states & societies of sub-saharan africa. identify evidence of the post- classical themes in...
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STATES & SOCIETIES OF SUB-SAHARAN STATES & SOCIETIES OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAAFRICA
Identify evidence of the Post-Identify evidence of the Post-Classical themes in the reading on Classical themes in the reading on the west African kingdom of the west African kingdom of Songhai.Songhai.
1. Overall geographic expansion with more specific civilization centers included.
2. Diffusion of religions/philosophies such as Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
3. Inter-regional economic & cultural exchange linking Africa, Asia & Europe.
4. The restoration of political order.
Early MigrationsEarly Migrations Islamic KingdomsIslamic Kingdoms African SocietyAfrican Society
Bantu migration t/o AfricaBantu migration t/o Africa Spreads languageSpreads language AgricultureAgriculture
Yams, sorghum, Yams, sorghum, milletmillet
Bananas from Bananas from Asia (500CE)Asia (500CE)
• food supplyfood supply populationpopulation
Iron tools Iron tools land for land for farmingfarming
Effects of Early migrationsEffects of Early migrations
Trade routes & Bantu migrations
Political OrganisationPolitical Organisation
Kin-based society (aka called "stateless Kin-based society (aka called "stateless society") society")
family and kinship groups family and kinship groups Village council = male family heads Village council = male family heads Chief = most prominent family head Chief = most prominent family head A group of villages = district A group of villages = district Villages chiefs negotiated inter-village Villages chiefs negotiated inter-village affairsaffairs
ChiefdomsChiefdoms Population Population strained resources & strained resources & conflict conflict Some organize military forces, 1000 Some organize military forces, 1000 C.E. C.E. Powerful chiefs imposed authority & Powerful chiefs imposed authority & conquered other regionsconquered other regions
Masai Chief & Family, Kenya
Kingdom of KongoKingdom of Kongo
Villages formed small states along Villages formed small states along Congo River, c. 1000 C.E. Congo River, c. 1000 C.E.
Small states formed several larger Small states formed several larger principalities, 1200 C.E. principalities, 1200 C.E.
War between states War between states kingdom of kingdom of Kongo Kongo
Highly centralized bureaucracyHighly centralized bureaucracy Divided into 6 provincesDivided into 6 provinces Uniform currency (cowrie shells)Uniform currency (cowrie shells) Lasted to mid-17th centuryLasted to mid-17th century
Developed trade relationship Developed trade relationship w/Portuguesew/Portuguese Slavers undermine kingdom in 17th Slavers undermine kingdom in 17th
centurycentury
Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic states in Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic states in west Africawest Africa
Kingdoms of ancient Africa
After 300 C.E. camels quickened pace of trans-Saharan trade
Islamic merchants crossed desert and established relations
Ghana long established kingdom Dominant empire in W. Africa Koumbi-Saleh capital & one of
many wealthy commercial cities Extensive gold trade
Spread Islam to locals Ex. Kings of Ghana convert to Islam
in 10th century CE
Mansa Musa, Sundiata's Mansa Musa, Sundiata's grandnephew (reigned 1312-1337 grandnephew (reigned 1312-1337 C.E.) C.E.)
Made his pilgrimage to Mecca in Made his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 with huge caravan 1324-1325 with huge caravan
Upon return to Mali, built mosques Upon return to Mali, built mosques Sent students to study with Sent students to study with
distinguished Islamic scholars in distinguished Islamic scholars in northern Africa northern Africa
Established Islamic schools in MaliEstablished Islamic schools in Mali Decline of Mali due to factions and Decline of Mali due to factions and
military pressure from neighbors military pressure from neighbors and nomads and nomads
The Songhay empire replaced The Songhay empire replaced Mali by the late fifteenth centuryMali by the late fifteenth century
Alliances w/other tribes to gain power Alliances w/other tribes to gain power
Controlled & taxed most trans-SaharanControlled & taxed most trans-Saharan
Mali linked to north Africa w/Mali linked to north Africa w/ caravans caravans
Many prosperous cities on trade routesMany prosperous cities on trade routes ex. Niani, Gao, Timbuktu, Jenne,ex. Niani, Gao, Timbuktu, Jenne,
Muslim, but tolerated other religions Muslim, but tolerated other religions
Seen as benevolent & just rulerSeen as benevolent & just ruler
Extolled by griots as model for great Extolled by griots as model for great African rulerAfrican ruler
Sundiata, Lion Prince of MaliSundiata, Lion Prince of Mali(1230-55 CE)(1230-55 CE)
Mansa Musa, Mali (r. 1312-37)Mansa Musa, Mali (r. 1312-37)
High point of Mali EmpireHigh point of Mali Empire Devout MuslimDevout Muslim
Intolerant of other beliefsIntolerant of other beliefs Following return from Following return from hajj hajj to to
MeccaMecca Built mosques & madrasas to Built mosques & madrasas to
spread Islam t/o Malispread Islam t/o Mali Sent students to study Sent students to study
w/scholarsw/scholars Expanded the empire of MaliExpanded the empire of Mali Mali Empire collapses by 15th Mali Empire collapses by 15th
centurycentury Ineffective central govtIneffective central govt Provinces secedeProvinces secede External threat & pressuresExternal threat & pressures
Succeeded by the Songhay Succeeded by the Songhay EmpireEmpire
Mansa Musa’s world. Stories around his pilgrimage claim his generosity caused a devaluation of gold.
The Indian Ocean trade and Islamic states in east Africa
The Swahili city-states Chiefs power via tax on trade
Control flow of goods @ ports Ports city-states governed by kings
during 11th & 12th centuries Kilwa: dominant city-state on east coast
Built multi-story residences Used common currency Exported gold, ivory Imported textiles, jewels, porcelain Numerous mosques Ravaged by jerk-face Portuguese in
1331
Kilwa (Quiloa in Latin)
ZimbabweZimbabwe
Erected large city (c. 18,000) to Erected large city (c. 18,000) to serve as capitalserve as capital
Rulers controlled flow of gold, Rulers controlled flow of gold, ivory, slaves, etc. to coastivory, slaves, etc. to coast
Benefited from maritime trade in Benefited from maritime trade in Indian Ocean as W. Africa did Indian Ocean as W. Africa did from trans-Saharan tradefrom trans-Saharan trade
Great Zimbabwe