Start presentationStart presentation

Biometrics Biometrics StandardizatioStandardizatio

nnoror

How to bore How to bore everybody on everybody on the first slide!the first slide!

ProfJohn ProfJohn LarmouthLarmouth

j.larmouth@salford.ac.ukj.larmouth@salford.ac.uk

A typical biometric

standardizer - asleep!

You’ve heard of You’ve heard of biometrics? Great!biometrics? Great!

No? Go away and attend a tutorial!No? Go away and attend a tutorial! Yes – you can remain! How much do you know? Yes – you can remain! How much do you know?

(Not wanting to be rude!)(Not wanting to be rude!) You know all about fingerprint minutiae, iris You know all about fingerprint minutiae, iris

patterns, hand and finger geometry, of course.patterns, hand and finger geometry, of course. You know that the digital representation of these You know that the digital representation of these

for biometric matching is called a BDB (Biometric for biometric matching is called a BDB (Biometric Data Block).Data Block).

And that BDB formats are And that BDB formats are

standardized.standardized.

StandardisationStandardisation All about All about multi-vendor multi-vendor

interworkinginterworking.. Base level for matching: BDB format Base level for matching: BDB format

standardisation. (standardisation. (Layer 1Layer 1)) Meta-data: CBEFF data elements and BIR Meta-data: CBEFF data elements and BIR

formats. (formats. (Layer 2Layer 2)) System integration: BioAPI (System integration: BioAPI (Layer 3Layer 3)) Interworking between systems: BIP (Interworking between systems: BIP (Layer Layer

44)) Plus societal and privacy issuesPlus societal and privacy issues

The layers of biometric The layers of biometric standardization (1)standardization (1)

The Biometric Data Block The Biometric Data Block (BDB) layer(BDB) layer

Defines formats for the digital representation of Defines formats for the digital representation of measurements of various physical measurements of various physical characteristicscharacteristics

Sometimes just images, but often with Sometimes just images, but often with feature extractionfeature extraction

Current BDB formats – Current BDB formats – a busy slide! a busy slide!

Finger Minutiae (FDIS)Finger Minutiae (FDIS) Finger Pattern Spectral Data (FCD)Finger Pattern Spectral Data (FCD) Finger Image Data (FDIS)Finger Image Data (FDIS) Face Image Data (FDIS)Face Image Data (FDIS) Iris Image Data (FDIS)Iris Image Data (FDIS) Signature/Sign Behavioural Data (CD)Signature/Sign Behavioural Data (CD) Finger pattern Skeletal Data (CD)Finger pattern Skeletal Data (CD) Vascular Image Data (WD)Vascular Image Data (WD) Hand Geometry Silhouette Data (WD)Hand Geometry Silhouette Data (WD) Signature/Sign processed dynamic data (WD)Signature/Sign processed dynamic data (WD)

Critical activities at the Critical activities at the BDB layerBDB layer

CaptureCapture Processing (feature extraction)Processing (feature extraction) (Storage in a BIR – see later)(Storage in a BIR – see later) Matching (with an identified BIR or Matching (with an identified BIR or

identification within a population)identification within a population)

Quality aspectsQuality aspects

AgeingAgeing FMR and FNMRFMR and FNMR InteroperabilityInteroperability Interoperability testingInteroperability testing Certification centres (US dominance?)Certification centres (US dominance?) Matching algorithms (not standardised)Matching algorithms (not standardised)

And you know about And you know about meta-data and BIRs?meta-data and BIRs?

We are doing well!We are doing well! Meta-data (examples)Meta-data (examples)

– identification of the product that captured a BDB– the time it was captured– identification of its format, encrypted or not?– expiry date, security block format (none so far

defined!). Take a BDB, add meta-data, stir well, cook at Take a BDB, add meta-data, stir well, cook at

high temperature, until high temperature, until BIRBIRnt (ready for nt (ready for storage/archiving)storage/archiving)

The layers of biometric The layers of biometric standardization (2)standardization (2)

The Biometric Information The Biometric Information Record (BIR) layerRecord (BIR) layer

Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework (CBEFF) – Defines elements of metadata(CBEFF) – Defines elements of metadata

Registration (Biometric Organizations, BDB formats, Registration (Biometric Organizations, BDB formats, Patron formats, Security Block Formats, biometric Patron formats, Security Block Formats, biometric products) Authorityproducts) Authority

Standardised Patron Formats (CD)Standardised Patron Formats (CD) Mainly binary, one XMLMainly binary, one XML The BIR is the essential encapsulating unit for The BIR is the essential encapsulating unit for

storage and transfer (within or between machines) of storage and transfer (within or between machines) of BDBsBDBs

Getting enrolled!Getting enrolled!

