countries which have not been affected by theshifting boundaries as a result of the war are repeated as givenin the previous issue of the Year Book. As to the newly estab-lished states, and the countries whose geographical boundarieswere fixed by the terms of the Treaties of Versailles, St. Germain-en-Laye, and Neuilly, and for which no revised official popula-tion figures were available, estimates of the general and Jewishpopulation were made on the basis of the population data for thepolitical subdivisions constituting the respective countries as theyexisted before the war.

All new political subdivisions which have been generally recog-nized as independent states have been listed as such. For thesake of convenience, the various parts of European Russia forwhich independence is claimed are also listed separately underthe general heading " Russia in Europe."

In the case of those countries where the boundaries are stillcontested, and where special plebescite areas are in question,the most reliable estimates were obtained, the sources for eachbeing indicated in the appended notes.

It was not possible to make allowance for loss of life due to warconditions, but it is reasonable to assume that these losses werecounterbalanced by the natural increase of population and by thatemporary cessation of emigration.

TABLE IJEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD BY CONTINENTS

Continent

North AmericaSouth America...-.Europe

Jewishpopulation

3,379,668116,557

11,435,968

Continent

AsiaAfricaAustralia

Total. ..

Jewishpopulation

433,332359,72219,415

15,744,662

362 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

TABLE IINUMBER OF JEWS AND PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION BY COUNTRIES

Countries Year* TotalpopulationJewish

populationPer

ct. oftotal

NORTH J L M E M O ICanadaCubaJamaicaMexicoUnited States

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentine RepublicBrazilDutch Guiana (Surinam)

CuracaoPeruUruguayVenezuela

EUROPEAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCzecho-SlovakiaCyprus, Gibraltar, MaltaDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryItalyLuxemburgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRoumaniaRussia in Europe:

Soviet KussiaEsthoniaLatvia •LithuaniaUkrainia

Serb-Croat-Slovene State (Jugo-Slavia)SpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkey in EuropeUnited Kingdom

19111916191719121918

1917191719161917191719171917

11)20191019191910191119111919191919191919191919191910191019101919

1919

191919191919191919191919

1910191019191918

7,204,8382,627,536

850,00015,501,684

103,000,000

9,000,00020,000,000

88,76030,000

"i'ioo,bob2,755,685

6,071,9787,423,7844,500,000

14,000,000528,000

2,775,0763,300,000

41,476,27258,122,2736,336,000

15,600,00036,548,542

259,8915,945,1552,391,782

31,000,0005,482,132

17,300,000

95,000,000512,500

2,522,0002,000,000

30,000,00011,600,00019,503,0685,136,4413,741,9711,250,000

46,407,037

75,681'2, COO1,487

6003,800,000

110,0004,000

882600300300475

200,00016,00045,000s

349,000*1,4.155,1642,000*

150,0006

500,000'120,000s

450,000=43,000i»1,270

106,8091,046

4,100,00011

1,0001,000,000"

200,0007,500*

150,000'250,000>

3,300,000'100,000'

4,0003,912

19,02375,000

275,000

1.05.07.17

.972.00

.01

S.29.2

1.02.48

.27

.2

.06

1.802.9

.11

.451.79

.0413.22

.025.77

.21

.065.9

12.511.0

.85

.02.07.61

6.0

• Year refers to Jewish population.

STATISTICS OP JEWS 363

TABLE II (continued)

COL -. If iea Year*Total

populationJewish

population

Perct. oftotal

ASIAAdenAfghanistan and Turkestan ,Dutch East Indies (Java, Madura, etc.)Hong Eong and Straits SettlementIndiaPalestinePersia ".Russia in AsiaTurkey in Asia (other than Palestine).

AFRICAAbyssiniaAlgeriaEgyptMoroccoTripoliTunisEast African ProtectorateEhodesiaUnion of South Africa . . .

191119161912191119111916

1913

46,1656,000,000

18,000,000366,145

315,156,896700,000

9,500,00010,295,911020,650,000

19141907

AustraliaNew Zealand

AUSTRALASIA

19111914191619141911

19111916

5,563,82811,287,8595,0011,000

523,1761,878,6204,038,0001,610,0005,973,394

4,455,0051,099,296

3,74718.31610,842

6S520.98085,O00;

40,00076.26220

177,500

25,00070,27138,635

103,71218,£6054,664

801,60)

47,000

17,2872,128

8.12.31.02.04.006

12.004.02

.74

1.2.34

2.113.62.9

.002

.09

.78

.21

* Tear refers to Jewish population.

1 CANADA.—This is the figure given in the Canadian census of1911. Since that time the Jewish immigration to Canada has ag-gregated 27,301. Assuming that the natural increase was twoper cent per annum, and that there was not any considerable emi-gration from Canada, there should now be approximately 120,000Jews in British North America.

"AUSTRIA.—The Republic of Austria, as at present constituted,consists of Lower and Upper Austria, Salzburg, Carinthia (includ-ing the southern plebiscite area), Styria, Northern Tyrol, andVorarlberg. According to the official Austrian Census of 1910(the 1920 Austrian census takes no account of religion), theseprovinces had a Jewish population of about 190,000. Immigrationfrom the eastern sections of the former empire has increased thisnumber to at least 200,000.

• BULGARIA.—The frequent changes in the boundaries of Bul-garia make it difficult to determine with any degree of accuracythe general and the Jewish population. By the terms of theTreaty of Neuilly, the present boundaries of Bulgaria approach


again those of 1910, -when the official Bulgarian Census gave theJewish population as 40,070. The present Jewish population ofBulgaria is estimated by D. J. Plorentin (Ea-'Olam, London, No-vember 21, 1919) to be about 45,000.

* CZECHO-SLOVAKIA.—The Czecho-Slovak republic comprises theterritory of the former Austrian provinces of Bohemia, Moravia,and Silesia, as well as Slovakia and Ruthenia, which were for-merly parts of Hungary.

According to the official statistics of the last census, which tookplace in 1910 both in Austria and Hungary, the number of Jewsin these provinces was as follows:

Bohemia 85,827Moravia 41,183Silesia 13,442Slovakia 143,545

283,997To this must be added the Jews of Ruthenia, estimated by the

Czecho-Slovak Jewish National Council to be at least 65,000, giv-ing a total of 348,997 Jews in the whole of the Republic, out ofa total population of 14,000,000.

