state of the art: acute heart failure - is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · acute de novo...
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S.B. Felix, FESC Klinik für Innere Medizin B
Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald
State of the Art: acute heart failure – Is it just congestion?
ESC CONGRESS 2017Barcelona, 26. – 30. August 2017
SB Felix Dept. of Internal Medicine B
University Medicine Greifswald
Acute heart failure – Is it just congestion?
Declaration of Interest
Lectures fees: Novartis, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Servier, Cardiorentis; ActelionResearch Grants: Bayer, Novartis
ESC CONGRESS 2017Barcelona, 26. – 30. August 2017
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …)
Acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF)Transition from chronic heart failure to acutely decompensated heart failure
Worsening HFDe novo HFEnd-stage HF
Gheorghiade et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:391–403
Acute failure of the left ventricle
Ponikowski et al. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129-2200
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Precipitating factors
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
Adams et al. Am Heart J 2005;149:209–216
ADHERE
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2001/01
2001/03
2001/07
2001/09
2001/11
2002/01
2002/03
2002/05
2002/07
2002/09
2002/11
2003/01
2003/03
2003/05
2003/07
2003/09
Discharges clean as of current transfer
Date
Patient hospitalizations
ADHERE cumulative enrollment(October 2001 through December 2003)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90
100
Dyspnoea
Rales
Peripheral oedema
AHF – symptoms
Patients (%)
Total discharges
AHF=acute heart failure
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
Harjola et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:239–248
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Mortality (%)
1-year mortality3-month mortalityIn-hospital mortality
EuroHeart Failure Survey II (2,981 AHF patients)
Total Survey ADCHF De novo HF
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
PROTECT study: multivariate analysis of the association between dyspnoea relief and mortality
Metra et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1519–1534
Variable HR 95% CI p value14-day mortality Dyspnoea relief at Days 2 and 3 0.34 0.18, 0.62 <0.0001Age, per 1 year increase 1.04 1.01, 1.07 0.021NYHA class before admission IV vs. I/II/III 0.92 0.52, 1.63 0.780Systolic blood pressure at screening, per 1 mmHg increase 0.99 0.98, 1.01 0.426Screening BNP >750 or NT-proBNP >3,000 pg/mL 1.32 0.77, 2.26 0.306Day 1 serum sodium; per 1 mEq/L increase 0.90 0.85, 0.95 <0.001Baseline creatinine clearance, per 1 mL/min increase 0.99 0.97, 1.01 0.295
Solomonica et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:53-60
Improvement in dyspnea is associated with a reduction in both PCWP and PAPmean
Stienen et al. Eur J Heart Failure 2015; 17: 936–944
Mortality rates for patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure discharged with different absolute and relative NT-proBNP levels
Six-month all-cause mortality rates
Biomarkers of congestion
Kociol et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1071–1078
Increasedwall stress
EpicardialCAD
Alteredcalciumhandling
Inflammatorycytokines
Oxidativestress
Neurohormonalactivation
Cardiac troponinrelease
Reversibleinjury
Troponindegradationproducts
Myocytenecrosis
Myocyteapoptosis
Risk for death and markers of impaired organ function/damage
Mechanism of cardiac troponin release in heart failure
Metra et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:196–206
Risk for death by early changes in markers ofimpaired organ function/damage
RELAX-AHF
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
Consequences of acute (decompensated) LV failurecardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)
Congestion
Hypoperfusion
RVLV
LV
Stangl et al. Circulation 2000;102:1132-1138
CPRI in Heart Failure
Deterioration of renal function
Modified from Guazzi et al. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169: 379–384
LV function deterioration
Congestion is an important com-ponent of organ damage in AHF
!
Cardiorenal syndrome – DefinitionExecutive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus
Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)
McCullough et al. Blood Purif. 2014;37 Suppl 2:2-13
Roubille et al. Blood Purif 2014;37(suppl 2):20–33
Acute cardiorenal syndrome (type 1)
Chronic cardiorenal syndrome (type 2)
The cardiorenal syndrome
Ronco et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1031–1042
ADHF – organ damage is not limited to the heartCardiorenal syndrome type 1: acute kidney injury and dysfunction in the patient with acute cardiac illness, most commonly ADHF
Increasedpreload
Relative decrease incardiac output
Arterialunderfilling
Venouscongestion
Ineffectivenatriuretic peptides
Kinin-kallikrein systemProstaglandins
Endothelial relaxin factor
Sympathetic nervous systemRAAS
Arginine vasopressinEndothelin
Reduced renalautoregulation
Increasedsusceptibility
Glomerular-interstitial damage
Sclerosis fibrosis
Parenchymaldamage
AKI
Functional(pre-renal)
Increasedvenous pressure
Decreasedperfusionpressure
Vasoconstriction
CKDRepeated episodes of AKIUremic milieu
ADHF
Importance of Venous Congestion for Worsening of Renal Function inAdvanced Decompensated Heart Failure
…
Worsening renal function (increase of serum creatinine 0.3 mg/dl during hospitalization)
Mullens et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:589–96
Bahls M & Felix SB Eur Heart J 2016;7:1692–1694
Gut congestion
Anker et al. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1426-30
Mann DL Heart Fail Rev 2001;6:71-80
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Precipitating factors
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers
• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy
Acute Heart Failure
ESC guidelines2016
Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200
ESC guidelines2016
Decongestion in acute heart failure
Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200
Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Dose
308 patients with ADHF: treatment with i.v. furosemide
Bolus every 12 h Continuous infusion
High dose Low dose High dose Low dose
High dose: 2.5 times the previous oral doseLow dose: equivalent to the patient’s previous oral dose
*
*
Coprimary end points- patients’ global assessment of symptoms, quantified as the area under the curve of the score on a visual-analogue scale over the course of 72 h- change in the serum creatinine level from baseline to 72 hours
Dose
Felker et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805
*
*
051015202530
dose increaseat 48 h
switch to oraldiuretics at 48 h
high doselow dose
% patients
From Felker et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805
Dose
Loop Diuretic Efficiency Prognostic Importance in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Study populations- n=675 consecutive admissions with a primary discharge diagnosis of HF (Univ. Pennsylv.)
