Dialogue on “Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)”Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment22 O t 200822 Oct 2008

State of Water ResourcesState of Water Resources in Malaysia

Dato’ Ir. Lim Chow HockDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage MalaysiaMalaysia

As I take you alongAs I take you along…

Introduction- Annual Rainfall, Water Resources

Water Issues - Floods, Droughts, Pollution, g ,

Legislative and Institutional Issues

Challenges AheadChallenges Ahead

Conclusion

1 Introduction- Annual1. Introduction- Annual

Rainfall Water ResourcesRainfall, Water Resources

Annual Rainfall

Water is abundantNot well managed

2400 3800 2300

Average Annual Rainfall (mm)

Not well managed –shortage during drought and excess

2500300035004000

during wet season

1000150020002500

0500

Peninsular Sarawak Sabah

Mean Yearly RunoffMean Yearly Runoff

MeanYearly RunoffMeanYearly Runoff

Malaysia Water Resources billion m3

Annual rainfall : 990

Surface runoff : 566

Evapo-transpiration : 360

Groundwater recharge : 64

Surface artificial storages (dams) : 25Groundwater storage (aquifers) : 5 000Groundwater storage (aquifers) : 5,000

Water Use (year 2000)

Total for Malaysia : 12.5 billion m3 ( 2.2 % of surface runoff)

RIVERSRIVERSprovideMAIN WATERprovideMAIN WATERMAIN WATER SOURCEMAIN WATER SOURCEfor 97 % ofWater Supplyfor 97 % ofWater SupplyWater Supply for Domestic, Water Supply for Domestic, ,Industrial and A i lt

,Industrial and A i ltAgricultureAgriculture

Simplified Hydrogeological Map of Peninsular Malaysia

Aquifers in Alluvial Depositscoastal zone - Quaternary deposits of east and west coasts

highly productive zone ~ yielding gen 30-50 m3/h some havehighly productive zone ~ yielding gen. 30-50 m3/h, some have yield from 100 - 500 m3/h

water quality – good with some localities are brackish

Aquifers in Limestone/ Carbonate RocksAquifers in Limestone/ Carbonate Rocksdistribution - Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Kelantan & Selangorkarstic limestone most productive, yield about 30 m3/hwater quality - good, moderate to high TDS (soluble bicarbonate)

Aquifers in Sedimentary/ Volcanic Rocksfractures/sheared zones/porous

yield about 10 - 20 m3/h

water quality good with some high in Fewater quality – good with some high in Fe

Aquifers in Igneous Rocksjoints and fractures/weathered zones

yield - up to 10 m3/h (can be higher)

water quality - good to moderate, with low TDS, some with high Fe.

Location of dams belong to DID and other agencies

Total Domestic, Industrial and Irrigation Demand for Peninsular

Demand*

1998 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Irrigation Demand for Peninsular Malaysia

*

Domestic Million m3/yr 1,833 2,029 2,987 3,862 4,606 5,251 5,904

Mld 5,022 5,558 8,184 10,582 12,622 14,388 16,176

Industrial Million m3/yr 1,260 1,454 2,592 3,561 4,330 5,016 5,639

Mld 3,453 3,985 7,101 9,756 11,863 13,743 15,452

Domestic Million m3/yr 3,093 3,483 5,578 7,423 8,936 10,267 11,543and

IndustrialMld 8,475 9,543 15,285 20,338 24,485 28,131 31,628

Irrigation Million m3/yr 7,350 7,350 6,517 6,517 6,132 6,132 6,132

Mld 20,139 20,139 17,857 17,857 16,802 16,802 16,802

Total Demand

Million m3/yr 10,443 10,833

12,095 13,940

15,068 16,399

17,675

Mld 28 614 29 68 33 142 38 19 41 287 44 93 48 43Mld 28,614 29,682

33,142 38,195

41,287 44,933

48,430*Include losses

m3/yr = cubic meters per yearMld = Million litres per day

Water ManagementWater is a state matter

gazette of water catchmentsNational Water Resources Council 1998National Water Resources Council - 1998

involvement of Federal Government in the water sectornational water resources policyi 2003 d th f l ti f IRBM M t Pl fin 2003 approved the formulation of IRBM Master Plans for all 189 river basins

Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications, and Mi i t f N t l R d E i tMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment -2004

address water sector with respect to improving water utility i d i tservices and managing water resources

National Water Resources Council

- Proposed 189 IRBM master plans

WATER USER SECTORS

ReligionFlora & Fauna(Eco-system) Food/Fishery

SportsRecreation Culture

Transportation Water supply Agriculture

Rain-fed paddy 278,000 ha.