•FINLAND.—This estimate was made by Nahum Sokolow (Zion-ist Bulletin, London, February 25, 1920.)

"FRANCE.—The estimate of the Jewish population of Francein 1911 is 100,000. The return of Alsace-Lorraine adds a popula-tion of 30,483 (German Census 1910), thus making the total Jew-ish population of France for 1911 about 130,000. During thepast decade the Jewish population has increased by immigrationfrom Eastern Europe and the Balkans, especially Salonica, and isnow estimated by Davis Trietsch at about 150,000. (JewishChronicle, December 12, 1919.)

' GERMANY.—The German Census of 1910 gives the Jewishpopulation of Germany as 615,021. By the terms of the Treaty ofVersailles, Germany through cession and by plebiscite loses thefollowing territories:

Jewish population(Census 19)0)

Silesia (regency of Opole) 18,217Posen 26,512West Prussia 13,954East Prussia (Allenstein) 2,587Alsace-Lorraine 30,483Schleswig 20,000 (estimated)

Total 111,753

STATISTICS OP JEWS 365I

This leaves for the republic of Germany as at present consti-tuted a Jewish population of 503,268.

"GREECE.—According to the Greek Provisional Census of 1913,the kingdom of Greece, (including Crete) and the territories ofMacedonia, Epirus, and the .

366 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOKi

trian province of Bukowina, Transylvania, and the Banat ofTemesvar. The distribution of the Jewish population in theseterritories is as follows:

Jewish populationKingdom of Roumania (as constituted in

1914) 241,000Bessarabia 300,000Transylvania 240,000Banat of Temesvar 50,000Bukowina 103,000

934,000The figures for Transylvania, the Banat of Temesvar, and Buko-

wina are based on the Austrian and Hungarian Census of 1910.The estimate for Bessarabia was made by Dr. Jacob Bernstein-Cohn, (Jewish Chronicle, London, March 5, 1920.)

Dr. Diamant, (Har'Olam, London, January 23, 1919) estimatesthe Jewish population of Roumania in 1919 to be about 1,000,000.This agrees with the official estimate reported by the AmericanLegation at Bucharest.

"SOVIET RUSSIA.—This includes the Caucasus which in 1913had a Jewish population of 78,831.

"ESTHONIA.—This estimate was made by Dr. Klampas, mem-ber of the Jewish National Council of Esthonia. (Zionist Bulletin,London, February 25, 1920.)

"LATVIA.—Includes all of Courland, four southern districts ofLivonia and Letgalen (the three north-western districts ofVitebsk). The figure for the Jewish population given (150,000)is based on the Russian Census of 1897, the only official sourceavailable.

16 LITHUANIA.—The territory included in Lithuania at presentconsists of the province of Kovno, part of Suvalki, and portions ofWhite Russia not held by Poland. Recent official informationfrom the Ministry of Jewish Affairs of Lithuania gives the Jewishpopulation of that country as 144,527. This does not include thenumerous refugees about to be repatriated which the Ministry esti-mates to be about 100,000. The Jewish population may, therefore,be fixed at about 250,000.

"UKRAINE.—This estimate was made by Davis Trietsch(Jewish Chronicle, December 12, 1920.)

a SEBB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE (JUGO-SLAVIA).—The kingdom ofthe Serbs, Slovenes, and Croats is composed of part of Albania,the greater part of the former Serbia, and the following parts ofthe former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, viz.: Croatia and Sla-vonia, part of Styria, part of Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina.Within these provinces there was in 1913 a Jewish population of

STATISTICS OF JEWS 367

about 100,000, which estimate is based upon the official Austro-Hungarian Census of 1910 and the Serbian Census of 1913. Theestimate of Davis Trietsch (Jeunsh Chronicle, London, December12, 1919) is about 200,000.

19 PALESTINE.—No revised population figures for the whole ofPalestine are at present available. Dr. A. Ruppin has stated thatthe Jewish population of Palestine has not increased during thewar period. A census taken, by the Jaffe-Palestine Office in 1916-1917, of one section of the country, Judea, gave the Jewish popu-lation of this particular section as 41,704, of whom 26,605 wereresidents of Jerusalem. The Jewish population of the Holy Cityin 1913 numbered 58,390. Lord Sydenham in a statement madein Parliament on June 29, 1920, gave these figures for Palestine:Muslims 515,000, Christians 62,500, Jews 65,300, others 5,050; theJews number about 10 per cent.

^RUSSIA IN ASIA.—The distribution of the Jewish populationin Asiatic Russia in 1913 was:

Siberia 58,730Central Asia 17,532

Total 76,262Since 1913 the Jewish population in these regions was consid-

erably increased by immigration from the former "Pale of Set-tlement."

TABLE IIIJEWS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE

Total, 504,923'ETOOPE AFRICA

United Kingdom 286,000 Union of South Africa 47,000Cyprus, Gibraltar, Egypt 50,000

Malta 1,445 East African Protecto-rate 120

AMERICACanada .'....'75,681 AUSTRALASIAJamaica 1,200 Australia 17,287

New Zealand 2,128ASIA

Aden 3,747India 20,980Hong Kong and Straits

Settlement 5351 English Jewish Tear Book, 1920. The total population of the British empire

ii given as 439,959,000, the Jews thus forming 00.11 per cent of the total.2 See Note 1, on p. S63.


B. J E W I S H POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

The Government of the United States, in making its variouscensuses, takes no account of religious affiliations. There are, there-fore, no official, authoritative statistics of the Jewish populationof the United States. All figures concerning the number of Jewsin this country are based entirely upon estimates. Following isa table giving the number of Jews in the United States as esti-mated by various authorities at different times.

TABLE IVESTIMATES or THE JEWISH POPULATION MADE AT VARIOUS TIMES

Year

1818182418261840184818S01888189719051907191019141918

Authority

Mordecai M NoahSolomon Etting . .

M A Berk

Number

3,0006,0006,000

15,00050,000

230,257400,000937,800

1,508,4351,777,1852,043,7622,933,8743,300,000

The latest estimate, that for 1918, was made by the Bureau ofJ«wish Statistics and Research of the American Jewish Com-mittee, under the direction of Doctor Samson D. Oppenheim. Acomplete statement of the methods of computation which resultedin the figure presented is contained in the AMERICAN JEWISH YEABBOOK 5679, pp. 31-74.

