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State of Water in cities: Part 1 – State of Water in Cities: Appendix D

State of Water in cities

Appendix D: Graphs for Identified Indicators

SACN Programme: Water Management

Document Type: SACN Report

Document Status: Final

Date: March 2015

Joburg Metro Building, 16th floor, 158 Loveday Street, Braamfontein 2017

Tel: +27 (0)11-407-6471 | Fax: +27 (0)11-403-5230 | email: [email protected] | www.sacities.net

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State of Water in cities: Part 1 – State of Water in Cities: Appendix D Page i

CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

2 CAPEX 1

3 OPEX 5

4 Technical capacity 5

5 Waste treatment 8

6 Enforcement of regulations 9

7 Asset management 10

8 Monitoring and early warning for freshwater ecosystems 14

8.1 Condition of ecosystems 15

9 Information/data 20

10 Planning and implementation 20

11 Water sales 21

12 Indicators relevant to Climate Change Monitoring, forecasting and early warning 23

13 Metering and billing 23

14 Non-revenue water 24

15 Cost recovery and investment strategy 26

16 Budgeting 26

17 Pricing of services 28

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State of Water in cities: Part 1 – State of Water in Cities: Appendix D Page ii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 – Expenditure on water services (AFS) .................................................................................................... 1

Figure 1.2 – Capital Investment in water infrastructure (Rand) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ................................... 2

Figure 1.3 – Per Capital Investment in water infrastructure (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ....... 2

Figure 1.4 – Capital Investment in water and wastewater infrastructure (Rand) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ........ 3

Figure 1.5 – Per Capita Capital Investment in water and wastewater (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Figure 1.6 – Number of people with access to water - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................................... 3

Figure 1.7 – Access to water % - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ....................................................................................... 4

Figure 1.8 – Households with piped water inside dwelling ...................................................................................... 4

Figure 1.9 – Number of households per connection - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ..................................................... 5

Figure 1.10 – Percentage number of metered connections - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .......................................... 5

Figure 2.1 – Operating Expenditure (Rands) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ................................................................. 5

Figure 3.1 – Green Drop –KPA 1: Process control, maintenance and management skill, waste water ................ 6

Figure 3.2 – Blue Drop – KPA 2: Process control, maintenance and management skill, water supply ................ 6

Figure 3.3 – Technical Management Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................... 7

Figure 3.4 – Technical Staff Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................................. 7

Figure 3.5 – Technical Staff Numbers Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................................... 8

Figure 4.1 – Access to sanitation - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ................................................................................... 8

Figure 4.2 – Drinking Water Quality Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ........................................................ 8

Figure 4.3 – Number of people with access to Sanitation- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................................. 9

Figure 5.1 – Consumer debt – water services ........................................................................................................... 9

Figure 5.2 – Consumer debt – waste water services............................................................................................... 10

Figure 5.3 – Consumer debt – refuse collection ...................................................................................................... 10

Figure 6.1 – Spending on asset management vs budget ........................................................................................ 11

Figure 6.2 – Current replacement cost ..................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 6.3 – Carrying value of water network .......................................................................................................... 12

Figure 6.4 – Carrying value of waste water network ............................................................................................... 12

Figure 6.5 – Depreciated Replacement cost ............................................................................................................ 13

Figure 6.6 – Blue Drop – Water supply asset management audits ........................................................................ 13

Figure 6.7 – Green Drop – Water supply asset management audits ...................................................................... 13

Figure 6.8 – Infrastructure Asset Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................... 14

Figure 6.9 – Operations and Maintenance of Assets Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ........................... 14

Figure 7:1 – Surface Water Quality trends for Chlorides and Sulphates (2006 to 2008), Total Dissolved Solids and

Nitrates (2005 – 2010). – Adapted from the 2012 South Africa Environment Outlook ................... 15

Figure 7:2 - Density of Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ............................................................................... 15