Irrigated paddy 322,000 ha.

2. Water Issues – Floods, Drought and PollutionDrought and Pollution

a. Water Excess (Floods)

b. Water Shortages (Droughts)

c. Water Quality (Pollution)

a. W a t e r E x c e s s

Flood prone areas 29,720 km² p ,(9% nation’s land area)

Kangar

LANGKAWIPULAUKEDAH

PERLISTHAILAND

S.Kelantan

KELANTAN

Alor Setar

George Town

PINANGPULAU

LANGKAWI

S.Muda

KEDAH

PERAK S D ng n

Kuala Terengganu

Kota Bharu

TERENGGANU

S.Terengganu

LABUAN

Kota KinabaluKota Kinabalu

SABAH

S.KinabatanganS.Kinabatangan

Ipoh

S.Perak

S.Bernam

PERAK

Kuantan

S.Pahang

S.Cukai

PAHANGS.Kuantan

S.Dungun

S.BaramS.Baram

LumpurKuala

S.Linggi

Shah Alam

Seremban

S.Klang

SELANGOR

S.RompinSEMBILANNEGERI

MELAKA

MelakaS.Melaka

JOHOR

S.EndauS.Rejang

S.Sadong

S.Rejang

S.Sadong

S.SarawakS.SarawakKucingKucing

SARAWAK

SINGAPORE

S.Muar

S.Batu Pahat

S.Benut

Melaka JOHOR

S.Johor

BahruJohor

Population affected by floodsPopulation affected by floodsStates

Flood Prone AreaTotal Area (km2) People Affected (no.)

PERLIS 19 13,000KEDAH 209 124 000KEDAH 209 124,000PULAU PINANG 232 510,000PERAK 535 244,000SELANGOR 1 652 726 000SELANGOR 1,652 726,000W.P. KUALA LUMPUR 3 13,000NEGERI SEMBILAN 130 42,000MELAKA 81 31,000JOHOR 2,367 297,000PAHANG 6,274 615,000TERENGGANU 2,223 457,000KELANTAN 1,640 714,000SABAH 3,241 635,000SARAWAK 11,114 494,000

P. MALAYSIAP. MALAYSIA 15,36515,365 3,786,0003,786,000SABAH & SARAWAKSABAH & SARAWAK 14,35514,355 1,129,0001,129,000

JUMLAHJUMLAH 29,72029,720 4,915,0004,915,000

Flood damage: RM 915 million annuallyRM1.83 billion consequential economic drag

Cause of FloodingDisposal of solid wastes into waterways

Sediments from land clearance and

construction areas.

Increase in impervious areas

Types of flooding

Flash Flooding (localise and short duration)duration)Monsoonal Flooding (widespread and

long duration)Flooding caused by tsunami (an

isolated case)

i. Flash Flooding

Flash Flooding

Flash Floodingg

Flash Flooding

Flooding in Sungai Buloh on 17 Julai 2004

Flash Flooding

Involve cost of

evacuation, shifting,

property lost

ii. Monsoonal Flooding

Monsoon flood eventsSelangor Turf Club-Selangor Turf ClubSultan Abdul Samad Building in 1971

Monsoon flood eventsMonsoon flood eventsKuala Kangsar, Perak in 1971

Flooding caused by tropical storm Greg Penampang Sabah 26 Dec 1996Greg Penampang, Sabah 26 Dec. 1996

Fl di N tti D bFlooding- Newspaper cutting, December 2004, Kota Bharu.

Monsoon Flooding Dec 2004 in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Newspaper cutting….December 2004, Kota Bharu flooding

Flood Area in Muda Catchment 2002

Banjir di Kota Tinggi Jan 2007

Banjir di Kota Tinggi Jan 2007

iii Flooding causediii. Flooding caused by Tsunami

Houses badly hit by Tsunami in Kuala Kedah Dec 2004

Effect of Tsunami in Kuala Kedah

Counter Measures: STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

KL flood mitigatione.g SMART project and SMART Tunnelriver by-pass and retention ponds

SMART Tunnel

R t ti P dRetention Pond

STRUCTURALSTRUCTURAL

STRUCTURAL

dam river channelisation

by-pass tunnelretention pond

Counter Measures (soft approach): Application of MSMA in reducing the effect of flooding