The last previous estimate, that made by the editor of theAMERICAN JEWISH YEAH BOOK in 1910, was based on the increasein the population of fifty cities during the years 1907-1910. Forthese fifty cities, the total population in 1910, as estimated bythe Industrial Removal Office, was 15 per cent greater than thatestimated by the editor of the AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 5668.It was assumed that there had been a similar increase in theJewish population throughout the country, and that the totalJewish population for 1907, given as 1,777,185, had by 1910 become2,043,762.


The estimate made in 1907 by the editor of the AMERICAN JEW-ISH YRAB BOOK 5668 was obtained by securing from individualsin almost every Jewish community an estimate of the Jewishpopulation of the place. These were added together and gave, asa basis for calculation, the figure 1,777,185. Table V gives theJewish population, by states, as estimated at that time, andeleven years later by the Bureau of Jewish Statistics. It willbe noted that, assuming these estimates to have been valid, theJewish population of the United States has practically doubledwithin eleven years. The explanation of this extraordinary in-crease lies chiefly in the movement of Jews from abroad, the totalnumber of Jewish immigrants during the period being 863,526.

Table VI, arranged according to geographical sections, willfacilitate comparison with population tables given by the UnitedStates Census Bureau. As the complete results of the 1920 Cen-sus have not yet been published, the official estimates for 1918 aregiven.

In the article on the Jewish Population of the United States,in AMERICAN JEWISH YEAB BOOK 5679, attention was called tothe interesting fact that nine-tenths of all Jews in the coun-try live in the following twelve states of the union: New York,Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey, Mis-souri, Connecticut, California, Maryland,* Michigan, and Indiana(see Table VII). It will be noted that seventy-five per cent ofthe total are residents of the five states ranking first in manu-factures, according to the United States census of 1910, namely,New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Ohio.


TABLE VJEWISH POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES

StatesEstimated

1907Estimated

1918 Increase

AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFloridaGeorgiaHawaiian Island . . .IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew Jersey •New MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaPhilippine Islands . .Porto RicoRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming

7,000

Total 1,777,185

5003,085

42,0006,500

22,0001,6005,1003,0009,300

100300

110,00012,0006,0001,500

10,00012,0005,000

4i,orn90,0U016,00013,0003,300

62,0001,5006,600

3001,000

70,000800

905,0001,5001,000

85,0001,0006,000

150,000100100

12,0002,600

30010,00016,0001,0001,000

10,0006,5001,600

15,000300

11,086600

1,0136,012

63,65214,56566,8623,806

10,0006,461

22,414150

1,0782-16,63725,83315,5569,450

13,36212,7237,887

62,652189,67163,25431,4623,881

80,8072,518

13,547503

3,257149,476

8581,603,923

4,9161,492

166,3615,1869,767

322,406500200

20,5024,8161,262

14,03430,8393,7372,221

15,4039,1176,129

28,531498

4,086600613

1,92721,6528,065

44,8622,2064,0003,451

13,11450

778136,63713,8339,5657,9503,362

7232,887

21,64299,67147,25418,462

58128,8071,0187,047

2032,257

79,47658

698,9233,415

49281,3614,1863,767

172,406400100

8,5022,316

9624,034

14,8392,7371,2216,4033,6173,629

13,581198

1,613,116

TABLE VIJEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES BY GEOGBAPHIOAL

DIVISIONS

Division and State

NEW ENGLANDMaine

Rhode Island

MIDDLE ATLANTICNew York

P ennsvl vani aEAST NOHTH CENTRAL . . . .

Ohio . .

IllinoisMiphig-anWismnsin

WEST NORTH CENTRAL . . .MinnesotaIowa

North DakotaSouth DakotaNpbrasVa

SOUTH ATLANTIC

MarylandDistrict of Columbia . .

West VireiniaNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaGeorgiaFlorida

EAST SOUTH CENTRALKentuokv

M ississ IDD iWEST SOUTH CENTRAL . . .

ArkansasLouisianaOklahomaTexas

MOUNTAINMontanaIdahoWvominff

UtahNevada

PACIFICWash i n srton

Total

Jewish populationestimated 1918

289,9007,3873,2572,221

189,67120,50266,862

2,076,8051,603,923

149,476822,406530,666166,36125,833

246,63763,25428,581

153,57531,46215,65580,8071,4921,262

13,6479,450

135,5763.806

62,64210,00015.4035,1294,9154,816

22,4146,451

i2,S6S13,36214,03411,0863,881

53,7605,012

12,7236,186

30,83924.7702,5181,078

49814,565

8581,0133,737

603

82,5369,1170,767

63,652

8,388,951

GeDera] populationestimated 1918

7,351,208782,191446,352366,192

3,832,790637,115

1,286,268«2.5*5,W10 ,6J6 ,9893,080,3718,798,067

180,133,3766,273,8142,854,1676,317,7343,133,6782,553,983

12,716,4992,345,2872,224,7713,448,498

791,437735,434

1,296,8771,874,195

13,650,712216,941

1,38-1,539374,584

2,23-1,0301,439,1652,466,0251,660,9342,935,617

938,8779,126,5362,408,5472,321,2532,395,2702,001,466

10,656,6511,792,9651,884,7782,377,6294,601,2793,-430,542

486,376461,766190,380

1,014,581*37,U15272,034453,648114,742

8,668,2331,660,578

888,2433,119,412

105,259,184

Per centof total

S.9.94.72.6

4.93.25.1

9.1Z15.064.863.662.133.159.053.92 .1.1

.121.34

.692.06

.18

.171.04

.5

.991.754.522.66

.68

.35

.19

.22.76.68

.46

.46

.64

.46

.19

.5

.27

.67

.21

.67

.72

.61

.23

.261.43

.19.37.82.43

1.45.54

1.092.04

3.22


TABLE VIITWELVE STATES WHICH CONTAIN NINETY PEB CENT OF THE JEWS

IN THE UNITED STATES

State

New YorkPennsylvania..IllinoisMassachusetts..OhioNew JerseyMissouri

Jewishpopulation

1,603,923322,406246,637189,671166,361149,47680,807

Per cent oftotal Jewishpopulation

48.609.767.475.746.044.622.44

State

Connecticut ..California . . . .MarylandMichiganIndiana

Total

Jewishpopulation

66,86263.65263,64263,26426,833

3,042,524

Per cent oftotal Jewishpopulation

2.021.921.921.91

.78

92.16

Another point of interest developed by the inquiry of the Bu-reau of Jewish Statistics and Research is that approximatelythree-quarters of the Jewish population of the United States areconcentrated in only ten cities which hold only about 14 per centof the total general population of the United States. This bringsout graphically the industrial and commercial tendencies of theJewish population of the United States.