Enrolment is the capturing of biometric data into Enrolment is the capturing of biometric data into a BIR (that contains a BDB), and the archiving or a BIR (that contains a BDB), and the archiving or storage of that BIR.storage of that BIR.

Big Brother has measured Big Brother has measured you!you!

If you are in a benign regime, the BIR will be put If you are in a benign regime, the BIR will be put on a smart card, and the slate wiped clean. on a smart card, and the slate wiped clean. Believe that? Privacy issues.Believe that? Privacy issues.

Lose the card? A database will probably hold Lose the card? A database will probably hold your BIR!your BIR!

What next?What next? A few hundred years later: you present A few hundred years later: you present

yourself for measurement again.yourself for measurement again. You claim to match a BIR in a database (give a You claim to match a BIR in a database (give a

user id), or one on a card you carry.user id), or one on a card you carry. If you identify the BIR, an identification If you identify the BIR, an identification

matchmatch can be performed. can be performed. If you are being scanned by a CCTV camera, If you are being scanned by a CCTV camera,

an an identification searchidentification search can be can be performed on the population that has been performed on the population that has been enrolled.enrolled.

The layers of biometric The layers of biometric standardization (3)standardization (3)

The BioAPI layerThe BioAPI layer Defines an architecture for systems integration in Defines an architecture for systems integration in

a single computer systema single computer system Applications, BioAPI Framework, Biometric Applications, BioAPI Framework, Biometric

Service Providers (BSPs), Biometric Function Service Providers (BSPs), Biometric Function Providers (BFPs)Providers (BFPs)

Passes BIRs around the systemPasses BIRs around the system Framework interfacesFramework interfaces

(C API) (FDIS)(C API) (FDIS)One of the BioAPI Editors!

(From a recent mailing)

In the beginning there In the beginning there was the Framework, and was the Framework, and

lo it was good!lo it was good!

BioAPI Framework

The heart of any BioAPI system.The heart of any BioAPI system. Glues everything together.Glues everything together. Everything else from different vendors.Everything else from different vendors.

And applications were And applications were created to use the created to use the

Framework ….. (the Framework ….. (the brains)brains)

Biometric Application

BioAPI Framework

API

Biometric Application

API

With defined (standardised) interfaces, With defined (standardised) interfaces, specified as C calling sequences.specified as C calling sequences.

Enabling applications to call on biometric Enabling applications to call on biometric services using the framework.services using the framework.

And in the depths service And in the depths service providers appeared (the providers appeared (the foot-soldiers), and it was foot-soldiers), and it was

even better!even better!Biometric Application

BioAPI Framework

BSP

SPI SPI SPI

API

BSP BSP

Biometric Application

API

With standardised service provider With standardised service provider interfaces called by the Framework.interfaces called by the Framework.

The service providers handled one The service providers handled one or more devices (fingers and toes) or more devices (fingers and toes) - multi-vendor biometric systems - multi-vendor biometric systems

existed!existed!Biometric Application

BioAPI Framework

BSP

Device

SPI SPI SPI

API

BSP BSP

Device Device1

DeviceN

Biometric Application

API

API and SPI interfacesAPI and SPI interfaces

Broadly provide (remember BDBs and Broadly provide (remember BDBs and BIRs?) for:BIRs?) for:– Capture of a BDB into a BIR.

– Movement of BIRs between BSPs and applications.

– BSPs for capture, processing, matching, and archiving.

– BFP interfaces (see next slide) for specific BFP functionality, being standardised.

And man said, the interface And man said, the interface standards are good, give us standards are good, give us more, give us more, and so more, give us more, and so

the BFP was begat the BFP was begat BioAPI BSP

Internal BSP Functions External BSP Functions

SFPIProcessingAlgorithmFunction

MatchingAlgorithmFunction

ArchiveFunction

SensorFunction

or

SensorBFP

AFPI PFPI MFPI

ArchiveBFP

ProcessingBFP

MatchingBFP

Algo Algo

BioAPI Units

BFPs provided by vendors distinct from BSPs – BFPs provided by vendors distinct from BSPs – a new market – minimises work of hardware a new market – minimises work of hardware providersproviders

This is too technical for me – move on very fast!This is too technical for me – move on very fast!