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL (MSMA)

Detention pondmay serve a dual f ti dfunction, reduce

flooding as well as a recreational park

b W a t e r S h o r t a g e sb. W a t e r S h o r t a g e s

National Water Resources Study 2000-2010 (Peninsular Malaysia)

Water Demand and Projected Supply for Selangor

7000

5000

6000WATER SUPPLY

3000

4000

ater

Dem

and

(Mld

)

2000

3000

Tota

l Wa

WATER DEMAND

0

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

YearYear

1998 drought has 1998 drought has caused serious water caused serious water rationing and hardship rationing and hardship for 1.8 million residents for 1.8 million residents of Kuala Lumpur & otherof Kuala Lumpur & otherof Kuala Lumpur & other of Kuala Lumpur & other Klang Valley towns.Klang Valley towns.

Water shortagesG i d d d tGrowing demands and pressure on water resourcesPer capita availability of water is decreasingReached practical limit of surface water resourcesReached practical limit of surface water resources development

Inter-basin and inter-statewater transfers

PADDY PRODUCTION 2.5 million ton/yeary

Rain-fed paddy 278 000 haRain-fed paddy 278,000 ha.

Drought will have a major affect to rain-major affect to rainfed paddy than it does to theIrrigated one.

Irrigated paddy 322,000 ha.

1998: Kuala Lumpur was badly affected by haze

August 1999: Kuala Lumpurby haze

Water shortagesWater shortages

Water demand management

1999 - Guidelines for Installing A Rainwater Collection and Utilization System2002 - Six-liter toilet flushing systems

Carry out a drought monitoring for Peninsular Malaysia

ANALISA SUMBER AIR DI SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIACURAHAN HUJAN SEBENAR BAGI BULAN JAN - MAC 2002

( MOVING 3 MONTHLY RAINFALL )

( a ) PERIOD : NOV-DEC 2001 & JAN 2002

R1 -38(324)

K1 36(255)

( b ) PERIOD : DEC 2001 & JAN, FEB 2002

R1 -43(167)

( c ) PERIOD : JAN, FEB & MAC 2002

R1-71(179)

K1 36(255)K3 9(285)K4 -5(412)

K5 -38(423)

P1 -34(438)

P2 4(442)P3 -10(382)

A12 -21(687)

A14 -30(765)A15 -83(376)

A16 -13(354)

D1 35(1820)D2 50(522)

D6 30(688)

T2 27(1222)

T5 -17(1456)

K1 -6(141)K3 25(130)K4 -7(217)

K5 -50(213)

P1 -21(258)

P2 -41(283)P3 -22(209)

A12 -4(380)

A14 -44(588)A15 -61(273)

A16 -13(209)

D1 49(1335)D2 73(371)

D6 26(486)

T2 -16(786)

T5 -50(767)

K1-56(180)K3-48(141)K4-39(219)

K5-47(209)

P1-29(263)

P2-28(289)P3-29(214)

A12-24(362)

A14-66(581)A15-57(291)

A16-59(203)

D1-23(741)D2-20(279)

D66(279)

T2-26(338)

T5-26(319)

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :A4 -6(530)

A6 -38(901)A8 -58(1116)

A12 -21(687)

B3 5(504)

B6 -34(603)

B7 -43(625)B8 -21(659)

N3 -12(645)

C3 6(477) C4 47(1130)

C8 6(624)

C9 12(1240)

T1 10(1450)

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :

A4 -16(453)

A6 -45(802)A8 -56(948)

A12 -4(380)

B3 -32(398)

B4 65(474)

B6 -62(406)

B7 -53(522)B8 -25(564)

N3 -43(518)

C3 3(362) C4 86(866)

C8 -26(461)

C9 3(1085)

T1 1(977)

40%

60%

80%

100%

LEGEND :

A48(463)

A6-41(775)A8-47(874)

A12 24(362)

B322(345)

B4 67(487)

B6-38(394)

B7-5(537)B8-12(575)

N3-45(465)

C3-62(357) C4-45(486)

C8-45(431)

C9-59(763)

T1-53(480)

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

% Deviation from L-Term Mean

Cum. Rainfall

B4 -45(600)B5 26(481)

N1 -20(498)

M1 -12(436)

J1 -35(516)

J2 28(614)

J5 16(590)

J7 -6(584)

