stars ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy a. color- determined by surface...
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STARS• Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen
and helium that give off energy
• A. Color- determined by surface temperature.
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• 1. Blue- young and hot >30,000 degrees
• Ex. Rigel
• 2. White - usually old and hot 10000>7500
Ex. Sirius• 3. Yellow – Average temperature
and middle age 6000>5000• Ex. The sun
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•4 – Red- coolest and growing old
•Ex. Betelgeuse 4000>1000
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• B. DISTANCE FROM EARTH
• 1. MEASURED IN LY– DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE
YEAR • 6,000,000,000,000 MILES
2. MEASURED BY USING PARALLAX-
• MEASURES THE DISTANCE BY USING THE APPARENT SHIFT IN MOTION over
time
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C. Star’s Brightness
• 1. Luminosity or absolute magnitude.
– A. Actual brightness of the star
– B. found by using the distance and apparent magnitude.
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• 2. Apparent Brightness
– A. The brightness we see from earth
– B. Depends on size, distance and surface temperature.
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Constellation- group of stars that form a pattern
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D. Classification
• 1. H. R. diagram (Hertzsprung – Russell)
• 2. Classifies by surface temperature and absolute magnitude.
• 3. Main sequence stars- stars of similar composition and size– A. “average” stars
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• 4. Outside of main sequence
– A. Red super giants and red giants
– B. Blue Giants.
– C. White Dwarfs
Betelgeuse
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Rigel Betelgeuse
Sirius
Sun
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Jansky 1905-1950• Discovered radio
waves in space
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Reber- 1911-• Built the first radio
telescopeCollects radio waves from space
Can be used at anytime or weather
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VLA in New Mexico
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ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS
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OPTICAL TELESCOPES
1. REFRACTING TELESCOPE
**uses lenses to
bend light to a
focus point
person
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2. Reflecting Telescope
– Uses mirrors – Concave mirror
reflects light to a flat mirror
– Ex. Hubble Space Telescope•Hale telescope
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Spectroscope
• Attaches to an optical telescope– Analyzes light
from the stars
Bright line spectrum
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•Separates visible light by its different wavelengths
•Each element is then identified by its own spectrum
•Shows direction, movement and composition
Spectrum___
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All radiant energy that travels the speed of
light in waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
shortest longestInfraredUltraviolet
^
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Longest to shortest wavelength
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DOPPLER EFFECT
**THE APPARENT SHIFT IN WAVELENGTH DUE TO A MOVING OBJECT
Red shift- moving away
Blue shift- moving toward
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E. Life Cycle Of Stars• STEP 1. Begins as a nebula- a cloud of dust
and gas.
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• STEP 2. Protostar- gravity forms a ball-shaped pocket and temperature increases.
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STEP 3. Nuclear fusion• 4 hydrogen fuse to make helium plus
energy• Occurs in the core• Must be 10 mil
– degrees C
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STEP 4. Main Sequence Star• Must have enough mass to have nuclear
fusion for its energy
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STEP 5. RED GIANTSa) Size of giants depends on
the initial mass
b) Could be a super red giant like Betelgeuse
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STEP 6. Supernova or white dwarf
• a) white dwarf- small, hot, older star
– 1. Ex. Sirius or the Sun
• b) supernova- gigantic explosion of a large mass star like Betelgeuse
• Chinese recorded one in 1054 AD
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Supernova Feb.24, 1987
170,000LY
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c) NEUTRON STAR
1. Extremely dense; like the mass of our sun into a 8 mi diameter
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• d) Black hole-
• 1. An object so dense that not even light can escape its
surface
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• Pulsars- – a neutron star
that spins rapidly and sends out radio waves
Quasars-
Very powerful source of
energy
most distant objects in space
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GALAXIES
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3 TYPES• SPIRAL- 2-4 arms
– EX. ANDROMEDA
• IRREGULAR – – EX. MAGELLANIC CLOUDS
• ELLIPTICAL
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