Closing remarks on Closing remarks on BioAPI:BioAPI:

Conformance TestingConformance Testing

A multi-vendor architecture and A multi-vendor architecture and multi-vendor implementations are multi-vendor implementations are fine, but will they really interwork?fine, but will they really interwork?

Standards for conformance testing.Standards for conformance testing. Conformance testing software.Conformance testing software. Certification centres.Certification centres. All key parts of BioAPI.All key parts of BioAPI.

The layers of biometric The layers of biometric standardisation (4)standardisation (4)

The Biometric Interworking The Biometric Interworking Protocol (BIP) layerProtocol (BIP) layer

Work in progressWork in progress Provides interworking between systems Provides interworking between systems

containing capture devices or databases (for containing capture devices or databases (for example)example)

Based on communicating Based on communicating BioAPI FrameworksBioAPI FrameworksThe BIP standards group

readies itself for work.

Use of biometrics in Use of biometrics in authenticationauthentication

Problems of privacy and acceptabilityProblems of privacy and acceptability Problems of agingProblems of aging Problems of the one-eyed man or a multiple Problems of the one-eyed man or a multiple

paraplegicparaplegic Probabilistic only (FMR, FNMR)Probabilistic only (FMR, FNMR) Still interworking problems at presentStill interworking problems at present Problems of secure and trusted software for cross-Problems of secure and trusted software for cross-

network authenticationnetwork authentication A captured BIR does not have to be secret, but it A captured BIR does not have to be secret, but it

does have to be authentically time-stampeddoes have to be authentically time-stamped Digital certificates containing BIRs link human to Digital certificates containing BIRs link human to

other informationother information

We have a few We have a few minutes!minutes!

Any questions?Any questions?

The European The European and UK scenesand UK scenes

oror

HMG Passport HMG Passport Service Service

Biometrics Biometrics Enrolment TrialEnrolment Trial

ProfJohn ProfJohn LarmouthLarmouth

j.larmouth@salford.ac.ukj.larmouth@salford.ac.uk

A presentation to the Jerusalem A presentation to the Jerusalem Homeland Security ConferenceHomeland Security Conference

The European sceneThe European scene This is a DIY job!!!This is a DIY job!!! No time for anything more as the UK Passport Office No time for anything more as the UK Passport Office

trial results are now released!trial results are now released! Go to URL Go to URL

http://porvoo7.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/http://porvoo7.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/ andand

http://www.electronic-identity.org/porvoohttp://www.electronic-identity.org/porvooxx.shtml.shtml

xx = 1, 2, etc provides lots of Country updates on ID = 1, 2, etc provides lots of Country updates on ID card and biometric deployment in Europecard and biometric deployment in Europe

Whoops! Wrong presentation - restarWhoops! Wrong presentation - restart!t!

The Porvoo group (1) The Porvoo group (1) (See Notes)(See Notes)

A Finnish initiativeA Finnish initiative Named after the town where the group first Named after the town where the group first

metmet Government representatives discuss the Government representatives discuss the

status and development of identification status and development of identification systems (increasingly using biometrics) in systems (increasingly using biometrics) in the member countriesthe member countries

The Porvoo group (2)The Porvoo group (2) Meets every six monthsMeets every six months Hosting rotatesHosting rotates Host country provides an in depth presentation of Host country provides an in depth presentation of

the situation in the host countrythe situation in the host country Other countries provide country updatesOther countries provide country updates Participants include Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Participants include Austria, Belgium, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,

Ireland, Ireland, IsraelIsrael, Latvia, Norway, Spain, , Latvia, Norway, Spain, Slovenia, Sweden, The Netherlands, UKSlovenia, Sweden, The Netherlands, UK

Presentations available online (see previous URL)Presentations available online (see previous URL) Provides a good overview of the European sceneProvides a good overview of the European scene

Summary of the Summary of the European sceneEuropean scene

Most current use of biometrics minimalMost current use of biometrics minimal Most countries have plans to implement Most countries have plans to implement

ICAO recommendations for passportsICAO recommendations for passports Some countries already have ID cardsSome countries already have ID cards Some have plans for biometric ID cards, not Some have plans for biometric ID cards, not

yet well advanced.yet well advanced.

