state reform and administrative efficiency:the...
TRANSCRIPT
STATE REFORM AND ADMINISTRATIVE EFFICIENCY:THE RWANDA’S EXPERIENCE
HON. PROF. SHYAKA ANASTASEMINISTER OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, RWANDA
Luanda, 28TH March, 2019
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Rwanda’s Transformation Journey – Strategic Choices
! One —Unity: we chose to stay together.
! Two —Accountability. We chose to be accountable to ourselves. ! Three — Thinking
Big. We chose to think big, politically, socially and economically.
H.E The President Paul Kagame, Architect of Rwanda’s Transformation Agenda
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The Inherited Country in 1994!The complex
legacies of the genocide
!Social, human and physical capital destroyed
!Over 80% of Rwandans: IDPs or refugees
!Genocide Ideology, social Mistrust
!Internal & external security challenges !"#$"%& '
Rwanda’s Historical outlook and State Reconstruction after genocide against Tutsi
Before 1994 Rwanda was:
"highly centralized administration with unaccountableleadership, limited participation, dependency syndromeexposing citizens to vicious cycle of poverty;
" powerless, voiceless, disengaged, marginalized andsocially vulnerable groups (women & youth) and somewere refugees in neighboring countries;
" high levels of inequality and divisionism within thesociety;
" low productivity and low level local economicdevelopment;
"April 1994 – Genocide against Tutsi led to Statecollapse.
"After 1994, the Govt centralisation policy stillexisted and a number of challenges keptemerging;
"In order to overcome these problems: Shift fromCentralization to Decentralization was a claimfrom all citizens;
"1996 – 1998: Grass-root consultationscountrywide on how Rwandans wish to be ledafter the genocide;
"1998–1999: National level consultationsreferred to as Urugwiro/State house meetingsinvolving all stakeholders in the governancearena;
"People desired to have a say in the conduct ofthe affairs of the state - Decentralisation wasthe answer. This marked the genesis ofdecentralisation policy design & adoption in2000.
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$ Inclusiveness is KEY
$Power sharing is a constitutional imperative;
$ Women, Youth, Academia/ CSOs and people with disability are political stakeholders;
People Centered Democracy
Primacy of Security
Key imperatives for nation building
National Unity and Reconciliation
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Rwanda rejectedCONFRONTATIONALPOLITICS that fueledGenocide againstTutsi and embracedCONSENSUALDEMOCRACY
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Control of Corruption : Rwanda in a Global PerspectiveSource: WBG/ WWGI
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WGI - Control of Corruption- Rwanda in Africa regional blocks
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Government Effectiveness : Current Status in AfricaSource: WB/WWGI (2006-2016)
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The Centrality of Security- an imperative for transformation: Citizen Confidence In Army & Police is highest in Rwanda
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Decentralization Implementation Phases FIRST PHASE 2001 TO 2006,aimed at:Establishing democratic andcommunity development structures atthe local government levels as well asdemocratic elections for local leaders
SECOND PHASE (2006 TO 2011):Was conceived after a territorialrestructuring in 2005, whichconsiderably enhanced coordination oflocal economic development andstreamlined service provision with aclear division of roles between the CG(policy formulation, capacity building,M&E and resource mobilization ) andLG level focused on implementation ofnational policies, priorities &programs.
THIRD PHASE (2011 TO 2016):It has been all about consolidation ofachievements of 1st & 2nd phases andimplementation of 7 main areas offocus;i) Institutional and legal framework;ii) Sectoral decentralizationiii) Service delivery;iv) Fiscal and financial decentralization;v) Capacity building interventions in LG;vi) Local economic development; andvii)Volunteerism, participation,accountability and democratization.! It sought to reinforce homegrown
solutions through local government
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BEFORE 2001 FIRST Phase (2001-2006) SECOND Phase (2006 - Todate)
Entities Number Entities Number Entities Number
Prefectures 12 Provinces 11 Provinces 4
Sous-Prefectures 22 Kigali City 1 City of Kigali 1
Communes 154 Districts 106 Districts 30
Cells 8987 Sectors 1545 Sectors 416
Cells 9165 Cells 2148
Villages 14837
Steady Territorial Restructuring
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Rwanda’s Decentralisation towards Devolution
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National Unity & Indivisibility
S Enhanced Citizen participation
Enhanced Accountability & prosperity
State Efficiency in service delivery
Rwanda’s Decentralisation : Fundamentals
To consolidate national unityand identity
To enhance & sustain citizensparticipation
Promote & entrench a culture ofaccountability & transparency
Enhance efficiency & effectiveness inplanning, delivery of services andmonitoring
Promote participatory planning forsustainable & equitable LED
Policy Objectives Expected Outcomes
Local autonomy within one, indivisible state.
