Stars & Bars or Stars & Stripes? The American Civil War April 12, April 9, 1865 (or the War of Northern Aggression) (or the War for Southern Independence) (or the War Between the States) (a rich mans war and a poor mans fight) Why do I care? The Southern states may not have had a Constitutional right to secede thereby making their action illegal. Had the offenders been prosecuted by law instead of waging war there may have been a less costly, socially trying, and politically embarrassing situation for the industrial giant of a nation. Essential Question # 6 Explain the major causes of the Civil War including the desire to preserve the Union, sectionalism (including control of the west), and the fight for states rights. Essential Question # 7 Describe the political ideologies and military tactics that shaped the Civil War. Election of 1860 (1) Election of 1860 (2) Lincolns position on slavery slavery should not be allowed to expand into the territories Democrats won control of Congress no candidate received a majority of the popular vote the popular & electoral votes were divided among four candidates Election of 1860 (3) Election of 1860 (4) Republican Abraham Lincoln wins December 20, 1860: South Carolina secedes Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana & Texas follow February 4, 1861: form the Confederate States of America South Carolinas Ordinance of Secession Quickwrite Would you go to war for your state if called upon? What issues would make you fight for Arizona? What factors would you consider? Lincolns Inauguration: March 4, 1861 Fort Sumter, SC When: April 12-13, 1861 Who: Major Anderson (U) & Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (C) What: last Union controlled federal garrison in the Confederacy Where: garrison located off the coast in Charleston Harbor Fort Sumter, SC Historical Significance: Lincoln has to decide how to defend it after the South requested a surrender from Anderson sends in supplies of food as opposed to reinforcements Davis responds with war on April 12, 1861 Virginia secedes much of the Southern war materials come from Virginia western Virginians are anti-slavery advocates this area secedes from Virginia and becomes the Union state of West Virginia Important Events of remaining slave states remain in the Union Maryland Delaware Kentucky Missouri WHY? Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus in selected areas infringes upon civil liberties by the end of the war over 13,000 arrested and held without trial The firing on Fort Sumter A. brought European aid for the South. B. demonstrated Union naval power. C. unified northern opinion for defense of the Union. D. demonstrated the Unions will to fight. E. occurred with the help of the Native American population. Legend: Dark Red: states that seceded before April 15, 1861 Red: states that seceded after April 15, 1861 Yellow: Union states that permitted slavery Blue: Union states that forbade slavery Gray: territories, unaffiliated The Confederate States of America led by moderate men not by those who led the secession movement Jefferson Davis, former Secretary of War and Mississippi born, West Point graduate, becomes President write their own Constitution resembles the U.S. Constitution did not secede in order to form a slaveholders utopia wanted to restore the Union as it had been pre-Republican party politics The secessionist movement was dominated by A.hill country White supremacists who feared Black social competition. B. Southern radical nationalists who hoped to establish a plantation utopia. C. Southern moderates intent on securing slavery from northern political interference and federal control. D. moderates from the Upper South who gave up on the Union with the election of Lincoln in E. plantation owners who had the most to lose by the abolition of slavery. President Jefferson Davis & Vice President Alexander Stevens The Confederate White House Advantages Union (Blue) population immigration naval power factory production iron production bank deposits/capital Confederacy (Gray) military leadership knowledge of terrain desire/cause 4 Corners The Union should win the war due to their advantages over the Confederacy. Its not the size of the dog in the fight; its the size of the fight in the dog. Which was NOT an advantage enjoyed by the North at the beginning of the war? A. a better transportation system B. greater industrial production C. a larger population D. better military leadership E. high numbers of Black men interested in military enlistment Union & Confederacy Resources 1860 (1) Union & Confederacy Resources 1860 (2) Free & Slave States 1861 Railroad Lines 1860 Soldiers Occupations Prior to the War (1860) The superior training and supply of Northern troops was offset by A. the largest number of seasoned troops in Confederate ranks. B. the superior fighting ability of Southern troops. C. the large number of fresh troops in the Confederate ranks. D. all of the above E. none of the above Union Strategy: Anaconda Plan (1) 1. blockade Southern ports to stop all imports and exports of goods and military supplies 2. move down the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two 3. capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond, VA 1. blockade Southern ports to stop all imports and exports of goods and military supplies 2. move down the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two 3. capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond, VA Union Strategy: Anaconda Plan (2) Union Strategy: Anaconda Plan (3) April 19, 1861 Lincolns issuance of the blockade Which of the following best describes Lincolns military strategy? A. the anaconda policy of starving the South