TABLE VIIITEN CITIES LEADING IN JEWISH POPULATION

CityJewish

populationestimated

1918

Generalpopulation

estimated as ofJan. 1,1917

Per centJews to

total

Per centof totalJewish

population

New York .,ChicagoPhiladelphi;Cleveland ..BostonBaltimore..St. Louis . . .Pittsburgh .NewarkDetroit

Total

1,500,000226,000200,000100,00077,60060,00060,00060,00056,00060,000

6,670,1672,621,8221,760,000

760,000767,589595,000850,800690,000401,000825,000

26.458.92

11.4313.3310 0910.087.05

10.1613.716.06

45.456.816.063.032.841.811.811.811.661.61

2,387,500 14,720,578 16.21 72.34

In the following table of cities in which there are more than1000 Jewish inhabitants, the total general population for 1917, asestimated by the Census Bureau, is also given, in order to facili-tate comparison.


TABLE IXCITIES HAVING ONE THOUSAND OB MOBB JEWISH INHABITANTS

Cities

Akron, OhioAlbany, N. YAllentown, PaAltoona, PaAtlanta, GaAtlantic City, N. J . .Augusta, OaBaltimore, MdBangor, MeBay City, MichBayonne, N. JBinghamton, N. Y. . .

Bloomfteld, N. J . . . .Boston, MassBraddoek, PaBridegport, Conn. . .Brockton, MassBuffalo, N. YButte, MontCambridge, MassCamden, N. JCanton, OhioCarbondale, PaCharleston, S. 0Charleston, W. Va...Chattanooga, Tenn. .Chelsea, MassChester, PaChicago, 111Cincinnati, Ohio. . . .Cleveland, OhioColumbus, OhioCouncil Bluffs, l a . . .Dallas, TexDayton, OhioDenver, ColoDes Moines, laDetroit, MichDuluth, MinnEast St. Louis, 111...Elizabeth, N. JElmira, N. YEl Paso, TexErie. PaEvansville, IndFall Hiver, Mass....Fort Wayne, Ind. . . .Port Worth, Tex.. . .Galveston, Tex

Jewishpopula-

tion 1918

2 0007,0001,2001,000

10,0004,0002,500

60,0001,0001,000

10,0001,5603,5001,000

77,6001,600

12,0001,500

20,0001 ,(1008,0002,0001,0001,0001,9001,0001,400

13,0001,000

225,00025,000

100,0009,0001,0008,0004,000

11,0003,200

50,0002,3001,0005,0001,2001,8001,5001,5007,5001,6502,2501,100

Generalpopula-

tion 1917

130 000110,00065,00060,000

200,00063,00041,0-10

595,00026,00050,00070,00055,901

198,99017,306

767,689-.9,357

170,00065,000

480,000100,000110,000106,00070,00017,04065,00022,99665,00043,42638,537

2,521,822450,000750,000210,00035,000

135,000135,000253.000110,000825,000104,00068,54785,00045,00039,27990,00090,000

126,00078,700

110,00061,000

Cities

Gary, IndGrand Rapids, Mich.Harrisburg, PaHarrison, N. JHartford, ConnHaverhill, MassHoboken, N. JHolyoke, Mass.Houston TexIndianapolis, Ind... •Jacksonville, FlaJersey City, N. J . . .Joliet, 111Kansas City, Kan. . .Kansas City, M o . . . .Lincoln, NebLancaster, PaLawrence, MassLittle Rock, ArkLong Branch, N. J . .Los Angeles, Cal . . . .Louisville, KyLowell, MassLynn, MassMaiden, MassMcKeesport, PaMemphis, TennMeriden, ConnMilwaukee, WisMinneapolis, Minn...Mobile, AlaMontgomery, A la . . .Mt. Vernon, N. Y. . .Nashville, TennNewark N JNew Bedford, Mass..New Britain, Conn..New Brunswick, N J.New Haven, Conn. . .New London, Conn..New Orleans, L a . . . .Newport News, Va. .New Rochelle, N. Y.New York, N. YNorfolk Va

Oakland, CalOklahoma, OklaOmaha, NebPassaic. N. J

Jewishpopula-

tion 1918

1,2001,0004,0001,000

16,0003,5005,0001,0005,000

10,0002,000

12,5001,1003,500

12,0001,2001,4002,0001,5001,300

18,0009,0006,0007,5009,0003,0007,0001,000

20,00015,0002,2001,6503,0003,000

55,0003,6002,5003,000

18,0001,0008,0002,0003,000

1,500,0005 0001,5006,0001,000

10,0006,000

Generalpopula-

tion 1917

16,802132,00080,00014,520

150,00055,00071,00063,000

148,000301,00096,000

270.90334,670

100,000300,00056,00047,227

100,00060,00014,565

600,000265,420117,00097,00048,90742,694

150,00032,000

448,765870,00060,06048,65040,000

139,000401,000114,10843,91632,000

160,00019,659

400,00020,20536,000

6,670,1678!) 61220,867

250,00092,000

210,00062,664


TABLE IX (continued)

CitiesJewishpopula-tion 1918

151,15

20060111123115111642013601012330537

000000750000000000500500000000500»000600000000250750000000000000300000000500500,000,000

ooo500500

Generalpopula-tion 1917

130,000227539

1,7605903924156727533332516040110251602656585850290371201405309095145

982000719000000607516129000000190000000000000000178

ooo000000000000000200000ooo,000,000,000000

CitiesJewishpopula-

tion 1918

Generalpopula-tion 1917

Paterson, N. JPensacola, FlaPeoria, IIIPerth Amboy, N. J . .Philadelphia, P a . . . .Pittsburgh, PaPittsfleld, MassPlainfleld. N. JPort Chester, N. Y . .Portland, MePortland, OrePortsmouth, VaPoughkeepsie, N. Y..Providence, R. I.. .Pueblo, ColoQuiney, MassReading, PaRevere, MassRichmond, VaRochester, N. YSaginaw, MichSt. Joseph, Mo.St. Louis, MoSt. Paul, MinnSalem, MassSalt Lake City. Utah.San Antonio, TexSan Francisco, Cal. .Savannah, Ga..Scheneetady, N. Y, . .Scranton, P a . .

