state of the art: integrating services for mega events · brazil, in the past few years, has been...
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JISTEM - Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management
Revista de Gestão da Tecnologia e Sistemas de Informação
Vol. 11, No. 2, May/Aug., 2014 pp. 345-360
ISSN online: 1807-1775
DOI: 10.4301/S1807-17752014000200007
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Manuscript first received/Recebido em: 25/02/2014 Manuscript accepted/Aprovado em: 27/06/2014
Address for correspondence / Endereço para correspondência
Jorge Rodolfo Beingolea Garay, is B.Sc. in Computing (2004) Universidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega. M.Sc. in
Electrical Engineering (2007) - University of São Paulo, and PhD. in Electrical Engineering (2012) - University of
São Paulo. He is currently a PAD Group Researcher in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI - EPUSP) and of
Interdisciplinary Center in Interactive Technologies (CITI) at USP. He has experience in Electrical Engineering, with
emphasis on Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Communication, Wireless Networks and Pervasive Computing,
Computer Architectures, Complex Systems, Internet of Things, Service-Based Architectures, and Cyber-Physical
System. E-mail: [email protected]
Gustavo M. Calixto, is B.Sc. in Computer Technology (2004) and M.Sc. for University of Campinas. and PhD
student in the University of São Paulo. He is currently a Researcher in Interdisciplinary Center in Interactive
Technologies (CITI) at USP, with experience in Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on Digital TV. E-mail:
Alexandre M. De Oliveira, is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering with Computer emphasis - Catholic University of Santos
(2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) - University of São Paulo, and PhD student in the University of São
Paulo. He is currently Group PAD Researcher in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP, with experience
in Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB I-Radar, Timed-array propagation, Microwave and
Electromagnetism, and Numerical Methods and simulations for Electromagnetism. E-mail:
Marcelo Knörich Zuffo, Graduated in Electrical Engineer (1989) M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (1993) and PhD. in
Electrical Engineering (1997) at University of São Paulo. He is full professor at University of Sao Paulo since 2006 at
the electronics systems department. He is the chief of R&D activities of the Laboratory for Integrated Systems and of Interdisciplinary Center in Interactive Technologies (CITI) at USP focused on interactive technologies, digital health,
high performance computing, virtual reality, graphics computing and visualization. He is member of ACM and of
Brazilian Digital Television System Forum since its foundation in 2007. E-mail: [email protected]
Published by/ Publicado por: TECSI FEA USP – 2014 All rights reserved.
STATE OF THE ART: INTEGRATING SERVICES FOR MEGA
EVENTS
Jorge R. B. Garay
Gustavo M. Calixto
Alexandre M. De Oliveira
Marcelo K. Zuffo
University of São Paulo, POLI/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Interdisciplinary Center in Interactive Technologies, CITI/USP, SP, Brazil
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the state of the art of a simplified model for integration of services
in mega events. The project context, which was financed by the National Research
Council – CNPq, is divided into six major areas or functional groups: Urban Mobility,
Tourism, Airports, Security, Energy and Telecommunications. The proposal is
described in layers, as an infrastructure model of integration and services evaluation,
describing its main layers and interaction processes. The proposal described in this
paper is restricted to the telecommunication subproject; however, in the modeling of the
scenario for the study case, it was necessary to consider requirements and variables that
are common to all subprojects. In the specification process of these requirements, we
noticed important processes that interact with some sectors in the city of São Paulo;
however, in the mean time, we noticed some failures regarding the integration and
collaboration performed by administrative elements of stadiums as a main focus in the
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mega event and part of our case study. Currently, the proposal is in its first version as
open software for the evaluation of the services quality and the mega event
infrastructure through the use of performance indicators.
Keywords: Mega Events; Infrastructure Services; Framework; KPI; Cloud.
1. INTRODUCTION
Brazil, in the past few years, has been preparing itself to support worldwide
events (Mega Events), such as the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics in 2016.