Figure 7:3 - City of Cape Town Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ................................................................. 17

Figure 7:4 - City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane and Ekurhuleni Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas .... 17

Figure 7:5 - Mangaung Municipality Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ......................................................... 18

Figure 7:6 - Buffalo City Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ............................................................................ 18

Figure 7:7 - Nelson Mandela Bay Metro Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ................................................... 19

Figure 7:8 - eThekwini Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas ............................................................................... 19

Figure 7:9 - Msunduzi Municipality Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas .......................................................... 20


State of Water in cities: Part 1 – State of Water in Cities: Appendix D Page iii

Figure 8.1 – Information Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .................................................. 20

Figure 9.1 – Water services planning health check (%) .......................................................................................... 21

Figure 10.1 - Income from Water Services ............................................................................................................... 21

Figure 10.2 - Non revenue water – water loss (%) ................................................................................................... 22

Figure 10.3 - Non revenue water – financial loss (Rand) ........................................................................................ 22

Figure 10.4 – Non-revenue water (m3)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ........................................................................... 22

Figure 10.5 – Non-revenue water by volume (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) .......................................................... 23

Figure 12.1 – Customer care health check (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................................................. 24

Figure 13.1 – Revenue Water by volume (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ................................................................ 24

Figure 13.2 – Billed metered consumption (Rands)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ..................................................... 25

Figure 13.3 – Billed authorized consumption (Litres/Capita/day)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................... 25

Figure 13.4 – Billed Authorized consumption (m3/household/month) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ....................... 26

Figure 14.1 – Cost of service Vs revenue ................................................................................................................. 26

Figure 15.1 – Financial Management Health Check (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................................... 27

Figure 15.2 – Current Ratio for Municipalities - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................................................. 27

Figure 15.3 – Salaries / Operating Expenditure - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ........................................................... 28

Figure 16.1 – Water Services Income/person (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ............................. 28

Figure 16.2 – Water Services Income/household (Rand/household/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) ................ 29

State of Water in cities: Part 1 – State of Water in Cities: Appendix D Page 1

1 Introduction

This document is to part of the Analysis of water resource and its management in Cities Report that

presents the current status of water management in SACN member Cities as described in existing data,

reports and programmes that are relevant for city water management. For brevity only the most relevant

figures are included in the main report with the more comprehensive presentation done in this appendix; as

such this should be read with reference to the main report.

In the sections that follow, figures with data associated with the indicators that were identified as part of this

study are presented. These have been organized according to the measures that the study developed

following the application of the impact pathway tool on the assessment of water and its use in the cities.

2 CAPEX

The following 10 indicators which talk to CAPEX are presented in this section:

Audited expenditure on water services (audited financial statements (AFS))

Capital investment in water infrastructure (Rand) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Capital investment per person per year in water infrastructure (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI

(2014)

Capital investment in water and wastewater infrastructure (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI

(2014)

Capital investment per person per year in water and wastewater infrastructure (Rand/person/year) -

SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Total number of people with access to water SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Access to water (%) SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Percentage of households with piped water inside dwelling

Number of households per connection - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Percentage number of metered connections - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 2.1 – Expenditure on water services (AFS)

R 0R 200 000R 400 000R 600 000R 800 000

R 1 000 000R 1 200 000R 1 400 000R 1 600 000R 1 800 000

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13



Figure 2.2 – Capital Investment in water infrastructure (Rand) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 2.3 – Per Capital Investment in water infrastructure (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI

(2014)

R 0

R 100 000 000

R 200 000 000

R 300 000 000

R 400 000 000

R 500 000 000

R 600 000 000

R 700 000 000

R 800 000 000

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

R 0

R 200 000 000

R 400 000 000

R 600 000 000

R 800 000 000

R 1 000 000 000

R 1 200 000 000

R 1 400 000 000

R 1 600 000 000



Figure 2.4 – Capital Investment in water and wastewater infrastructure (Rand) - SALGA/WRC MBI

(2014)

Figure 2.5 – Per Capita Capital Investment in water and wastewater (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC

MBI (2014)

Figure 2.6 – Number of people with access to water - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

- 50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000



Figure 2.7 – Access to water % - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 2.8 – Households with piped water inside dwelling

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2010/11



Figure 2.9 – Number of households per connection - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 2.10 – Percentage number of metered connections - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

3 OPEX

There is one indicator on OPEX with some data (the partially compete indicator in Table 4.1 and this is

presented in this section.