J8 20(478) J9 -17(1660)

J10 -32(560)

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

% Deviation from L-Term Mean

Cum. Rainfall

Rainfall Station

B4 -65(474)B5 -36(353)

N1 -50(356)

M1 -35(275)

J1 -21(417)

J2 10(520)

J5 20(516)

J7 -9(496)

J8 36(363) J9 -21(1434)

J10 -37(481)

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

% Deviation from L-Term Mean

Cum. Rainfall

Rainfall Station

B4-67(487)B5-66(401)

N1-27(373)

M1-3(304)

J1-14(366)

J212(464)

J50(525)

J7-16(513)

J80(423) J9-58(851)

J10-21(441)

C9 3 (1085) Stn C9 , 3% above L/T Mean ( Cum. RF)

Note : Rainfall variations from (+ 20%) to ( - 20% )

f l t i l

BiasaAmaranSerius Biasa

AmaranSerius

BiasaAmaranSerius

of long-term mean is normal

Rajah 1 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar (November 2001 - Januari 2002)

Rajah 2 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar (Disember 2001 - Februari 2002)

Rajah 3 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar ( Januari - Mac 2002 )

Drought ImpactsMelaka

1991 D i T l d d i d t 1991 Durian Tunggal dam was dried up, water transferred from Muar River1998 Water rationing + water transfer2002 Water rationing + transfer – RM 2.9 Mil

Selangor1998 Water rationing from April to September

KedahMADA deferred 3 off-season crops since 1978Released 15 cumecs for 10 days to augment Released 15 cumecs for 10 days to augment Penang’s water need in 1998

Kelantan1998 – KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise 1998 KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise WL at Pasir Mas Pump House

Drought Impacts cont…

Sabah – (1998)State Wide RF Deficit ranging from 4 to 9 months2 797 sq km and 170 000 people affected2,797 sq. km and 170,000 people affected1580 sq. km affected by wild fireOf these, 100 sq. km are agricultural lands 7,200 Farmers affected and Damage Cost ~ RM 7.0 Mil.Water Rationing and Food Aidsg

Sarawak – (1998)Wild FiresAir Pollution - Schools Shut DownAir Pollution Schools Shut DownCoastal Areas – Water Shortage 1998 –

Kelantan – (2005)

KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise WL at Pasir Mas Pump House

Negeri Sembilan

c W a t e r P o l l u t i o nc. W a t e r P o l l u t i o n

Water quality problems

1 Chemical Waste in rivers1. Chemical Waste in rivers

2 Solid Waste and Rubbish2. Solid Waste and Rubbish in rivers

Sources

1. Squatter

2. Land Developments

3. Slaughter houses

4 Untreated waste from animal4. Untreated waste from animal husbandaries and farms

Statistics on river pollution released by Department of Environment

7.1%Polluted

clean

slightly44.5%

Clean

g ypollutedpolluted

Slightly polluted48.4%

Slightly polluted

Statistics on percentage cause of river pollution released by Department of Environment

waste fromagriculture13%

effluent fromlivestock24%40%

earthwork

household,commercial &industry

23%

industry,

DID’s Programme: River Awareness CampaignAwareness Campaign

‘Love Our Rivers’Rivers

campaign

3 Legislative and3. Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Reso rcesResources

Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water ResourcesRegarding to Water Resources

Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdiction

Fragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions involved

National Water Resources Council was set up in 1998

Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) begins pilot projects for Sungai Selangor and Sungai Kedah / Anak Bukit

2006 N ti l W t S i C i i (SPAN) tl d b2006 - National Water Services Commission (SPAN) recently passed bythe Parliament

Malaysian Water Partnership – serve to unify and integrate various y p y gstakeholders in water sector

LUAS (Lembaga Urus Air Selangor) was formed in 2000 with the aim of implementing water management at the river basin levelimplementing water management at the river basin level

MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CABINET

Min. of Local Govt

PM Dept. M in. of Public

Min. of Agriculture

Min. of Sc Tech

Min. of Transport

FEDERAL LEVEL

GO

EQA

FISHERIES ACT

R & D

Local Govt PublicW orks

Agriculture

Sc. Tech& Environ

Transport

Nat. Coastal Protection Council

Nat. W ater Resources Council

NAHRIM FisheriesDept.

SEW ERAGE

JPBD Jab. Pem

EPU JKR C. Bel. A ir

DID DOE

EXCO STATE LEVEL

20 (a)

STREET, DRG & BUILDING

LOCAL GOV. ACTNLC

W ATER SUPPLY ENACT.