Both events have the challenge of providing the necessary infrastructure for the proper
conduct of the activities that will be performed. Regarding the FIFA World Cup, in
which there is a distribution of the host cities in all regions of the country, the logistics
of transportation and the offering of basic information to the participating community
(athletes, spectators, employees) are essential. The monitoring of services (the entire
infrastructure to ensure the good progress of the event) offered to the participating
community can result in the generation of indicators, which, in the future, can
contribute to the evaluation of lessons learned and also to the analysis of the event’s
legacy.
The use of mobile devices for easy access and information sharing can be
considered as a concept in the exponential growth phase. Currently, the number of users
of these mobile devices is increasing (N.Eagle, 2005), as well as the extent of features
that, today, these embedded devices offer. The innovation rate of the functions grows
along with the market of applications that allow user location tracking (Rose, 2011),
multimedia resource sharing, multi-user games (Hassan, 2010), and access to the
Internet and social networks etc. The demand for the use of these applications is
increasing, resulting in the need to ensure the access to them considering minimum
quality parameters that can be enforced through a set of Key Performance Indicators -
KPI (Coffery, 2011). The flexibility and ease of access to the resources offered by
applications that run on mobile devices allow obtaining information through the user's
own satisfaction with the services offered in the host cities of the mega sporting events.
To provide access to these applications and online services, mega events should
have an IT infrastructure that makes it easier for the spectator to use Internet services
through dedicated networks, in some cases with signal distribution via Wi-Fi network
and via other paid communication services such as the 3G and 4G networks.
The locations for mega events also require that cellular phone carriers install
transmission antennas in order to maximize, within the area of the event, the quality of
data provided by each carrier to its set of customers. As a result of this infrastructure, an
extension of applications and useful data for the different areas, such as security, which
includes evacuation procedures and crowd control in mega events, can be shared.
Some studies mention the importance of the project and management of large
groups, such as urban mobility, presenting a theoretical approach to the life cycle of
urban transport models before and after mega sporting events take place (Cheng, 2009a;
Cossavelou, 2001). In (Cheng, 2009b), the authors present a set of investments in
successful technology for the Beijing Olympics. The study aims to evaluate changes in
investment models adopted to contribute to a better development of the technological
activities of future Olympic Games. In (Hou, 2006), the study included a model of
digital transmission by applying the gatekeeping theory that follows a model of five
State of the Art: Integrating Services for Mega Events 347
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levels to which the authors do not add additional levels, but they believe that new
criteria must be applied to an analysis. Variables are composed of 21 questions and the
resulting data is processed using an approach to Structural Equation Modeling - SEM.
This paper aims to present the state of the art of a service integration model to
mega events. The environment or context of the proposal identifies a division into six
subprojects, also called major areas or functional groups. In the telecommunications
subproject, in which this paper will be performed, it is described an architecture model
of hardware and software to integrate the diversity of services and information,
considering a user-centered sharing architecture and also the use of performance
indicators to evaluate the service quality provided by the proposed model.
The methodology of validation of the proposal consists in the description and
implementation of a case study: the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, which was divided
into two scenarios. The first scenario is already in development and the first version of
the second scenario is already in use. Among the contributions, it is considered the
facility to identify or to determine KPI indicators for the success of services integration
model for mega events.
The paper is organized in the following way: In Section 1, a brief overview of
the main related works is presented. In Section 2, a brief view of the mega events and a
brief introduction about the project financed by CNPq is presented. In Section 3,
themodel overview is presented. In Section 4, we present a description of the proposed
architecture. In Section 5, Operational Architecture. In Section 6, we present a case
study, and, finally, in Section 7, the conclusions are presented.
2. A VIEW OF MEGA EVENTS
The holding of a Mega Event, whichever their nature, can certainly influence the
acceleration of the social infrastructure in progress or encourage a clearer view of the
deficiencies of current infrastructure and demand more objective investments.