Seattle, WashShreveport, LaSioux City, laSomerville, Mass . . . .South Bend, I nd . . . .South Bethlehem, Pa.South Norwalk, Conn.Spokane, WashSpringfield, Mass....Stamford, ConnStockton, CalSyracuse, N. YTampa, FlaToledo, Ohio.Topeka, KanTrenton, N. JTroy, N. YUtica, N. YWaco. TexWashington, D. C . . .Waterbury, Conn.. . .West New York, N. J.Wheeling, W. Va. . . .Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. . .Wilmington, DelWinthrop, MassWoodbine, N. JWorcester, MassYonkers, N. YYoungBtown, Ohio...

5,0001,5002,5002,(1002,0001,3001,0001,1006,0001,5001,000

12,0001,0007,5001,0007,0003,0001,6005,001

10,0006,0001,5001,0003,0003,5001,5001,900

10,0005,0005,000

330,83428,01665,00090,00070,03019,9738,968

125,000110,00025,13823,253160,00068,275250,00061,476110,00080,00085,00026,426

100^00022,94343,97276,000106,37412,7581,900

175,00095,000125,000

1 9000 according to a recent estimate of the Federation of Jewish Charities ofthat city.

Approximately half the Jews in the United States reside inthe city of New York, where they constitute about twenty-five percent of the total population. The following table of the Jewishpopulation of New York City, by boroughs, as estimated fromfigures of public school attendance by Doctor Alexander Dushkin,is taken from the Jewish Communal Register, published by theNew York Kehillah, in 1918.

TABLE XESTIMATE OF THE JEWISH POPULATION OP NEW YOEK CITY BY

BOEOUQHSManhattan 696,000The Bronx 211,000Brooklyn 568,000Queens 23,000Richmond 5,000

Total 1,503,000


It is interesting to note that, while New York contains such alarge quota of the Jews of the United States, it is not proportion-ately the most Jewish city. Chelsea, Mass., has a Jewish popula-tion of 13,000, or twenty-eight per cent of the general population.The three Jewish agricultural colonies which make up the bulk ofthe populations of Rosenhayn, Carmel, and Woodbine, all in NewJersey, constitute, respectively, fifty per cent, sixty per cent, andone hundred per cent of the general population of those places.

C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED STATES

The following tables give the main figures relating to the Jewishimmigration to the United States from the year 1881 to June 30,1919. For the earlier years, from 1881 to 1900, the results areonly for the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore; from1899 onwards, the figures are from the reports of the Commis-sioner-General of Immigration. In some instances the figures re-fer only to the year 1917-1918, continuing those of previous issuesof the YEAB BOOK.

TABLE XIJEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881-1900, THROUGH THE POETS OF NEW YORK,

PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE

Year

1881-8418851886188718881889189018911892 . .

Numberadmitted

74,31019 61129,65827,46831,36323,96234,30369,13960 325

1893

1895 .18961897189S18991...1900' .

Total ..

Year Numberadmitted

32,94322 10832,07728,11820 68427 40916,02149,816

699,315

i To July. Includes, for Philadelphia, the figures to Nov. 1.

The complete statistics of immigration to the United States, aashown by the Commissioner-General's reports, are given belowfor the period 1899-1919. It will be seen that for this period oftwenty-one years Jewish immigration has been 1,551,315, amount-ing to 10.43 per cent of the total immigration.


TABLE XIINUMBER OP JEWISH IMMIGBANTS AND TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS

ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES, 1899-1919

Y e a r '

1899 . . . .1900 . . . .1 9 0 1 . . . .1902 . . . .1 9 0 3 . . . .1904. . . .1905. . . .1906 . . . .1907 . . . .1908 . . . .1909. . . .

Jewish immi-grants

37,41560,76468,09857,68876,203

106,236129,910153,748149,182103,38767,651

All immi-grants

311,715448,572487,918648,743857,046812,870

1,026,4991,100,7351,285,349

782,870751,786

Yeari

1910...'.1911... .1912....1913....1914....1915....1916....1917....1918....1919....

Total

Jewish immi-grants

84,26091,22380,595

101,330138,05126,49715,10817,3428,6723,055

1,551,316

Allimmi-grants

1,041,570878,587838,172

1,197,8921,218,480

326,700298,826295,403110,618141,132

14,861,488

1Year ending June 30.

Since 1908, the number of aliens leaving the United States isgiven as well as the number admitted. It will be observed thatfor the twelve years the total number of Jews returning is ap-proximately 7 per cent of the Jews admitted. This figure con-trasts strikingly with the total number of departures, over 34 percent

TABLE XIIIRATIO OF DEPARTURES TO ADMISSIONS, 1908-1919

Year1

1908190919101911 . . . .1912 '1913191419151916191719181919

Total, 1908-1919..

Number

Jews

103,38757,55184,26091,22380,595

101 330138,05126,49715,10817,3423,6723,055

722,071

admitted

Total

782,870751,786

1,041,570878,587838,172

1,197,8921,218,480

326,700298,826295,403110,618141,132

7,882,036

Number

Jews

7,7026,1055.6896,4017,4186,6976,8261,524

199329687373

49,950

departed

Total

395,073225,802202,436295,666333,262308,190303,338204,074129,76566,27794,585

123,522

2,681,990

Per cent departedof admitted

Jews

7.4410.606.757,019.205.604.946.751.811.89

18,701.22

6.91

Total

50.4630.0319.4833.6539.7625 7524.8962.4643.4222.4385.5187.51

34.02

1 Year end ing June 30.


The Jewish immigration since 1881 is approximately 2,150,000.On the basis of the percentage leaving the United States since1908, the total number departed during this period would be 149,-000, leaving a net increase through immigration of 2,001,000.

Of interest in connection with the number of immigrants ad-mitted are the data for those rejected on application for admis-sion and those returned from the United States after admission.The figures are shown in the table below.