The UK sceneThe UK scene Biometrics on new or renewed passports and on Biometrics on new or renewed passports and on

new or replacement driving licences from new or replacement driving licences from September(?) 2005 on.September(?) 2005 on.

Independent of ID card bill currently being Independent of ID card bill currently being discussed in parliament, which may or may not discussed in parliament, which may or may not pass! (Much heat, ill-informed discussion.)pass! (Much heat, ill-informed discussion.)

Single central database to support all uses of Single central database to support all uses of biometric identification, single enrolment centres biometric identification, single enrolment centres (7 – 2006 – rising to a planned 70)(7 – 2006 – rising to a planned 70)

98% of UK adult citizens hold a passport, 98% of UK adult citizens hold a passport, renewed every ten years.renewed every ten years.

UK Passport ServiceUK Passport ServiceBiometrics Enrolment Biometrics Enrolment

TrialTrial NotNot a trial of the technologies a trial of the technologies Aims were to determine possible problems Aims were to determine possible problems

with enrolment and verification, and with enrolment and verification, and acceptability of the processacceptability of the process

Jointly commissioned and funded by UK Jointly commissioned and funded by UK Passport Service, Home Office Identity Cards Passport Service, Home Office Identity Cards Programme, and Driver and Vehicle Programme, and Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, and conducted by Atos Licensing Agency, and conducted by Atos Origin (a software and consultancy firm).Origin (a software and consultancy firm).

DatesDates

Planned to start Feb 2004 (delays)Planned to start Feb 2004 (delays) Started April 2004, planned for 6 months – Started April 2004, planned for 6 months –

extended to 8 monthsextended to 8 months Original target of 1000 disabled participants Original target of 1000 disabled participants

reduced to 750reduced to 750 Ended Dec 2004Ended Dec 2004 Results due to be published March 2005, Results due to be published March 2005,

withheld due to imminent General Electionwithheld due to imminent General Election Released last Wed (May 25)Released last Wed (May 25)

For those of a DIY For those of a DIY dispositiondisposition

The Management Summary (29 pages)The Management Summary (29 pages)and the main Report (300 pages)and the main Report (300 pages)can both be obtained from:can both be obtained from:

http://www.ukps.gov.uk/publications.asphttp://www.ukps.gov.uk/publications.asp

(the last two entries on the Web page)(the last two entries on the Web page)

The participantsThe participants

10,016 participants (all 18 or over)10,016 participants (all 18 or over) (UK population is about 60 million)(UK population is about 60 million) MORI calculations put advertised results as MORI calculations put advertised results as

significant at the 95% levelsignificant at the 95% level Lies, Damned Lies, Statistics, and Biometric Lies, Damned Lies, Statistics, and Biometric

results!results! Three categories of participant – Quota Three categories of participant – Quota

(2,000), Opportunistic (7,266), Disabled (750)(2,000), Opportunistic (7,266), Disabled (750) Results analysed in the three groups (and Results analysed in the three groups (and

together)together)

The processThe process

Quota participantsQuota participants Selected by MORI interviewers in shopping Selected by MORI interviewers in shopping

centres near to enrolment centres and “escorted” centres near to enrolment centres and “escorted” to the enrolment centre!to the enrolment centre!

Aimed to meet demographic percentages related Aimed to meet demographic percentages related to male/female; working (f/pt), unemployed, to male/female; working (f/pt), unemployed, student, retired; White, Asian, Black, student, retired; White, Asian, Black, Chinese/East Asian, Other; religion, urban or Chinese/East Asian, Other; religion, urban or rural dweller.rural dweller.

Quite a hard job for MORI to find volunteers to Quite a hard job for MORI to find volunteers to fit these percentages of the UK population.fit these percentages of the UK population.

Quota participants could include disabledQuota participants could include disabled

Opportunistic Opportunistic participantsparticipants

Drag `em in off the Drag `em in off the street!street!

Literally trueLiterally true!!

Disabled participantsDisabled participants

Obtained from UK registers of disabled Obtained from UK registers of disabled peoplepeople

IncludedIncluded– Hearing impairment (including totally deaf)– Visual impairment (including totally blind)– Learning disability– Physical impairment (wheel-chair bound, or

missing limbs, etc)

The processThe process

Registration (public area)Registration (public area) Enrolment (special private booth) – try for face, ten Enrolment (special private booth) – try for face, ten

fingers/thumbs, iris. Check against matches in fingers/thumbs, iris. Check against matches in database. Check a second sample verifies. Produce database. Check a second sample verifies. Produce smart card.smart card.