Growing countries, such as Brazil, has become the target of important Mega
Events, like the Confederations Cup, the World Cup and, soon, the Olympics, etc. Thus,
there is a clear need not only to measure the impact of the growth of social
infrastructure and socioeconomic influences, which, in both cases, we could identify as
legacies of the Mega Event, but also to create new ways to acquire, manage, share and
represent the information of the environment, which results from the interaction with
people.
Specifically in the context of legacies, financing sources and research
encouragement, partnerships are initiated with leading academic institutions in the
country to study the “Mega Events and their Legacies” phenomenon. The project on
which this work is developed is financed by CNPq and seeks to identify the Legacies of
Mega Events like the World Cup 2014.
In relation to the overall goal of this project, we must highlight that it is still
early for conclusive opinions about holding these Mega Events, their legacy and the
population vision in relation to them. This paper focuses on dividing the context into six
sub-projects, which, as mentioned earlier, are described as major areas or functional
groups (Urban Mobility, Tourism, Airports, Security, Energy and Telecommunications).
It aims to analyze not only the legacy for every major area, but also the level of software
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solutions and IT infrastructure in general, to facilitate the integration and
communication of the various services provided to viewers inside and outside the
sporting environments.
The telecommunication subproject proposes and describes a model of hardware
architecture and software to integrate the diversity of services and information, with the
user as the basis of an architecture for sharing. It is also considered the use of
performance indicators to assess the quality of services provided.
For the development of the proposal, various parameters have been considered
to be studied, for example, the high heterogeneity of embedded hardware and
communication (Garay, 2013a), protocols devices and the formalization of physical
events (Garay, 2013b) that can exist within the context of the proposal.
3. MODEL OVERVIEW
The model aims to explore the features and functionalities of mobile devices
(mobile phones, tablets, iPads etc.) to obtain information related to major areas or
functional groups mentioned in sections I and II.
This information can be resulted from activities related to air transport, safety in
public environments (stadiums, museums, parks, subway stations etc.), fire alarms,
people location tracking etc., all through an infrastructure of massive sharing of
information (Murat, 2010) that can be restricted and subsequently separated as services.
In the context of the proposal, information on each functional group is managed
by applications and treated on the level of integration architecture as a set of services, in
which each service corresponds to a proper functional context, which has a set of
functional capabilities related to this context, for example, safety related to people
location tracking inside the stadium, fire control, lighting systems (energy), public
transportation, localization and quality of data communication services etc. The
capabilities of the set of services must be appropriated to be invoked by external
programs ().
USER MOBILE
EXTERNAL SYSTEM
connection
Validation
connecion
Modeling for System
Integration
External system Events
INFORMATION CONTEXT
Security System
Traffic Control System
Communication Data System
Figure 1: DFD of the proposal.
It presents a simplified diagram, however, not less objective, showing the
process flow of the proposed architecture, which is described in Section IV. The flow
describes four fundamental processes that, according to the extent of modeling, can
characterize the complexity of implementation and relevance of each process.
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• Mobile User: It is the term provided to the user set and mobile device.
There is, nowadays, a wide range of mobile devices and, as a consequence, the growth
of software applications developed is increasing, both for performing simple tasks, like
reading, editing, or sharing media (photos, videos), and for controlling automation
systems and acquiring context information (real-time and remote). Mobile applications
should consider the optimization of some features such as energy (Foll, 2012), when,
for example, users take benefit from multiuser applications, such as games, while
running some services in the background for acquisition of context information,
communication (connection, upload, download ) etc. (Leikas, 2006).
The Mobile User is seen as a process that needs to be abstracted at the level of
communication (Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G) and in terms of application processes, being used to
make use of a data service or to share information within the same context.
• Modeling System Integration: The creation of functional and structural
models and the implementation of knowledge and control data sources (Hsu, 1990) is
considered through an approach to manage spatial information (location tracking, time,
attribute). This includes metadata templates and a framework (Luo-Yingwei, 2003) to
facilitate the interoperability of processes that result from the integration of existing
applications between mobile devices and applications that comprise of or result from
the organization of events that correspond to each functional area or group.