TABLE XIVIMMIGBANTS DEBARRED AND DEPOBTED

Year*

1899-19101911L9121913191419151916191719181919

Total , 1899-1919....

Number

Jena

10 7851,9991 0641 2242 5061,398

949607222199

20,953

dibarred

Total

116,25522,34916,05719,93833,04124,11118,86716,0287,2978,626

282,569

Per centof Jewsto total

9.278.846.626.147.585.795.023.783.042.30

I.il

Number deported

Jews

1 3032091912533176879462717

2,510

Total

12,1772,7882 4563,4614 1372 6702 9061,918

79«3,102

36,411

Per centof Jewsto total

10.707.177.777.317.662.542.712.393.39

.54

6.89

Year ending June 30.

During a period of twenty-one years, the number of Jews re-jected on application for landing was 20,953, or approximately7.41 per cent of the total number of immigrants debarred. This isconsiderably less than the proportion which Jews form of thetotal immigration for the same period, 10.43 per cent.

For the same period, the number of Jews returned after land-,ing was 2510, or 6.89 per cent of the total number deported. This,again, is lower than the proportion of Jews in the total immigra-tion.


IMMIGRATION 1918-1919

Statistics for the year ending June 30, 1920, are not yet avail-able. The significant facts respecting the immigration of theprevious year are given herewith.

During 1918-1919, there were admitted 3055 Jews. The num-ber departing was 373. The net increase through immigration wasthus 2682. The net increase for 1917-1918 was 2985. The fig-ures for 1918-1919 as also those for the three previous years be-tray the influence of the European war, and the unsettled condi-tions following it, on Jewish as on general immigration.

Herewith is shown the number of Jewish immigrants for theleading ports, according to data supplied by the Hebrew Shelter-ing and Immigrant Aid Society of America. They are not thecomplete figures for the United States, and should not be cbm-pared in detail with the Government figures.

TABLE XYJEWISH IMMIGRATION AT LEADING POETS, YEAR ENDING JUNE 30,1919

New YorkPhiladelphia

Seattle

Total

Ports Number ofimmigrants

2,000»1769

220184

2,490

1 It was impossible to obtain figures for immigrants arriving at the port of NewYork during the year 1918-19. The port of New York and the immigration stationat Ellis 'Island came under the jurisdiction of the War Department, and the Depart-ment of Justice prohibited the gathering of any data. The Hebrew Sheltering andImmigrant Aid Society estimates that 2000 Jewish immigrants arrived at the portof New York during the year ending June 30, 1919.


TABLE XVIIMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES AND DEPARTING THERE-

FROM, BY STATES, 1918-1919

Statesdestination or departure

Illinois . . . .

New YorkNorth DakotaOhio

Virginia

Other States and Possessions . . . .

Total . . .

Numberadmi t t ed

Jews

347133615

19813132127

158213109111989

1,298H

109159

101120651085 '

3,055

Total

16,575738

1,663816

3,951660743

2,809618

11,4088,4902,326

690951

2,86028,716

7462,1683,844

21,6291,4861,2216,399

81718,919s

141,132

Numberdeparted

Jews

16

2

14

i4

12179

14

204

41211

19

73

373

Total

6,869889

3,836310

4,638685614954369

8,6422,8711,073

810488

4,02340,936

1726,174

14,3276 233

274312

1,769672

15,792'

123,622

Netincrease

Jews

331133415

18413121727

146196100

111885

1,0891168

1389

1120461078

2,682

Total

9,715151*

2,183*506687*125*229

1,865249

2,7665,6191,253

120*463

1,163*12,220*

6744,006*

10,483*15,3961,212

9094,630

2463,127

17,610

1 Alabama, 4 ; Arkansas 7 ; Delaware, 2 ; Florida, 2 ; Georgia, 4 ; Idaho, 2 ;Kansas, 8 ; Kentucky, 8 ; Louisiana, 9 ; Nebraska, 8 ; New Hampshire, 2 ; NewMexico, 2 ; North Carolina, 4 ; Oklahoma, 1 ; Oregon, 5 ; Rhode Island, 2 ; SouthDakota, 5 ; Tennessee, 6 ; West Virginia, 4.

* Alabama, 241; Arkansas, 98 ; Delaware, 86; Florida, 2578 ; Georgia 187; Idaho,430 ; Kansas, 389 ; Kentucky, 103 ; Louisiana, 1355 ; Mississippi, 120 ; Nebraska,350; New Hampshire, 1668; New Mexico, 782; North Carolina, 118; Okla-homa, 216; Oregon, 1329; Rhode Island, 1637; South Carolina, 112; South Dakota,301; Tennessee, 156 j Utah, 588; West Virginia, 235; Wyoming, 153.

* Georgia, 2 ; Louisiana, 1 ; Oregon, 1 ; South Carolina, 1 ; South Dakota, 2.•Alabama, 8 1 ; Arkansas, 52; Delaware, 193; Florida, 1614; Georgia, 104;

Idaho, 176 ; Kansas, 994; Kentucky, 45 ; Louisiana, 379 ; Mississippi, 32 ; Nebraska,314 ; New Hampshire, 826 ; New Mexico, 1087 ; North Carolina, 54 ; Oklahoma, 533 ;Oregon, 350; Rhode Island, 1226 ; South Carolina, 48 ; South Dakota, 126 ; Ten-nessee, 67 ; Utah, 388; West Virginia, 892; Wyoming, 148.

* Net decrease.


TABLE XVIIIMMIGRANTS ADMITTED TO UNITED STATES AND DEPARTING THEBE-

FBOM, BY COUNTRIES, YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1919

Countries

Other Europe

Total Europe

IndiaTurkey in AsiaOther Asia

Total Asia

Numberadmitted

Jews

107012

503157291

781

1692

6

33

Total

1 3523,3791,0981,4037 27]

10.1242

24,627

1,96410,064

17119

456

12,674

Numberdeparted

Jews

9871

73

175

11

133

18

Total

6993,792

5961,8686 093

71,583"

84,531

2 1992,195

1612679

4,660

Net increase

Jews

107012

4058623

605

1582

IS*3

15

Total

753-413*

502465*

1,17861,459*

69,904*

235*7,869

107*

377

8,014

1 Austria, 1 ; Hungary, 1 ; Greece, 4 ; I ta ly , including Sicily and Sardinia, 6 ;Portugal , including Cape Verde and Azores Islands, 2 ; Roumania, 3 ; Spain, includ-ing Canary and Balearic Islands, 1 ; Sweden, 4 ; Switzerland, 4 ; Turkey inEurope, 3.