into submission by cutting off its supplies of commodities and food B. winning the war with a quick strike at the Confederate capital C. an attempt to capture control of the Mississippi Valley D. a two-front policy keeping the pressure on Richmond while also advancing in the Mississippi Valley E. key diplomatic alliances designed to support the northern military Confederate Strategy defensive tactics protect the homeland invade the North if the opportunity arises UNION LEADERSHIP Lincolns Generals Battle Hymn of the Republic George McClellan very popular general fired by Lincoln because he was excessively cautious and reluctant to engage the enemy Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellan Joseph Hooker replaces Burnside Winfield Scott general-in-chief at beginning of war devised the Anaconda Plan Ulysses Simpson Grant 1863: victorious commander of the siege at Vicksburg, MI 1864: named commander of the Federal armies 1865: accepted the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House in VA William T. Sherman Irwin McDowell George Meade CONFEDERATE LEADERSHIP Jefferson Davis Generals Dixie Confederate Anthem Robert Edward Lee graduate of West Point Military Academy 1863: defeated at Gettysburg General P. G. T. Beauregard Thomas Stonewall Jackson George Pickett 1 st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas, VA (1) When: July 21, 1861 Who: Gen. McDowell (U) & Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard (C) What: 1 st land battle 30 miles south of Washington, D.C. both sides were very inexperienced/green spectators were present believing the war to be an exciting event of few hours initially looked as though the Union would be victorious but the Confederate reinforcements made the Confederate victory indecisive; Union troops retreat to Washington, D.C. General Thomas J. Jackson earns the nickname Stonewall both sides realize this is not going to be a short war 1 st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas, VA (2) Crittenden Resolution 1861 Congress declares that the war is being fought solely to preserve the Union Important Events of 1862 (1) slavery abolished in the District of Columbia Confederacy institutes the draft growing complaints of interference with personal liberties Union income tax enacted federal government assumes new powers Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus throughout the Union Important Events of 1862 (2) Homestead Act promote rapid settlement of the west Union Pacific Railroad chartered Land Grant College Act sale of specified public lands to be used to promote higher education Second Confiscation Act slaves of rebel masters declared free if in Union custody Other Important Battles Fort Henry, TN Who: Gen. Grant (U) When: February 6, 1862 Union victory Fort Donelson, TN Who: Gen. Grant (U) When: February 12-16, 1862 Union victory Richmond, VA When: August 29 & 30, 1862 Confederate victory Battle of Shiloh, TN (1) When: April 6 & 7, 1862 Who: Gen. Grant (U) & Gen. Albert Sydney Johnston (C) What: Union victory Union forces are almost defeated but reinforcements arrived Battle of Shiloh, TN (2) Historical Significance: more soldiers died in this battle than in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 & the Mexican- American War combined both sides realized that there should be more preplanning such as scouting, digging trenches, etc. 2 nd Battle of Bull Run/Manassas, VA When: August 29 30, 1862 Historical Significance: casualties are five times greater than the previous battle at this location Confederacy runs out of ammunition and begins to throw rocks at the Union troops McClellans Peninsula Campaign (1) When: March 17 July 2, 1862 Who: Gen. McClellan (U) & Gen. Joseph Johnston What: steady advance up the Virginia Peninsula Where: Yorktown & Williamsburg, VA McClellans Peninsula Campaign (2) Historical Significance: hopes for a swift, decisive victory in the East gone McClellan very cautious Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg, MD When: September 17, 1862 Historical Significance: single bloodiest day of battle in the history of the Civil War more than 23,000 casualties inconclusive, but strategic Union victory Gen. McClellan refuses to pursue General Lees forces when he could have provides the Union with support for Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation When: September 17, 1862 Historical Significance: single bloodiest day of battle in the history of the Civil War more than 23,000 casualties inconclusive, but strategic Union victory Gen. McClellan refuses to pursue General Lees forces when he could have provides the Union with support for Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Fredericksburg, VA When: December 13,1862 Who: Gen. Burnside (U) (replaced Gen. McClellan) and Gen. Hooker (replaced Gen. Burnside) & Gen. Lee (C) What: Union wanted pontoons to arrive in order to cross the river Lee was given time to get his men placed on high ground withdrawal of Union forces was considered their greatest maneuver Historical Significance: Confederate victory even though the Union had a higher troop count lowest point of Union morale Important Events of 1863 National Banking Act Congress brings currency and banks under a central national system Union institutes a draft resentment because of special treatment buying a substitute bread riots in the Confederacy taxes, high prices, and inflation lead to disorder West Virginia admitted to the Union New York City draft riots 10 days after the Battle of Gettysburg resentment against draft sparks a bloody anti-black, anti- Republican riot 11 blacks lynched 105 rioters killed Emancipation Proclamation 1863 (1) written by Lincoln