Verification (public area). Choose biometric.Verification (public area). Choose biometric.Multiple attempts allowed.Multiple attempts allowed.

Questionnaires or interview on the experience of the Questionnaires or interview on the experience of the process (after enrolment and after verification).process (after enrolment and after verification).

Analysis of results – Analysis of results – oodles of data!oodles of data!

Some pictures!!!Some pictures!!!(The booth)(The booth)

Some pictures!!!Some pictures!!!(The mobile centre -1)(The mobile centre -1)

Some pictures!!!Some pictures!!!(The mobile centre – 2)(The mobile centre – 2)

Enrolment processEnrolment process Take digital photographTake digital photograph Attempt to produce face geometry template, Attempt to produce face geometry template,

checking for false matches and verify itchecking for false matches and verify it Attempt to produce finger print template, ditto Attempt to produce finger print template, ditto

(record missing fingers, not a failure to enrol)(record missing fingers, not a failure to enrol) Attempt to produce iris image, dittoAttempt to produce iris image, ditto Produce card with photo and biometric Produce card with photo and biometric

templates (all uploaded to central database)templates (all uploaded to central database) QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Verification processVerification process

Insert card into readerInsert card into reader Participant chooses biometric to use Participant chooses biometric to use

(can be single finger)(can be single finger) Verify (multiple attempts allowed)Verify (multiple attempts allowed) QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Equipment etc (not Equipment etc (not relevant!!!)relevant!!!)

Panasonic BM-ET300 camera (it talks!) for Panasonic BM-ET300 camera (it talks!) for enrolment AND verification enrolment AND verification

Identix FaceIt Software for face recognition, Identix FaceIt Software for face recognition, and Iridian PrivateID software for Iris and Iridian PrivateID software for Iris templatestemplates

Touchprint 3100 fingerprint scanner for Touchprint 3100 fingerprint scanner for enrolment (does four fingers at a time)enrolment (does four fingers at a time)

DFR-2080 single fingerprint reader for DFR-2080 single fingerprint reader for verificationverification

Results – What you have Results – What you have all been waiting for, and all been waiting for, and

no time left!!! (1)no time left!!! (1) Enrolment times were 8 to 10 minutes, but Enrolment times were 8 to 10 minutes, but

registration and questionnaire filling added registration and questionnaire filling added to thatto that

Disabled registration was at the top end of Disabled registration was at the top end of that rangethat range

Verification times (using a single biometric Verification times (using a single biometric chosen by the participant) were about one chosen by the participant) were about one minuteminute

Results (2)Results (2) (only?) 90% of all non-disabled people were (only?) 90% of all non-disabled people were

successfully enrolled on all three biometricssuccessfully enrolled on all three biometrics All of the non-disabled were successfully All of the non-disabled were successfully

enrolled on at least one biometricenrolled on at least one biometric 1 in 200 of the disabled could not be enrolled 1 in 200 of the disabled could not be enrolled

on any biometricon any biometric UK Passport Office is considering how to UK Passport Office is considering how to

handle that – perhaps other forms of handle that – perhaps other forms of identification; it is important to avoid identification; it is important to avoid exclusions in a live system.exclusions in a live system.

Fingerprint resultsFingerprint results There was a problem with people with wide There was a problem with people with wide

fingers – the verification device did not fingers – the verification device did not capture enough of the fingercapture enough of the finger

There were 14 false matches (against a There were 14 false matches (against a database primed with one million database primed with one million fingerprints) during enrolmentfingerprints) during enrolment

There were problems with arthritic fingers There were problems with arthritic fingers that could not be straightenedthat could not be straightened

Temporary problems such as bandages also Temporary problems such as bandages also occurredoccurred

Face and iris Face and iris recognition results (1)recognition results (1)

There were problems in both cases with There were problems in both cases with wheel-chair-based disabled participants, as wheel-chair-based disabled participants, as they could not be placed in the right position they could not be placed in the right position in relation to the camerain relation to the camera

There were problems with hearing-impaired There were problems with hearing-impaired because they could not hear the camera because they could not hear the camera saying go left, go right (the operators did not saying go left, go right (the operators did not have a sign-language capability)have a sign-language capability)

Face and iris Face and iris recognition results (2)recognition results (2)

