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1456 1856 S.B. Felix, FESC Klinik für Innere Medizin B Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald State of the Art: acute heart failure – Is it just congestion? ESC CONGRESS 2017 Barcelona, 26. – 30. August 2017

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Page 1: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

1456 1856

S.B. Felix, FESC Klinik für Innere Medizin B

Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald

State of the Art: acute heart failure – Is it just congestion? 

 ESC CONGRESS 2017Barcelona, 26. – 30. August 2017 

Page 2: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

SB Felix Dept. of Internal Medicine B

University Medicine Greifswald

Acute heart failure –  Is it just congestion? 

Declaration of Interest

Lectures fees: Novartis, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Servier, Cardiorentis; ActelionResearch Grants: Bayer, Novartis

 ESC CONGRESS 2017Barcelona, 26. – 30. August 2017 

Page 3: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

• Definition

• Symptoms

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers 

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 4: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …)

Acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF)Transition from chronic heart failure to acutely decompensated heart failure 

Worsening HFDe novo HFEnd-stage HF

Gheorghiade et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:391–403

Acute failure of the left ventricle

Ponikowski et al. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2129-2200

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• Definition

• Symptoms

• Precipitating factors 

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 6: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Adams et al. Am Heart J 2005;149:209–216

ADHERE

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0

2001/01

2001/03

2001/07

2001/09

2001/11

2002/01

2002/03

2002/05

2002/07

2002/09

2002/11

2003/01

2003/03

2003/05

2003/07

2003/09

Discharges clean as of current transfer

Date

Patient hospitalizations

ADHERE cumulative enrollment(October 2001 through December 2003)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

90

100

Dyspnoea

Rales

Peripheral oedema

AHF – symptoms

Patients (%)

Total discharges

AHF=acute heart failure

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• Definition

• Symptoms

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers 

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 8: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Harjola et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:239–248

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Mortality (%)

1-year mortality3-month mortalityIn-hospital mortality

EuroHeart Failure Survey II (2,981 AHF patients)

Total Survey ADCHF De novo HF

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• Definition

• Symptoms

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 10: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

PROTECT study: multivariate analysis of the association between dyspnoea relief and mortality

Metra et al. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1519–1534

Variable  HR 95% CI p value14-day mortality      Dyspnoea relief at Days 2 and 3 0.34 0.18, 0.62 <0.0001Age, per 1 year increase 1.04 1.01, 1.07 0.021NYHA class before admission IV vs. I/II/III 0.92 0.52, 1.63 0.780Systolic blood pressure at screening, per 1 mmHg increase 0.99 0.98, 1.01 0.426Screening BNP >750 or NT-proBNP >3,000 pg/mL 1.32 0.77, 2.26 0.306Day 1 serum sodium; per 1 mEq/L increase 0.90 0.85, 0.95 <0.001Baseline creatinine clearance, per 1 mL/min increase 0.99 0.97, 1.01 0.295

Solomonica et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:53-60

Improvement in dyspnea is associated with a reduction in both PCWP and PAPmean

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Stienen et al. Eur J Heart Failure 2015; 17: 936–944

Mortality rates for patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure discharged with different absolute and relative NT-proBNP levels

Six-month all-cause mortality rates

Biomarkers of congestion 

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Kociol et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1071–1078

Increasedwall stress

EpicardialCAD

Alteredcalciumhandling

Inflammatorycytokines

Oxidativestress

Neurohormonalactivation

Cardiac troponinrelease

Reversibleinjury

Troponindegradationproducts

Myocytenecrosis

Myocyteapoptosis

Risk for death and markers of impaired organ function/damage

Mechanism of cardiac troponin release in heart failure

Page 13: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Metra et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:196–206

Risk for death by early changes in markers ofimpaired organ function/damage

RELAX-AHF

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• Definition

• Symptoms

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 15: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Consequences of acute (decompensated) LV failurecardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)

Congestion

Hypoperfusion

RVLV

LV

Page 16: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Stangl et al. Circulation 2000;102:1132-1138

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CPRI in Heart Failure

Deterioration of renal function

Modified from Guazzi et al. Int J Cardiol 2013; 169: 379–384

LV function deterioration

Congestion is an important com-ponent of organ damage in AHF

!