Service composition techniques (Wan, 2008; Yun, 2013) and events monitoring
(Feenstra, 2009) must be considered in the model of system integration, which, as
mentioned initially, can act as a framework or as middleware that, in case of seeing the
system activities through an interface, can act as a supervisor system.
• Context Information: They are the environment information. Currently,
environments in which there is a wide availability of mobile devices offer new
opportunities to users of these devices to dynamically access resources, information,
and services available in the environment (context). Access to these resources, services,
data etc. is found by users based on context information characterizing their status and
assuming that this information is highly reliable.
In the context in which it accesses or shares a service or feature, the quality of
context information plays an important role in improving the offered services (Wei,
2010) and ensuring the correct behavior of applications. In applications for mega events,
there are several quality parameters, techniques for information sharing to maintain the
safety (Qingsheng, 2007), as well as frameworks and middleware which are needed to
integrate applications, services and resources with external systems (Yongkay, 2009),
all based on information acquired from the context.
• External System: Context information is needed for the reliable sharing
of information and verification of services which are offered during mega events. The
resulting set of information is useful to trigger what we call external systems. External
systems are applications that correspond to the various departments responsible for the
monitoring of mega events. These dependencies can be local, state, federal related to
control of mega events in such aspects as security, traffic control, crowd control, fire,
energy etc.
The information provided by the user or user group, through a graphical
interface, can be classified using semantic techniques along with the creation of
ontologies (Key-Sun, 2007) for better classification and representation.
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During the generation of events to trigger external systems there may be a
probability that one event is repeated several times under the same conditions that
would make access and the external system itself more proactive. The probability can be
represented and calculated using the equation (Eq.1):
(1)
Where P(A) is the probability of (A) event to happen, the number of events
is A, and N is the total number of possible events. To specifically determine the
probability of the same event to happen, in order to predict certain events, we
must calculate N according to the characteristics and type of event.
4. ARCHITECTURE DESCRIPTION
In the proposed model, applications must operate independently due to service
architecture with low coupling favoring high application availability and easy
maintenance. Each application environment must operate in their own infrastructure,
share and integrate information through a distributed process to solve problems related
to reliability and availability of services and applications. In Figure 2, the diagram of
the integration model is presented, in which the main layers are described objectively
here:
• Security Application: This is the first of three main modules implemented
at the level of the user interface. In this module, non-functional requirements are
considered, such as integrity, availability, and reliability of information for
communication with external systems and with user-centered applications.
• Communication Application: This is the second module of the user
interface level. Here, the logical model of communication is implemented between the
components and the framework, and the physical communication model (infrastructure)
between applications, services, and end user.
• Monitoring Application: This is the last of the three modules at the level
of user interface and it is in this module that the model is validated through the case
study. Non-functional requirements are defined in this module, as well as the modeling
of user interface, which includes performance indicators (KPI) of the services that are
supported by the integration model.
• Requirements: Here, the extension of functional, non-functional, system,
and user requirements are defined, modeled and parameterized. The behavior of
requirements is defined by the rules of business of each of the applications that will take
advantage of the integration model. In the integration layer shown in Figure 2, we
present other processes that control activities and information framework and define
integration processes to be considered in the implementation of an application, the
integration rules and the interfaces.
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• Integration Framework: In this layer, the model of integration is defined
by using a design pattern for implementation, component specification, coupling levels,
component scalability, dependencies, and, finally, components reusability.
• Service Composed: Commonly, the composition is the reason for
something to be decomposed. Something bigger is divided into smaller parts because
we identify the potential benefit of being able to do things with these parts that could
not be possible if they only existed together. These small parts can be called processes,
which we classify into three types: AS (Abstraction Service), CS (Composition
Service), and TS (Translate Service).
• Interfaces: They must be developed as a result of the application features
and customer needs, allowing interaction between framework, applications, and end
user. The user-level interfaces are developed for the Android OS.