- n=390 patients in ESCAPE dataset
Diuretic efficiency= net fluid output produced per 40 mg furosemid equivalents
- High Efficiency = DE > median- Low Efficiency = DE < median
Low or high loop dose: > or < the median value, which was 280 mg in the Penn cohort and 240 mg in 24 h in the ESCAPE cohort.
Testani, J. M. et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:261-270
high dose
low doselow efficiency
high doselow efficiency
high dosehigh efficiency
low dosehigh efficiency
Diuretic treatment in AHF
Worsening renal function (WRF; e.g. increase of serum creatinine during ) in ADHF is a common condition (in clinical studies: SAE).
Is worsening of renal function during treatment with diuretics of prognostic relevance?
WRF alone is not an independent determinant of outcomes in patients with AHF but has an additive prognostic value when it occurs in patients with persistent signs of congestion
1-year death or urgent heart transplantation
Metra et al. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5;54-62
WRF/Congestion
No WRF/Congestion
WRF/No Congestion
No WRF/No Congestion
ADHF – prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
Ueda et al. J Am Heart Ass 2014;3:1-6
1y-WRFAll-cause Death
Inhospital-WRFAll-cause Death
Potential Effects of Aggressive Decongestion During the Treatment of Decompensated Heart Failure on Renal Function and Survival
Testani et al. Circulation 2010;122;265-272
ESCAPE
Hemoconcentration was associated with a substantially lower risk of mortality.
Aggressive decongestion, even in the setting of worsened renal outcomes, may have a positive impact on survival?
SVRHypervolemia
Cardiac LesionDepressed Ventricular
Performance
Neurohumoral ActivationSympathetic Nervous System
RAASEndothelin
Vitious Circle in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Cardiac Output
Therapeutic targetTherapeutic target
Decrease of preloadDecrease of preload
Therapeutic targetTherapeutic target
Decrease of afterload Decrease of afterload useful in hypertensive AHFuseful in hypertensive AHF
ESC guidelines2016
Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200
Intravenous vasodilators have dual benefit by decreasing venous tone (to optimize preload) and arterial tone (decrease afterload). Consequently, they may also increase stroke volume. Vasodilators are especially useful in patients with hypertensive AHF, whereas in those with SBP < 90 mmHg (or with symptomatic hypotension) they should be avoided.
Intravenous vasodilators: second most often used agents in AHF for symptomatic relief; however, there is no robust evidence confirming their beneficial effects.
Vasodilators in acute heart failure
Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe
pulmonary oedema
Inclusion criteria Patients with pulmonary edema (chest X-ray), oxygen saturation < 90%
Group A 56 patients
110 patients randomized
Group B 54 patients
52 patients completed trial
Initial treatmentOxygen 10 L/min, furosemide 40 mg i.v., morphine 3 mg i.v.
52 patients completed trial
3 mg ISDN i.v. every 5 min 80 mg bolus of furosemide i.v. every 15 min and ISDN 1 mg/h, increased by 1 mg/h every 10 min
Treatment was continued in both groups until oxygen saturation increased to at least 96% or mean arterial blood pressure decreased by at least 30% or to lower than 90 mm Hg
* *
* *
Cotter et al. Lancet 1998; 351: 389–93
High dose ISDN High dose Furosemide+ low dose ISDN
Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide
dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema
Cotter et al. Lancet 1998; 351: 389–93
ESC guidelines2016
Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200
Inotropic agents in acute heart failure
Hypoperfusion
• Definition
• Symptoms
• Prognosis
• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters, in-hospital worsening HF- biomarkers and end-organ damage
• Therapy: Novel drugs
Acute Heart Failure
Clinical Trials in worsening HF/ADHF
Trial Agent Pts Effects on Effects on Outcome Symptoms
OPTIME-CHF Milrinone 951 ↑AEs No
VERITAS Tezosentan 1.448 No No
EVEREST Tolvaptan 4.133 No Yes
PROTECT Rolofylline 2.033 No No
Survive Levosimendan 1.327 No No vs. Dobutamine
VMAC Nesiritide 489 - Yes
ASCEND-HF Nesiritide 7.141 No No
RELAX-AHF-2 Serelaxin 6.545 No No
TRUE-AHF Urodilatin 2.157 No No
Requiescat in pacem
MilrinoneTolvaptanTezosentanRolofyllineCinaciguatNesiritideSerelaxinUrodilatin
• Poor prognosis (1-year mortality: 25–30%)
• Congestion is a key component and an important prognostic factor
• No evidence confirming beneficial prognostic benefit of any drug treatment
• What is the right endpoint of AHF studies?- mortality?- improvement of symptoms (e.g. congestion)?- worsening of heart failure?
Summary
ADHF