Figure 3.1 – Operating Expenditure (Rands) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

.

4 Technical capacity

The following 5 indicators on technical capacity with some data (the partially compete indicators in Table 4.1)

are presented in this section:

Blue Drop – KPA 1: Process control, maintenance and management skill, waste water

Blue Drop – KPA 2: Process control, maintenance and management skill, water supply

Technical Management Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

R 0.00

R 5.00

R 10.00

R 15.00

R 20.00

R 25.00

R 30.00

R 35.00

Bill

ion

s



Technical Staff Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Technical Staff Numbers Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 4.1 – Green Drop –KPA 1: Process control, maintenance and management skill, waste water

Figure 4.2 – Blue Drop – KPA 2: Process control, maintenance and management skill, water supply

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2011/12 2012



Figure 4.3 – Technical Management Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 4.4 – Technical Staff Skill Level Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

0102030405060708090

100

0102030405060708090

100

0102030405060708090

100



Figure 4.5 – Technical Staff Numbers Health Check – SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

5 Waste treatment

The following 3 indicators on waste treatment have some data (the partially compete indicators in Table 4.1)

and are presented in this section:

Access to sanitation SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Drinking Water Quality Health Check SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Number of people with access to different types of sanitation infrastructure SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 5.1 – Access to sanitation - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 5.2 – Drinking Water Quality Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

0102030405060708090

100



Figure 5.3 – Number of people with access to Sanitation- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

6 Enforcement of regulations



Consumer debt – water services

Consumer debt – waste water services

Consumer debt – refuse collection

Figure 6.1 – Consumer debt – water services

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

R 0.00

R 1.50

R 3.00

R 4.50

R 6.00

R 7.50

R 9.00

Bill

ion

s

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13



Figure 6.2 – Consumer debt – waste water services

Figure 6.3 – Consumer debt – refuse collection

7 Asset management



Spending on asset management vs budget

Current replacement cost

Carrying value of water network

Carrying value of wastewater network

Depreciated capital cost

Blue Drop – Water supply asset management audits

Green Drop – Water supply asset management audits

Infrastructure Asset Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Operations and Maintenance of Assets Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

R 0.00

R 0.20

R 0.40

R 0.60

R 0.80

R 1.00

R 1.20

Bill

ion

s

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13



Figure 7.1 – Spending on asset management vs budget

Figure 7.2 – Current replacement cost

0%

200%

400%

600%

800%

1000%

2012

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160



Figure 7.3 – Carrying value of water network

Figure 7.4 – Carrying value of waste water network

R 0.00R 0.50R 1.00R 1.50R 2.00R 2.50R 3.00R 3.50

Bill

ion

s

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

R 0.00

R 0.50

R 1.00

R 1.50

R 2.00

R 2.50

R 3.00

Bill

ion

s

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2012/13



Figure 7.5 – Depreciated Replacement cost

Figure 7.6 – Blue Drop – Water supply asset management audits

Figure 7.7 – Green Drop – Water supply asset management audits

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2011/12 2012/13

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2010/11



Figure 7.8 – Infrastructure Asset Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 7.9 – Operations and Maintenance of Assets Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

8 Monitoring and early warning for freshwater ecosystems

0102030405060708090

100

0102030405060708090

100



Figure 8:1 – Surface Water Quality trends for Chlorides and Sulphates (2006 to 2008), Total Dissolved