PORT AND HARBOUR ACT

SHIPPING ORDINANCE

SS

SW MA JPBD Local Land State JBA Jab DID KPADOEFisheries

SELANGOR W ATERS ENACT 1999

T&CPA FORESTRY ACT

Integratred Management • Planning • Regulation,

Monitoring and Enforcement

• Structure Plan

• Devp. Planning Control

• Urban Drainage

• Devp. Planning / CF

• Approval

• Sand Absraction

• Land-use Control

Overall Planning

W ater Supply

Forest Manage- ment

• Flood Defence

• Drainage • Coastal

Protection • Irrigation

Fisheries Prog.

Pollution Control

Naviga- tion

Authority Adm inistartor EPU Sel Hutan Dept

• Development and Maintenance

• Conservation / R&D

• Public

FIGURE 4 - THE INSTITUTIONAL SET-UP W ITH ‘SW MA’

MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN STATES

STATE GOVERNMENT

MANAGEMENT IN STATES

SELANGOR WATERSMANAGEMENT

AUTHORITY CONSUMERS 1) ABSTRACTORS

a) JBA / Puncak Niaga ( Water Supply )

b) JPS ( Irrigation ) c) Factories ( Ground

W & Ri W )

SERVICES PROVIDERS JPS - Flood defence / O&M river conservancy

corridor improvement

SUPPORT AGENCIES LAND USE PLANNING • JPBD / Local Govt. REGULATORS

a) Agriculture – AgricultureWater & River Water )

d) PTG ( Sand ) 2) DISCHARGER

a) Local Authorities b) IWK / Alam Flora c) Factories d) Others

p Hidrology data collection Drainage Local Govt - Corridor devp.

- Debris clearing - Drainage

DOE - Pollution monitoring & control JBA / PNSB Operate Dams

a) Agriculture Agriculture Dept.

b) Mining – Mining Dept.

c) Forestry – Forestry Dept.

d) Sewerage – Sewerage Dept.

e) Solid Waste – Local Govt.

20 (b)

3) RIVER TRANSPORT OPER. 4) RECREATION OPERATOR 5) AQUACULTURE/FISHING 6) HYDROPOWER GEN. TNB / IPP

JBA / PNSB - Operate Dams NAHRIM / - R & D Universities Fisheries Dept. - Restock fish control aquaculture

f) Industry – DOE

g) Wildlife – Perhilitan

FIGURE 5 : INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWMA AND OTHER AGENCIES IN WATER RESOURCES, RIVER BASIN AND COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE STATE OF SELANGOR

Proposed IRBM Approach for Sg Muar Basin Water Act 1920, EQA 74, Land Code 65, Local Govt Act 74, Sewerage Service Act,

Off Budget Agencies (OBA), Inter-Agency Mechanism (IAM)

RBOs,DOE, LAs, Land Office

EnforcementInstitution

Legislation Love Our River

Finance IRBM PublicAwareness

River Campaign,Environment Awareness Campaign,Seminars,

5 Years Development Plan,

Planning Preventive

Awareness Workshops, Study Visit, Poster, Manual, Guidelines, etc

a ,O &M allocation

gCurative

Landuse Control Zoning of Flood Pronel d (b d )

etc

Landuse Control, Zoning of Flood Prone, River Conservation Zone, River Reserve, Buffer Zone, Drainage Control (MSMA), Increase nos of Navigation Lights, Hydrographic Survey, Water Quality Monitoring, Landscape

Flood Mitigation (bunds), River maintenance, Repair Infrastructure (jetties)

Management Tools (GIS - MaCGDI), Integrated River Basin Mgmt (IRBM) Plan, River Basin Information System(RBIS)

4. Challenges Ahead

Require a great deal of attention, expertise,coorperation concerted effort capacity building andcoorperation, concerted effort, capacity building andfinancial provision

W t L /F d l C tit ti d t bWater Laws/Federal Constitution may need to beamended

Institutional reform needed in the long term

Need tremendous amount of financial allocationNeed tremendous amount of financial allocation

5. C o n c l u s i o n

Water resource is a national heritage that needs tobe preservedbe preserved.

Without proper management, water related problemsillwill recur.

Water has to be well planned and well managed to ensure long sustainability of development.

T h a n k Y o uT h a n k Y o u