issued September 22, 1862 effective January 1, 1863 gave the South 100 days to surrender if they wanted to preserve slavery in their territory written by Lincoln issued September 22, 1862 effective January 1, 1863 gave the South 100 days to surrender if they wanted to preserve slavery in their territory Emancipation Proclamation 1863 (2) 1. granted slaves in rebel (Confederate) states their freedom on January 1, 1863 Where he [Lincoln] can he doesnt. Where he cant he does. 2. encouraged African Americans to flee the south and find work within the Union military Emancipation Proclamation 1863 (3) Emancipation Proclamation 1863 (4) 4 Corners Lincoln had to free the slaves in rebel states in order to continue Union support for the war. Recruitment of African American Soldiers (1) Battle of Chancellorsville, VA When: May 2-4, 1863 Who: Gen. Hooker (U) & Gen. Lee (C) Historical Significance: Gen. Lees greatest battle and greatest heartbreak Gen. Jackson is mistakenly shot by friendly fire dies from the infection Union fails again to take the Confederacy forced to retreat across the Rappahannock River final Confederate victory Battle of Gettysburg, PA (1) When: July 1, 2, and 3, 1863 July 1 Confederate troops were en route to Washington, D.C. and were also looking for shoes when they attacked unsuspecting Union troops July 2 Confederate attack on Union troops on Cemetery Ridge July 3 Confederate attack high ground 2 hours of firing heard from Pittsburg Battle of Gettysburg, PA (2) Battle of Gettysburg, PA (3) Who: Gen. Meade (U) & Gen. Lee (C) What: battle for Southern pride Where: small town in southeastern Pennsylvania Historical Significance: final Confederate offensive final turning point of the war in the east Lees invasion of the North repulsed armys offensive capacity destroyed had been hoping to win foreign recognition from Britain and France Battle of Gettysburg, PA (4) Gettysburg Address 1863 speech given by President Lincoln to dedicate the Soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg, PA on Thursday, November 19, 1863 not even the premier speaker lasted just over two minutes Read by Jeff Daniels Gettysburg Historians' Roundtable Wilderness Campaign When: May 5-7, 1864 Who: Gen Grant (U) & Gen. Lee (C) What: many casualties caused by fires ignited by gunfire in the dense woods Grant is referred to as Butcher Grant Grant hammers at Lees lines with horrendous losses Where: 3 battles: Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor about 7,000 Americans killed or wounded in 20 minutes at Cold Harbor Siege at Vicksburg, MI (1) When: January 30 - July 4, 1863 Who: Gen. Grant (U) & Gen. Pemberton (C) What: one of two Confederate holdouts on the Mississippi two frontal assaults failed so the Union dug in for the siege and shelled the fort for hours at a time Union naval forces led by Gen. Farragut came up the Mississippi River Gen. Grant called for an unconditional surrender When: January 30 - July 4, 1863 Who: Gen. Grant (U) & Gen. Pemberton (C) What: one of two Confederate holdouts on the Mississippi two frontal assaults failed so the Union dug in for the siege and shelled the fort for hours at a time Union naval forces led by Gen. Farragut came up the Mississippi River Gen. Grant called for an unconditional surrender Siege at Vicksburg, MI (2) Historical Significance: siege intended to divide the Confederacy in half along the Mississippi River it works; Union gains control of the Mississippi and divides the South in half turning point in the war in the west Important Events of 1864 Grant becomes Union general-in-chief Union war effort given a new aggressiveness Shermans March to the Sea (1) When: September 2, 1864 What: 275 miles long and 40 miles wide left Atlanta, GA and reached Savannah just before Christmas and then continued on to South Carolina campaign of total war everything, i.e., civilian homes, business establishments, farms, plantations, etc., is destroyed in an attempt to destroy the Souths will to fight Shermans March to the Sea (2) Historical Significance: propelled Lincolns campaign for president demoralized the South Election of 1864 Democrat George McClellan wanted an immediate end to war opposed emancipation Lincoln chose Tennessee Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate Johnson was the only US Senator from a Confederate state that stayed loyal to the Union to Republicans: Democrat they never accepted to South: a traitor Lincolns popularity margin was thin message from Sherman: Atlanta is ours, and fairly won seceded states did not vote Lincoln reelected Union and emancipation are no longer considerations Siege of Petersburg When: June 15, 1864 April 2, 1865 Who: Gen. Grant (U) What: Union troops were attempting to disrupt Confederate rail lines Union forces made up of many Pennsylvania coal miners trenches built around the city after 10 months Gen. Lee leaves the city and prepares to surrender Important Events of 1865 Lincoln assassinated 13th Amendment ratified slavery abolished in the United States proposed February 1, 1865 ratified December 3, 1865 Surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA (1) When: April 9, 1865 What: Gen. Lee formally surrendered to Gen. Grant Confederate resistance quickly dissolves terms were lenient as Lincolns goal was to preserve the Union, not punish the secessionists Surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA (2) Aftermath of the War Technological Advances of the War first modern war to use: telegraph observation balloons trench warfare Gatling guns railroads steel ships Confederate Graves in Arizona (1) Confederate Graves in Arizona (2) Confederate Graves in Arizona (3) Confederate Graves in Arizona (4)