2 Austria, 26 ; Hungary, 2 7 ; Belgium, 268 ; Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, 22 ;German Empire, 5 2 ; Greece, 3 8 6 ; Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, 1884;Portugal , including Cape Verde and Azores Islands, 1 2 2 2 ; Eoumania, 1 9 ; Spain,including Canary and Balearic Islands, 1 5 7 3 ; Sweden, 2 2 4 3 ; Switzerland, 3 8 1 ;Turkey in Europe, 10.

• Belgium, 3 ; Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, 1 ; Greece, 3.* Austria, 201 ; Hungary, 100 ; Belgium, 634 ; Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro,

2 8 9 1 ; German Empire , 2 6 ; Greece, 15 ,482; I taly, including Sicily and Sardinia,38,245 ; Por tugal , including Cape Verde and Azores Islands, 3447 ; Roumania, 39 ;Spain, including Canary and Balearic Islands, 6 2 8 0 ; Sweden, 1 7 3 8 ; Switzerland,4 0 3 ; Turkey in Europe, '47 .


TABLE

Countries

Australia, Tasmania and New

Pacific Islands (not specified)....

West IndiesOther Countries

Grand Total

XVII (continued)

NumberAdmitted

Jews

7

42,114

27153

6219

2,241

3,055

Total

189

1,23457,7822,688

29,81876

3,2718,826

46

103,831

141,132

NumberDeparted

Jews

6

3161

11

62

179

373

Total

74

36210,726

41318,000

19911

3,80617

34,331

123,622

NetIncrease

Jews

1

11,953

20143

4717

8,062

2,682

Total

115

87247,0562,176

11,81857

2,3575,020

29

69,500

17,610

TABLE XVIIISEX AND AGE OF IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, 1919

Sex

MaleFemale

Total

Jews

1,5661,489

3,055

Total

83,27257,860

141,132

Age

Under 1616-4445 and over

Total

Jews

9851,762

335

3,055

Total

26,37397,34117,418

141,132

The larger percentage of women and children among Jewishimmigrants is indicative of the permanent and family characterof this immigration, an aspect which is further emphasized bythe low percentage of Jewish immigrants departing from theUnited States.

D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA

For a period of nineteen years, beginning July 1, 1900, the Jew-ish immigration into Canada was 75,998. The immigration dur-ing the past fiscal year, ending March 31, 1919, was only 22.

Below are shown the yearly figures. It will be observed thatduring this period the Jewish immigration has amounted to ap-proximately 10 per cent of the immigration from all countriesexclusive of the United States and the United Kingdom, but lessthan 3 per cent of the total immigration.


TABLE XIXNUMBER OP JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AND TOTAL NUMBEB OP IMMIGRANTS

ADMITTED TO CANADA

19011902190319041905190619073

190819091910191119121913191419151916191719181919

Total ..

Year1 Jewish immi--grants

2 7651 0152,0663,7277 7157,1276 5347,7121,638

5,1465 3227,387

11,2523,107

651303222

75,998

Total conti-nental immi-grants, etc.2

19,35223,73237,09934,78637 36434 47234 21783,97584,17545 20666,62082,406

112,881134,72641,7342,0365,7034.5S27,073

842,739

All immigrant

49,14967,379

128,364130,331146 266189 064124,667262,469146,908208 794311,084354,237402,432384,878144,78948,53775 37479,07460,000*

3,303,798

1 Fiscal year ended June 30 for 1900-1906 ; thereafter March 31.* Excluding immigration from the United States and the United Kingdom.* Nine months ended March 31.' Estimated.

TABLE XXCANADIAN IMMIGRATION FIGURES •

Total Jewish Jewishto all

Jews tonon-Jews

Immigration, July 1,1900, to March 31,1919..Deportations, December1,1902, to March, 1916..Rejections, December, 1902, to March, 1916....

3,303,79611,71812,244

75,998159762

1.36.1

2-31.46.6

' The Department of Immigration and Colonization of the Dominion of Canadadoes not publish any detailed statistics by " nationalities " of the deportations andrejections subsequent to 1916.

PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONG JEWISHSTUDENTS IN COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES,

AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS'(Memoir of the Bureau of Jewish Social Research)

It is a matter of common observation that the Jews of the UnitedStates are becoming an important factor in the professional life ofthe country. The extent of their participation in the liberal pro-fessions, however, has been a matter of speculation, there beingheretofore no factual basis for judgment. It was in order to securea concrete indication of present professional tendencies that theBureau of Jewish Social Research gathered statistics concerningthe number of Jewish students in American colleges, universities,and professional schools, according to the professional or voca-tional studies pursued.

For the purposes of this study, 106 of the most prominent educa-tional institutions were selected, representing locations in or nearthe large Jewish population centers of the country. The students'registers of these institutions for the academic year 1918-1919served as the source of information. Only regular students in alldepartments, with the exception of theology, were included; thoseregistered in the summer schools, extension departments, andin the Student Army Training Corps being disregarded. The listsof students in these schools were carefully examined by a memberof the Bureau staff, and the names classified as Jewish, non-Jewish, and doubtful. The registers of schools located in NewYork City were rechecked by an officer of the local chapter of theMenorah Society. Only those judged Jewish by both checkerswere accepted, the remainder being finally grouped together asnon-Jewish. Rechecking in case of schools outside of New YorkCity was done by other members of the Bureau's staff. Theresults thus obtained, it is felt, represent conservatively the num-ber of Jewish students in the schools considered.

Table I shows the number and proportion of Jewish studentsenrolled in the 106 institutions covered. The Jewish enrolmentis seen to be 14,837 or 9.7 per cent of the total registration153,085. The Jewish population of the United States (AMERICANJEWISH YEAR BOOK 5680, p. 606) is given as 3,388,951, constitutingonly 3.22 per cent of the general population of the country. Fromthese figures it would appear that the Jewish enrolment in higher

13


educational institutions is three times the proportion of Jews inthe country at large. This generalization, however, is not justi-fiable, inasmuch as the educational institutions included arelocated in the larger Jewish population centres.