User Mobile
Cloud Management Node Area (USP)
Service Resource Management
MV-1
MV-2
MV-3
Application
Security Application
Interface Mobile Service Cloud
Service Composed
Integration Model
Security
Urban Mobility
Tourism
Airports
Energy
Telecommunication
Figure 2: Diagram of the integration model (Framework).
5. OPERATIONAL ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we describe the behavior of the layers of the proposed model and
the processes involved in the interaction to allow integration, starting from the context
information represented by the Functional Groups. The flow behavior of the model is
shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
In the process of running the operating architecture of the proposed model for
the integration of resources, information, and services in mega events, the system
performs a mapping from the set of available applications for each functional group,
beginning from the communications major area.
From a simplified view, shown in Figure 3, each functional group implements,
or can possibly implement, a small or large set of applications and services, which, in
turn, can trigger external systems. These applications are integrated into the framework
by following a process with predefined business rules. The user will be able to access
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applications via mobile devices using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity), of their device as the only identifier.
User Mobile InterfacesIntegration Framework
Functional Groups
Process FrameowrkUser ID
ApplicationDefine Process for
Integration
InterfacesIntegration Framework
Implement Application
Requeriments Business RuleUser details
Information Framework
Application details
Figure 3: DFD - Integration model of a simplified flow of services.
In the diagram presented in Figure 4, the data and process flow are presented,
adding one more level to Figure 3. The functional groups or major areas are also shown
in the diagram, all integrated by the Communications area (also known, in the project,
as Telecommunications). During service composition, it is necessary to define when,
how, and by whom these services will be reused. Business rules determine the use of
components, the framework integration with applications, and the validation of the user
with the system through an interface available to their mobile device. Finally, all data
resulted from applications that belong to each of the major areas are stored in a common
data repository, considering that not all information is immediately useful for the
various running processes; however, these can be further considered relevant, treated,
and represented by a statistical model to determine probabilities and quality indicators
of events, using a larger number of details.
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User MobileFunctional
Groups
User ID
Interface Define Process for Integration
User Verification
Integration Framework
RequerimentsUser History
Information Framework
Application details
Implement Application
Service Composed
Business Rule
Reusable Services
Requeriments Process Frameowrk
Services Model
SecurityUrban
MobilityAirports Tourism
Mobile Application
Communications
Data Repository
Figure 4: DFD - Detailed flow of service integration model.
6. CASE STUDY
The case study for validation of this proposal is based on the description and
modeling of a user-centered application. The goal is to supply the necessary tools to
provide, to the user, context information that can be used in three processes: The first
would be to identify the services provided by the system, the second would be to
determine the quality of services purchased, and the third would be to associate
information and services to a major area or functional group (Figure 5).
User Mobile
Interface
ID User MobileID User Mobile
LanguageLanguage
EvaluationEvaluation
LocalizationLocalization
Host CitySports
Scenery Quality of services
Quality of services
TourismTourism
AirportsAirports
Urban Mobility
Urban Mobility
SecuritySecurity
CommunicationCommunication
Cloud Repository
Interface Framework
Figure 5: Scenario Diagram for Case Study.
The logic of development (coding) of the proposed model is quite robust given
its complexity and the formalism that is considered to measure the quality of each
service or set of services, considering indicators (KPI).
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In the case study, two scenarios are described for the implementation. Each
scenario represents its own level of complexity; some limitations were identified during
the stage of requirements and specification gathering.
• Scenario 1:
Crowdsourcing; it is considered that many events happen inside of the stadium,
and some of these events are related to security, which, in turn, is related to other factors
such as lighting, policing, emergency exits, observation of criminal acts, etc. For this
specific context, it is necessary to model and implement an environment of mobile
application in which the user, when observing any event (relevant or not), is able to
share the information of this observation with other users, the ultimate goal would be to
improve the quality of security.