Solids and Nitrates (2005 – 2010). – Adapted from the 2012 South Africa Environment Outlook

8.1 Condition of ecosystems

Figure 8:2 - Density of Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

The NFEPA Project also developed maps for different categories on the Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

(FEPA) as follows:

1

5

4

7

6

89

32

1

5

4

7

6

89

32

1

5

4

7

6

89

32

1

5

4

7

6

89

32

1. JOHANNESBURG2. TSHWANE3. EKURHULENI4. CAPE TOWN5. ETHEKWINI6. NELSON MANDELA BAY7. BUFFALO CITY8. MSUNDUZI9. MANGAUNG

STEADYDETORIARATINGIMPROVING



i) River Freshwater Ecosystem Priority areas

These are reaches that are currently in a good condition (A or B ecological category). Their FEPA status

indicates that they should remain in a good condition in order to contribute to national biodiversity goals

and support sustainable use of water resources.

Although FEPA status applies to the actual river reach within such a sub-quaternary catchment, the

surrounding land and smaller stream network need to be managed in a way that maintains the good

condition (A or B ecological category) of the river reach.

ii) Wetland or estuary FEPA

These FEPAs were identified using ranks that were based on a combination of special features and

modelled wetland condition. Special features included expert knowledge on features of conservation

importance (e.g. Ramsar wetland status, extensive intact peat wetlands, presence of rare plants and

animals) as well as available spatial data on the occurrence of threatened frogs and wetland-dependent

birds.

Estuary FEPAs are the national priority estuaries identified in the National Biodiversity Assessment 2011

(Van Niekerk and Turpie 2011). The recommended ecological category for priority estuaries is listed in

Van Niekerk and Turpie (2011).

iii) Wetland Cluster

Wetland clusters were identified as groups of wetlands embedded in a relatively natural landscape. This

allows for important ecological processes such as migration of frogs and insects between wetlands.

Wetlands do not have to have FEPA status to belong to a wetland cluster (although clusters with a high

proportion of wetland FEPAs were favoured in identifying wetland clusters).

iv) Fish Support Area and associated sub-quaternary catchment

Fish Support Areas were identified as fish sanctuaries in lower than an A or B ecological. Fish Support

Areas also include sub-quaternary catchments that are important for migration of threatened or near

threatened fish species.

v) Upstream Management Area

These are sub-quaternary catchments in which human activities need to be managed to prevent

degradation of downstream river FEPAs and Fish Support Areas. Upstream Management Areas do not

include management areas for wetland FEPAs, which need to be determined at a finer scale.

vi) Phase 2 FEPA

Phase 2 FEPAs were identified in moderately modified rivers (C ecological category), only in cases where

it was not possible to meet biodiversity targets for river ecosystems in rivers that were still in good

condition (A or B ecological category). River condition of these Phase 2 FEPAs should not be degraded

further, as they may in future be considered for rehabilitation once FEPAs in good condition (A or B

ecological category) are considered fully rehabilitated and well managed.



Figure 8:3 - City of Cape Town Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

Figure 8:4 - City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane and Ekurhuleni Freshwater Ecosystem Priority

Areas



Figure 8:5 - Mangaung Municipality Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

Figure 8:6 - Buffalo City Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas



Figure 8:7 - Nelson Mandela Bay Metro Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

Figure 8:8 - eThekwini Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas



Figure 8:9 - Msunduzi Municipality Freshwater Ecosystem Priority Areas

9 Information/data

Information Management Health Check (SALGA/WRC MBI (2014) is the only indicator presented in this

section:

Figure 9.1 – Information Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

10 Planning and implementation

Population growth is the only indicator with data on Planning and Implementation. As pointed out at the

beginning of this chapter the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane have experienced relatively high population

growth rates since 2001. Additional infrastructure is required to cater for the increase while maintaining the

existing in a suitable condition to provide the expected levels of service.