There were problems with those with There were problems with those with learning difficulties that reacted wrongly or learning difficulties that reacted wrongly or too strongly to camera instructionstoo strongly to camera instructions

There were problems with those with There were problems with those with behavioural disabilities that could not stay behavioural disabilities that could not stay still for a sufficient timestill for a sufficient time

There were similar problems with those There were similar problems with those with physical disabilities if they could not with physical disabilities if they could not put their head into a vertical position or put their head into a vertical position or keep it stillkeep it still

Face and iris Face and iris recognition results (3)recognition results (3)

There were problems with people who There were problems with people who refused to remove head-gearrefused to remove head-gear

There were serious lighting problems, There were serious lighting problems, aggravated by glasses, contact lenses, bald aggravated by glasses, contact lenses, bald heads, and dark skins. (Likely to be heads, and dark skins. (Likely to be addressed in a subsequent trial.)addressed in a subsequent trial.)

There were problems when people brushed There were problems when people brushed a fringe back between enrolment and a fringe back between enrolment and verification (similarly removal of glasses)verification (similarly removal of glasses)

Where to now? UK Where to now? UK PassportsPassports

Will conform to ICAO recommendationsWill conform to ICAO recommendations Will contain face imagesWill contain face images May contain other biometrics (not yet decided)May contain other biometrics (not yet decided) Will be authenticated (PKI) by CAs issued with Will be authenticated (PKI) by CAs issued with

certificates and keys by HMGcertificates and keys by HMG HMG private key held securely in the depths of HMG private key held securely in the depths of

the Bank of England (or somewhere!) – clearly a the Bank of England (or somewhere!) – clearly a target for terrorist or student attack if they can target for terrorist or student attack if they can hack it!hack it!

CAs will use a derived private key for only a CAs will use a derived private key for only a small (to be determined) number of passportssmall (to be determined) number of passports

User reactions to the User reactions to the process (1)process (1)

This is what the trial was all about!This is what the trial was all about! Generally very favourableGenerally very favourable Time taken, degree of intrusion, in Time taken, degree of intrusion, in

general either better than or equal general either better than or equal to expectationsto expectations

But remember, they were all But remember, they were all volunteersvolunteers

User reactions (2)User reactions (2)

In favour of biometrics being used in passports – In favour of biometrics being used in passports – Over 90% in favourOver 90% in favour

On a series of questions on whether biometrics On a series of questions on whether biometrics will strengthen security of passports, prevent will strengthen security of passports, prevent identity fraud, prevent illegal immigration, identity fraud, prevent illegal immigration, benefits will outweigh costs – Over 90% positivebenefits will outweigh costs – Over 90% positive

BUT – contrast media and parliamentary BUT – contrast media and parliamentary comments!comments!

AND – these were all volunteers for the trialAND – these were all volunteers for the trial

Press commentsPress comments

Biometric passports can be forged as easily Biometric passports can be forged as easily as normal passports (Rubbish!)as normal passports (Rubbish!)

(Future) criminals will enrol with all (Future) criminals will enrol with all possible registers with multiple identities (A possible registers with multiple identities (A problem with enrolment identification)problem with enrolment identification)

HMG will be incapable of making such an HMG will be incapable of making such an elaborate IT system work (Perhaps!)elaborate IT system work (Perhaps!)

The HMG private key is a single point of The HMG private key is a single point of vulnerability open to attack (Perhaps)vulnerability open to attack (Perhaps)

Tail-pieceTail-piece

We live in an interesting time!We live in an interesting time! Biometrics standards are not mature, but are Biometrics standards are not mature, but are

being widely deployed!being widely deployed! The public is generally accepting them more The public is generally accepting them more

than justice/liberty lobby groupsthan justice/liberty lobby groups Lack of perception that the database is what Lack of perception that the database is what

matters for civil liberties, and not the cardmatters for civil liberties, and not the card Lack of perception that biometrics for Lack of perception that biometrics for

passports and driving licences will do it allpassports and driving licences will do it all

To measure or not to To measure or not to measure, that is the measure, that is the

questionquestion

Every conference needs Every conference needs its chant:its chant:

Metrication, metricationMetrication, metrication BiometricationBiometrication Some day, some day!Some day, some day! We shall overcome, some day, some day!We shall overcome, some day, some day! Biometrication – Ya Ya Ya!Biometrication – Ya Ya Ya!