The strongest part of the infrastructure model is centered on the user and their
ability to share information with other users via their mobile device, primarily in a
collaborative environment in which the communication channel would be a wireless
network or the Internet itself.
We also consider the exploring of the existing IT infrastructure in the stadiums
(Mega Event environments), such as Wi-Fi communication and strong infrastructure
implemented by the various phone carriers, to optimize the data connection of their set
of customers.
• Scenario 2:
Indicators, people and Mega Events make up a concrete relationship. People
(domestic or foreign tourists) move through the various cities hosting a Mega Event
using air or ground transportation and, when they are in the city, they use services such
as public (subway, bus) or private (rental vehicles or taxi) transportation and take
advantage of the major tourist locations. In this cycle, they observe important elements,
such as traffic conditions, quality of transport, facility for getting around, lodging, street
lighting, policing, perception of safety in the city, in the stadium or in any other
environment where they are attending the event, and etc. This set of information is
relevant to create indicators, not only about the quality of a service, but also to
determine the impact of a direct or indirect legacy of the Mega Event.
A robust relationship of indicators, location and host cities is modeled for this
scenario. This part of the proposal begins by checking in which of the host cities the
user is using their mobile device’s GPS. After this observation, we present a set of
interfaces that guide the user through a collaborative process, with questions about the
quality of infrastructure and services. When the user's location is identified, the
application presents airports, bus terminals, subway stations, stadiums and events
(games) that will be performed exclusively in that location. An important aspect is that
the user does not have access to indicators or services of the mobile application if they
are not in one of the host cities of the Mega Event, thus creating a relationship of
reliability and integrity of the collected information.
The Mega Event needs to be measured always considering their impact on the
services offered to the people (tourists and locals). This impact can be extended even to
social infrastructure (legacy), a Mega Event’s exclusive infrastructure and infrastructure
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and services that were accelerated by the occurrence of the Mega Event. To complete
this process, it is necessary to use performance indicators.
• Performance Indicators
The KPI is composed of the following indicators: Availability (Di), Opportunity
(Opi), Information (Ini), and Reliability (Coi). The weight of each indicator can change
according to the services conditions that are offered by each functional group, for
example, the weight assigned to the indicator reliability can switch to the services
provided within the functional group of urban mobility, where, at certain times, the flow
of vehicles can change as a result of having a greater number of people, Di may be
lower as well as Opi to access the same means of transport.
(2)
Where is the sum of the products of the weight of each indicator for
the value of the corresponding indicator is, Wi is the weight or weighted value of each
indicator and Ii is the value of each indicator.
Under typical conditions (static), Wi values are considered constant according to
the historical development of the service, and, in scenarios of special conditions, it can
be dynamically calculated using the following expression, which represents a situation
of proportional distribution (Eq. 3):
(3)
Where to all the weight of the weighting factor there is a correspondent, there is
the value of the indicators that is established by the conditions of the special scenario,
and the total value of indicators.
When considering the four indicators mentioned initially, the expression (Eq. 2)
can be represented in (Eq. 4):
(4)
• Cluster environment for the Cloud
The hardware that will be used corresponds to anIBM architecture, strictly a
Blade Center with two HS22V blades (Xeon 6C X5650 - 2.66 GHz with 144 GB of
RAM) and four HS22 blades with support for 96GB RAM for virtualization. An IBM
Director Server (Xeon 4C E5620 - 2.40 GHz) and a DS3500 Storage with 19 SAS disk
of 600 GB.
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Computer Node
Computer Node
Gigabit – Ethernet Switch
Gigabit – Ethernet Switch
Acess Workstation
AdministrationWorkstation
Synchronization Hardware
Virtualization Node (Storage Node)
Virtualization Node (Storage Node)
Virtualization Node (Storage Node)
Virtualization Node (Storage Node)
Figure 6: Cluster architecture – IBM Cloud.