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Cardiorenal syndrome –   DefinitionExecutive Summary from the Eleventh Consensus

Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI)

McCullough et al. Blood Purif. 2014;37 Suppl 2:2-13

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Roubille et al. Blood Purif 2014;37(suppl 2):20–33

Acute cardiorenal syndrome (type 1)

Chronic cardiorenal syndrome (type 2)

The cardiorenal syndrome

Page 20: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Ronco et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1031–1042

ADHF – organ damage is not limited to the heartCardiorenal syndrome type 1: acute kidney injury and dysfunction in the patient with acute cardiac illness, most commonly ADHF

Increasedpreload

Relative decrease incardiac output

Arterialunderfilling

Venouscongestion

Ineffectivenatriuretic peptides

Kinin-kallikrein systemProstaglandins

Endothelial relaxin factor

Sympathetic nervous systemRAAS

Arginine vasopressinEndothelin

Reduced renalautoregulation

Increasedsusceptibility

Glomerular-interstitial damage

Sclerosis fibrosis

Parenchymaldamage

AKI

Functional(pre-renal)

Increasedvenous pressure

Decreasedperfusionpressure

Vasoconstriction

CKDRepeated episodes of AKIUremic milieu

ADHF

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Importance of Venous Congestion for Worsening of Renal Function inAdvanced Decompensated Heart Failure

Worsening renal function (increase of serum creatinine 0.3 mg/dl during hospitalization)

Mullens et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:589–96

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Bahls M & Felix SB Eur Heart J 2016;7:1692–1694 

Gut congestion

Anker et al. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1426-30

Mann DL Heart Fail Rev 2001;6:71-80

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• Definition

• Symptoms

• Precipitating factors 

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters- biomarkers 

• Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions (CPRI)• Therapy

Acute Heart Failure

Page 24: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

ESC guidelines2016

Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200

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ESC guidelines2016

Decongestion in acute heart failure

Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200

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Diuretic Strategies in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Dose

308 patients with ADHF: treatment with i.v. furosemide

Bolus every 12 h Continuous infusion

High dose Low dose High dose Low dose

High dose: 2.5 times the previous oral doseLow dose:  equivalent to the patient’s previous oral dose

*

*

     Coprimary end points- patients’ global assessment of symptoms, quantified as the area   under the curve of the score on a visual-analogue scale over the    course of 72 h- change in the serum creatinine level from baseline to 72 hours

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Dose

Felker et al. N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805

Page 28: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

*

*

051015202530

dose increaseat 48 h

switch to oraldiuretics at 48 h

high doselow dose

% patients

From Felker et al.  N Engl J Med 2011;364:797-805

Dose

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Loop Diuretic Efficiency Prognostic Importance in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Study populations- n=675 consecutive admissions with a primary discharge diagnosis of HF (Univ. Pennsylv.)

- n=390 patients in ESCAPE dataset 

Diuretic efficiency= net fluid output produced per 40 mg furosemid equivalents

- High Efficiency = DE > median- Low  Efficiency = DE < median

Low or high loop dose: > or < the median value, which was 280 mg in the Penn cohort and 240 mg in 24 h in the ESCAPE cohort.

Testani, J. M. et al. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7:261-270

high dose

low doselow efficiency

high doselow efficiency

high dosehigh efficiency

low dosehigh efficiency

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Diuretic treatment in AHF

Worsening renal function (WRF; e.g. increase of serum creatinine during  ) in ADHF is a common condition (in clinical studies: SAE).

Is worsening of renal function during treatment with diuretics of prognostic relevance?

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WRF alone is not an independent determinant of outcomes in patients with AHF but has an additive prognostic value when it occurs in patients with persistent signs of congestion

1-year death or urgent heart transplantation 

Metra et al. Circ Heart Fail 2012;5;54-62

WRF/Congestion

No WRF/Congestion

WRF/No Congestion

No WRF/No Congestion

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ADHF – prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality

Ueda et al. J Am Heart Ass 2014;3:1-6

1y-WRFAll-cause Death

Inhospital-WRFAll-cause Death

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Potential Effects of Aggressive Decongestion During the Treatment of Decompensated Heart Failure on Renal Function and Survival

Testani et al. Circulation 2010;122;265-272

ESCAPE

Hemoconcentration was associated with a substantially lower risk of mortality. 