National Unity
Policy Principles
Subsidiarity – Government performs functions not performed by LG entities
Local autonomy
Government System as single entity
Gender equality & social inclusiveness
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Decentralization & the People
1. Increased access to high quality, affordable & reliable services
From a powerless & dependent population
To a productive, self-reliant population2. Mindset shift
3. Sustainable and equitable local economic development
Districts total budget increased nearlyten-fold from Rwf 49.7 billion Rwf to542.8 billion from 2006 to 2019;
Progressive increase in inter-governmental fiscal transfers from Rwf 36 billion in 2006 to RwF434.4 billion in 2019, leading to greater capacity for local government and increased discretionary powers in expenditures
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Decentralisation evaluated
86%
Didn’t encounter corruption
72.5%
4. Accountability and transparency in LGs
believe that decentralizationhas empowered women toparticipate in leadership andservice delivery;
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5. Sustainable social inclusionthat has progressively contributedto poverty reduction & equitabledevelopment
6. Women participation & gender equality promoted where most LG Councils now exceed 40%
women
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Benefits of Decentralization: Home grown Solutions- Performance Contracts/ Imihigo
Planning aligned to local needs and national
priorities
30 Districts’ Imihigo
Evaluation methodology highly considers transformation of
communities
Greater delivery of development at
local level!"#$"%& ##
HGS – Infant & Maternal Mortality rate (DHS)
86
62
50
32
2005 2008 2010 2015
Infant Mortality per 1,000 live births
1071
750
476
210
2005 2008 2010 2015
Maternal mortality ratio (deaths per 100,000 live births)
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HGS -One Cow Per Poor Family Program-GirinkaFrom 2006 – to date: 347,073 cows have been distributed to improve citizens welfare and reduce poverty
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HGS: 9&12YBE & GACACA Courts% 9YBE & 12 YBE
2009-2011: initial calculated costwas 24bn & available at Ministry ofEducation was Rwf 8.5 bn fromCG but LGs & citizens delivered.
Overall delivery of 9/12YBEClassroom Construction: btn 67% iscontribution from citizens; 27% isGovernment contribution & 6% forDPs. Rwanda was recognized withCommonwealth Award of BestPractice.
% GACACA (Traditional Justice)
From 2002-2012 Gacaca courts tried1,958,634 genocide cases among them1,320,554 concerned properties.
Unlike the International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda that was based inArusha, Tanzania only tried 93 cases ofgenocide perpetrators from itsestablishment in Nov. 1994 to itsdissolution in Dec. 2015 with theresources it had.
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CONSEQUENCES DUE UNDECENTRALISED MANDATES
1.Poor service delivery to the people ;2. citizen participation & ownership is low;3.Disempowering Local Government;4.No sustainability;5.Low creativity and limited innovations;
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Impediments for Decentralization (Challenges)
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Conclusion: Key lessons learnt from Rwanda’s state reform
and Decentralization journey# Leadership is key. Where there is a will , there is a way.# Context matters! They were informed by national challenges,
imperatives and choices.# Reform- as well as decentralization- is not a one show; it is a difficult
process, requiring consultations, consensus and cooperation of (political )stakeholders. Flexibility and collective ownership are important .
# Decentralization is an imperative for national transformation; howeverits implementation is not easy. We opted for a gradual process.
# Citizen and local Empowerment is a process and doesn’t happenuniformly
# State Reform and decentralization have delivered development andaccountability. However, we are not yet done. The strive for citizenwelfare, prosperity and sustainable dvpt is a very long term project.!"#$"%& #$
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Murakoze ! Thank You ! Obrigado