stars, life and light. s1-4-05b identify the parts of the sun and its source of energy. s1-4-06b...
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S1-4-05b Identify the parts of the Sun and its source of energy.
S1-4-06b Explain the basic life cycle of a star.
KEY WORDSFusion Core PhotosphereChromosphere Corona Radiation zoneConvection zoneMain sequence Nebula Red dwarfNeutron Star Red giant White dwarfSupernova Red supergiant Black hole Galaxy
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Our Sun• A small star• About 5 billion years old (should last 5 more) • Composed of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium • All elements in plasma phase
(hotter state than gas)
• Energy comes from a Nuclear Fusion Reaction
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Nuclear Fusion ReactionFusion = join/merge• Joining two hydrogen to create helium • Releases large amount of energy
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Fusion = join Fission = split
Sun: joining (fusion) things to release energyPower Plants: splitting (fission) things to release energy
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Layers of the Sun:
Inside• Core – centre (fusion takes place here)• Middle – Radiation zone than convection zone• Photosphere – cooler surface (5500 oC)
sunspots, surface storms – the part we “see”
Outside• Chromosphere – inner atmospheresmall solar explosions (flares), large (prominences)• Corona – outer atmosphere (1 million oC)charged gas particles blow outward (solar winds)
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Photosphere Core ChromosphereRadiation Zone Convection Zone
Corona
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“Life Cycle” of a Star:
Birth: Stars start out as NebulaeNebula – huge cloud of dust and gases
Youth – Middle Age:• Gravity collapses a nebula into star that begins to
release energy as a main sequence (MS) star
Scientists categorize MS stars according to mass: • Small - last longer (billions of years)• Large - brighter but short-lived (few million
yrs)
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Actually nebulae captured by NASA space telescopes
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Small MS star – Red Dwarf • Very cool temperatures of their outer gases
Death: • Forms a cool, dim star called a White Dwarf• Fades out until it no longer emits light energy
We can’t see most Red Dwarf stars –
their light is too weak
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Medium MS star – like the Sun• Separated into small-med and large-med
Death: • Runs out of elements for fusion reaction• Collapses then swells to produce a Red Giant
• small-med eventually fades out as white dwarf• large-med explodes as a Supernova leaving behind a Neutron star
“Pulsar” neutron star
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Large MS star• Extreme energy produced for a short period • Fuses heavier elements (iron) after lighter ones
Death: • Collapses then swells to a Red Supergiant • Gravity collapses the largest into a Black Hole
Stars are in balance: nuclear fusion explodes outwards, large gravitational force collapses inwards
When the reactor runs out of elements to fuse, gravity wins and the star collapses and (sometimes) explodes
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Nothing can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole
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Nebulae
main sequence (MS) star
Red Dwarf
White Dwarf
Red Giant
Supernova
Neutron star
Red Supergiant
Black Hole
Smallest Largest
Medium
Birth:
Death:
There is still more to this puzzle, but…this is close enough
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Galaxies• Huge collections of gas, dust and billions of stars
and planets (collected by gravity)• Constantly in motion• Many shapes: spiral, elliptical, and irregular
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Milky Way Galaxy• Contains 400 billion stars • Disc-shaped, with spiral arms – spiral galaxy We are on one of the arms• Has a thicker Central Bulge• Rotates around the bulge
New evidence suggests the “central bulge” is actually a SUPER-MASSIVE BLACK
HOLE!
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CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS?
S1-4-05b:How do stars like the Sun make energy?
What are the parts of the Sun?
S1-4-06b:How do stars form and how do small, med and large stars eventually “die?”
KEY WORDSFusion Core PhotosphereChromosphere Corona Radiation zoneConvection zoneMain sequence Nebula Red dwarfNeutron Star Red giant White dwarfSupernova Red supergiant Black hole Galaxy