0102030405060708090

100



Figure 10.1 – Water services planning health check (%)

11 Water sales

The following indicators are presented in this section:

Income from water services - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Non revenue water – water loss (%)

Non revenue water – financial loss (%)

Non-revenue water by volume (m3)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Non-revenue water (%) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 11.1 - Income from Water Services

0102030405060708090

100

R 0.00

R 1.00

R 2.00

R 3.00

R 4.00

R 5.00

R 6.00

Bill

ion

s



Figure 11.2 - Non revenue water – water loss (%)

Figure 11.3 - Non revenue water – financial loss (Rand)

Figure 11.4 – Non-revenue water (m3)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13

0.00

50 000 000.00

100 000 000.00

150 000 000.00

200 000 000.00

250 000 000.00



Figure 11.5 – Non-revenue water by volume (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

12 Indicators relevant to Climate Change Monitoring, forecasting and early warning

The indicator reported in this section is the weather stations within the SACN cities is the presence of a

climate change adaptation and mitigation strategy either in draft format or final format.

13 Metering and billing

Customer Care Health Check is the only indicator presented in this section. It is derived from the DWS

Municipal Strategic Self-Assessment (MuSSA) of Water Services survey. It is described as the “Percentage

score obtained for Section 16 of the DWS Municipal Strategic Self-Assessment (MuSSA) of Water Services

survey based on the following considerations:

A customer services representative and associated complaints register is in place and linked to the

Technical Department to investigate and resolve.

A functional customer service system is in place to immediately inform customers of service

interruption, contamination of water, boil water alert, etc.

Percentage of the reported water related complaints/callouts are responded to within 24 hours.

Percentage of the reported wastewater/sanitation related complaints/callouts are responded to within

24 hours.

Regular awareness campaigns informing customers of water system operation and maintenance

(O&M) activities, etc. are conducted.

0102030405060708090

100



Figure 13.1 – Customer care health check (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

14 Non-revenue water

The following indicators are presented in this section

Non-revenue water (The data is on graphs in Figures 5.42 to 5.45)

Revenue Water by volume ) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Revenue water (IWA A20) ) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Billed authorized consumption (IWA A10) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Billed authorized consumption (Litres/capita/day) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Billed authorized consumption (m3/household/month) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 14.1 – Revenue Water by volume (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

0102030405060708090

100

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100



Figure 14.2 – Billed metered consumption (Rands)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 14.3 – Billed authorized consumption (Litres/Capita/day)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

R 0

R 50 000 000

R 100 000 000

R 150 000 000

R 200 000 000

R 250 000 000

R 300 000 000

R 350 000 000

0

50

100

150

200

250



Figure 14.4 – Billed Authorized consumption (m3/household/month) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

15 Cost recovery and investment strategy


Cost of service versus revenue

Figure 15.1 – Cost of service Vs revenue

16 Budgeting


Financial Management Health Check - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Current Ratio for Municipalities - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Salaries / Operating Expenditure - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

R 0

R 5

R 10

R 15

R 20

R 25

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%140%160%180%

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13



Figure 16.1 – Financial Management Health Check (%)- SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Figure 16.2 – Current Ratio for Municipalities - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

100

-

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8



Figure 16.3 – Salaries / Operating Expenditure - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

17 Pricing of services

The following indicators are relevant for this measure:

Cost of services vs revenue

Water services income/population. - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

Water services income/household - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

The first indicator is discussed in section 4. The remaining two indicators are presented in this section.

Figure 17.1 – Water Services Income/person (Rand/person/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

R 0

R 200

R 400

R 600

R 800

R 1 000

R 1 200

R 1 400



Figure 17.2 – Water Services Income/household (Rand/household/year) - SALGA/WRC MBI (2014)

R 0

R 500

R 1 000

R 1 500

R 2 000

R 2 500

R 3 000

R 3 500

R 4 000

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