That the Jewish student representation, nevertheless, is appreci-ably higher than that of the non-Jewish element becomes apparentfrom the consideration of the statistics for the nine large institu-tions located in New York City, namely, Adelphi College, Poly-technic Institute of Brooklyn, Columbia University, Pordham Uni-versity, Hunter College, Long Island Hospital Medical College,New York University, College of the City of New York, and theCollege of Dental and Oral Surgery. The total enrolment of theseinstitutions was 18,552, of which 7,148 or 38.5 per cent were Jewish.Whereas the proportion of Jews in the general population ofGreater New York is only about 25 per cent, the proportion ofJewish students in these educational institutions is more than13 per cent above that percentage.

Comparison of the distribution according to sex of the non-Jewish and Jewish groups is interesting. Of the 138,247 non-Jewish students registered in these schools, 89,962 were male and49,285 female, the latter forming more than one-third of theentire enrolment. Among the Jewish students, however, out of atotal of 14,837 only 2756 are females, a ratio of about one to five.

It should be noted that six institutions—New York University,College of the City of New York, Columbia University, Universityof Pennsylvania, University of Chicago, and Hunter College—havea combined Jewish registration of 7410, or one-half of the totalJewish registration in all of the 106 schools considered.

Tables II and III, with their respective Summary Tables IIA andMA, present statistics regarding the distribution of Jewishstudents according to studies pursued. Table II gives the pro-portion of Jewish students in each department to the total enrol-ment of Jewish students in all departments, and thus indicatesthe proportion of the total number of Jewish students pursuingprofessional studies. Table III gives the proportion of Jewish stu-dents in each department to the total registration in that depart-ment.

The total number of Jewish students taking professional orvocational courses (excluding the regular Arts and ScienceCourse) is 8142 or 10.7 per cent of the total registration in thesecourses. The largest number, 1885, or nearly one-fourth of thetotal number of Jewish students, were taking courses in commerceand finance; 1496, or 18.4 per cent, were studying medicine; 1325,or 16.3 per cent, engineering; 1194, or 14.7 per cent, law; 981, or12 per cent, dentistry. These five branches of study—commerceand finance, medicine, engineering, law, and dentistry—had 6881,or 84.5 per cent, of the total Jewish enrolment; in other words,

PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONGST JEWS 385

85 out of every 100 Jewish students in the professional schools arepreparing to enter one or the other of these five fields. It is alsoof interest to note that the combined Jewish registration in theschools of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy is 2976, or 36.5 percent.' Attention should be directed to the fact that engineering inits various branches ranks third, ahead of law and dentistry, inpopularity among Jewish students registered in professionalschools.

Striking differences appear in a comparison between the dis-tribution of Jews and non-Jews in the professional schools. Only11.8 per cent of the non-Jewish students are enrolled in schools ofcommerce and finance, as against 23.1 per cent of the Jewishstudents. The proportion of non-Jewish students in medicine isonly 11.2 per cent compared with 18.4 per cent of Jewish students.The proportion of non-Jewish students in law and dentistry is6.4 per cent and 4.7 per cent, respectively, as against 14.7 per centand 12 per cent. The proportion is reversed, however, when com-parison is carried into the technical pursuits; the ratio of non-Jewish students registered in schools of engineering is 30.9 percent, as against 16.3 per cent of the Jewish group. A similarrelation obtains in agriculture and forestry, where the Jewishregistration of 1.6 per cent contrasts with the non-Jewish regis-tration of 8.1 per cent. In education, too, the Jewish proportion is5 per cent, as compared with the corresponding figure of 13.5 percent for the non-Jewish group.

Table III shows the proportion of Jews in the total enrolmentof each department. The significant point here is that, whereasin the total student registration the Jews form 9.7 per cent, theirproportion is markedly higher in the registration for the follow-ing courses of study: pharmacy, 27.9 per cent; dentistry, 23.4 percent; law, 21.6 per cent; commerce, 19.1 per cent, and medicine,16.4 per cent.

Several noteworthy facts are disclosed upon analysis of thedistribution of the Jewish female students according to profes-sional or vocational studies pursued. As in the case of the maleJewish students, commerce and finance attract the greatest propor-tion—32.1 per cent, or nearly one-third. Next in order of popu-larity is education, which has 28.4 per cent of the total Jewishfemale registration; hut it is to be noted that the proportion ofnon-Jewish female students who prepare for the teaching profes-sion is 46.6 per cent.

The high proportion of Jewish women, 14 per cent, enrolled inlaw schools deserves special mention, it being almost equal to theproportion of Jewish men engaged in the study of law—14.8 percent—and contrasting with the proportion of 1.7 per cent for thenon-Jewish females. Mention should also be made of the factthat the proportion of Jewish females studying pharmacy and


dentistry is 3.3 per cent and 4.5 per cent, respectively, as com-pared with 0.9 per cent and 0.5 per cent for non-Jewish femalestudents.

To summarize the outstanding facts of the study are:(1) The Jewish enrolment in the 106 institutions covered is

14,837 or 9.7 per cent of the total registration., 153,085.(2) For the institutions in New York City, where comparison

could be made on the basis of population, the proportion of Jewishstudents in the educational institutions is 38.5 per cent comparedwith a 25 per cent representation in the general population.

(3) The proportion of Jewish female students to the Jewishregistration is one to five, a much lower ratio than in the non-Jewish group where the proportion of females is more than one tothree.

(4) The following five branches of study, in the order men-tioned, attract the largest number of Jewish students: Commerceand finance, medicine, engineering, law, and dentistry, represent-ing together 84.5 per cent of the total Jewish enrolment in pro-fessional schools.

(5) Of the total registration of Jewish female students 32.1 percent are enrolled in departments of commerce and finance,28.4 per cent in schools of education, and 14 per cent are in lawschools, the latter proportion being almost equal to the proportionof Jewish men preparing to enter this field.

This study, although limited in scope, nevertheless presentssome fundamental facts indicating professional tendencies amongJews. Similar studies extended to the whole of the country over aperiod of many years, and carried into actual participation in theprofessions, would undoubtedly shed more light on the social andeconomic life of the Jews in the United States.

PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONGST JEWS 387C

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statistics of jews - hillel international...(jewish chronicle, december 12, 1920.) a...

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