Aggressive decongestion, even in the setting of worsened renal outcomes, may have a positive impact on survival?

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SVRHypervolemia

Cardiac LesionDepressed Ventricular 

Performance

Neurohumoral ActivationSympathetic Nervous System

RAASEndothelin

Vitious Circle in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Cardiac Output  

Therapeutic targetTherapeutic target

Decrease of preloadDecrease of preload

Therapeutic targetTherapeutic target

Decrease of afterload Decrease of afterload useful in hypertensive AHFuseful in hypertensive AHF

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ESC guidelines2016

Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200

Intravenous vasodilators have dual benefit by decreasing venous tone (to optimize preload) and arterial tone (decrease afterload). Consequently, they may also increase stroke volume. Vasodilators are especially useful in patients with hypertensive AHF, whereas in those with SBP < 90 mmHg (or with symptomatic hypotension) they should be avoided.

Intravenous vasodilators: second most often used agents in AHF for symptomatic relief; however, there is no robust evidence confirming their beneficial effects.

Vasodilators in acute heart failure

Page 36: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide dinitrate in severe 

pulmonary oedema

Inclusion criteria Patients with pulmonary edema (chest X-ray), oxygen saturation < 90%

Group A 56 patients 

110 patients randomized

Group B 54 patients 

52 patients completed trial 

Initial treatmentOxygen 10 L/min, furosemide 40 mg i.v., morphine 3 mg i.v.

52 patients completed trial 

3 mg ISDN i.v. every 5 min  80 mg bolus of furosemide i.v.  every 15 min and ISDN 1 mg/h, increased by 1 mg/h every 10 min

Treatment was continued in both groups until oxygen saturation increased to at least 96% or mean arterial blood pressure decreased by at least 30% or to lower than 90 mm Hg

* *

* *

Cotter et al. Lancet 1998; 351: 389–93

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High dose ISDN High dose Furosemide+ low dose ISDN

Randomised trial of high-dose isosorbide dinitrate plus low-dose furosemide versus high-dose furosemide plus low-dose isosorbide 

dinitrate in severe pulmonary oedema

Cotter et al. Lancet 1998; 351: 389–93

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ESC guidelines2016

Ponikowski et al. 2016;37:2129-2200

Inotropic agents in acute heart failure

Hypoperfusion

Page 39: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

• Definition

• Symptoms

• Prognosis

• Prognostic factors- clinical parameters, in-hospital worsening HF- biomarkers and end-organ damage

• Therapy: Novel drugs

Acute Heart Failure

Page 40: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Clinical Trials in worsening HF/ADHF

Trial      Agent Pts     Effects on     Effects on    Outcome     Symptoms

OPTIME-CHF Milrinone 951 ↑AEs No

VERITAS Tezosentan 1.448 No No

EVEREST Tolvaptan 4.133 No Yes

PROTECT Rolofylline 2.033 No No

Survive Levosimendan 1.327 No No vs. Dobutamine

VMAC Nesiritide 489 - Yes

ASCEND-HF Nesiritide 7.141 No No

RELAX-AHF-2    Serelaxin 6.545 No No

TRUE-AHF Urodilatin 2.157 No No

Page 41: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

Requiescat in pacem

MilrinoneTolvaptanTezosentanRolofyllineCinaciguatNesiritideSerelaxinUrodilatin

Page 42: State of the Art: acute heart failure - Is it just congestion? · 2018-02-15 · Acute de novo heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, …) Acutely decompensated

• Poor prognosis (1-year mortality: 25–30%)

• Congestion is a key component and an important prognostic factor

• No evidence confirming beneficial prognostic benefit of any drug treatment

• What is the right endpoint of AHF studies?- mortality?- improvement of symptoms  (e.g. congestion)?- worsening of heart failure?

Summary

ADHF