The IBM BladCenter is a very robust architecture and it is available in CITI
(Interdisciplinary Center for Interactive Technologies), from the University of São
Paulo (USP), which is why CITI has been the ideal choice to meet a high flow of
requests and data storage. It also allows the rationalization of resources when less
hardware is required, reducing the short running costs and energy use, which is an ideal
situation since it is considered that it should meet, after system deployment, a high flow
of requests, but for short time periods.
The system virtualization must ensure a perfect circle of lower power
consumption and performance, helping to ensure that the high data and requests flow
(many events that result from the applications developed for each functional group) is
not a factor that impacts on the operating system reliability. Virtualization has opened
the way to new organizational models, such as cloud computing, allowing services to be
easily deployed considering the condition that a continuous monitoring system has been
implemented in the background.
• Environment for performing experiments
The environment for performing system tests (Figure 7) is modeled to ensure
correct coding and fewer errors in the data structure, and also to meet the requirements
of software quality. The test environment will allow us to mainly eliminate loading
errors and to reduce the approval of new applications to be integrated in proposed model
during the integration of services considering the extension of each area or functional
group within the context of mega events, especially considering the high workload and
the behavior of the model under normal conditions.
The performance test should start by the web monitoring, hardware monitoring,
availability, and response time to service requests and catching errors.
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Principal ServerCluster - Cloud
Data Performance
Load Generator
Tablet
Smart Phone
1
2
3
4
Internet
Load Tester
Figure 7: Environment for tests.
Another parameter that must be analyzed over the model is the scalability. In
this context, scalability means the responsiveness of the system in relation to resource
demand that is required from it. It is considered that, in mega sporting events, the data
flow generated by applications that will be integrated into the framework for later
storage in the data structure must be pretty high.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The number of researches and projects performed to develop or propose to
manage the hardware infrastructure, applications and information derived from the
mega events context is limited, usually to the environment in which the event happens.
Details on the procedures performed by a framework or middleware in application
integration are largely unknown since in most cases the solution is specific and
proprietary.
This paper conducted a detailed survey of the main contributions in the mega
events area and tried to base the model as well as the use of performance indicators.
Although the approach seems to be very comprehensive and, at some points,
subjective, it is intended that the descriptions of the layers and processes of the model
are the point of reference for the development of applications and services for mega
events.
In the proposal, we intend to present a model that is consistent with the needs of
the project financed by the National Council of Technological and Scientific
Development - CNPq, with the goal of creating solutions to manage architectures,
applications and information flow in mega events.
The processes and activities described in each scenario should be considered
relevant to hold any mega event and, on this matter, there is a clear tendency to create
highly complex applications, favoring the representation of information and control
interaction between physical events and applications (Garay, 2010c). New concepts and
methods need to be explored aiming to create a single integrated system of information
and control events such as security, telecommunications, traffic, urban transport in real
time, etc.
358 Garay, J.R.B., Calixto, G.M., De Oliveira, A.M, Zuffo, M.K.
JISTEM, Brazil Vol. 11, No.2, May/Aug 2014, pp.345-360 www.jistem.fea.usp.br
The first version of the implementation of the second scenario is available on
Google Play and its implementation methodology has been accepted for publication in
(Garay, 2014d) and the version, in its view of software product in (Garay, 2014e). The
application presents important platform features for application of performance
indicators that allow the measure of social impact on services social infrastructure in
each of the mega event host cities.
We must mention the difficulty accessing the information that would enable a
more complete pilot solution, which includes the implementation of the first scenario.
The difficulty originates from the resistance of the stadium managers, major focus of the
mega event, in providing access to technical information. They would have even
favored the planning of the nonexistent communication infrastructure of most stadiums
hosting the World Cup in 2014.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thanks CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico) that offered support for this work by project Encomendas ME/CNPq - Legados e
oportunidades Gerados pela Copa do Mundo 2014 under process number 400054/2013-2 and to
the Interdisciplinary Center in Interactive Technologies of University of Sao Paulo – (CITI-
USP).
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