state standard sb3c. examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. early vs....
TRANSCRIPT
State Standard
SB3C. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
Early vs. Modern Classification (17.1)
Classification
Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.
17.1 The History of Classification
Organizing Life’s DiversityChapter 17
Early Classification - Aristotle
More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification.
Lasted for many years,even though it had major flaws.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Aristotle classified organisms as either animals or plants & believed they couldn’t change
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of “red blood.”
Animals were further grouped according to their habitats and morphology (physical characteristics).
Plants were classified by average size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs.
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Early Classification – Aristotle cont’d
Early Taxonomy - Linnaeus
Organizing Life’s Diversity
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Carolus Linnaeus
• “Father of Taxonomy”•18th century Swedish naturalist•Broadened Aristotle’s method into a scientific system.
• Linnaeus’s system of naming organisms, binomial nomenclature, is still used today.
Early Taxonomy – Linnaeus cont’d
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Linnaeus’s system of classification was the first formal system of taxonomy.
Bird of prey Wading bird
Perching bird
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Binomial Nomenclature
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Linnaeus’s method of naming organisms, called binomial nomenclature, gives each species a scientific name with two parts.
The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet, or specific name, that identifies the species.
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use, according to languages & dialects.
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Ursus americanusAmerican black bear
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Binomial Nomenclature cont’d
Rules of Binomial Nomenclature
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Capitalize the first letter of the genus, but the rest of the genus as well as the species are lowercase.
In printed text, the name should be italicized.
When handwriting, both parts of the name should be underlined.
After the stating the name once completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Taxonomic Categories
Organizing Life’s Diversity
The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system.
Each category is contained within another, and theyare arranged from broadest to most specific.
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
Taxonomic Categories cont’d
Organizing Life’s Diversity
A genus contains related species.
A family contains related genera.
An order contains related families.
A class contains related orders.
A phylum or contains related classes.
A kingdom contains related phyla.
The domain is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms.
17.1 The History of Classification
Chapter 17
1. A2. B3. C4. D
CDQ 2
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Organizing Life’s DiversityChapter 17
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
What is the term for a named group of organisms?
A. genus
B. family
C. phylum
D. taxon
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 1
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Organizing Life’s DiversityChapter 17
Which was the first formal system of organizing organisms according to a set of criteria?
A. classification
B. nomenclature
C. systematics
D. taxonomy
17.1 Formative Questions
1. A2. B3. C4. D
FQ 3
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Organizing Life’s DiversityChapter 17
17.1 Formative Questions
Which of these is the highest level of classification?
A. class
B. family
C. order
D. phylum
1. A2. B3. C
STP 2
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Organizing Life’s DiversityChapter 17
Standardized Test Practice
Which pair of organisms is more closely related?
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3
1. Quercus alba2. Cornus alba3. Quercus rubra