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STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color - determined by surface temperature.

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Page 1: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

STARS• Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen

and helium that give off energy

• A. Color- determined by surface temperature.

Page 2: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• 1. Blue- young and hot >30,000 degrees

• Ex. Rigel

• 2. White - usually old and hot 10000>7500

Ex. Sirius• 3. Yellow – Average temperature

and middle age 6000>5000• Ex. The sun

Page 3: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

•4 – Red- coolest and growing old

•Ex. Betelgeuse 4000>1000

Page 4: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• B. DISTANCE FROM EARTH

• 1. MEASURED IN LY– DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE

YEAR • 6,000,000,000,000 MILES

2. MEASURED BY USING PARALLAX-

• MEASURES THE DISTANCE BY USING THE APPARENT SHIFT IN MOTION over

time

Page 5: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 6: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 7: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 8: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 9: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

C. Star’s Brightness

• 1. Luminosity or absolute magnitude.

– A. Actual brightness of the star

– B. found by using the distance and apparent magnitude.

Page 10: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 11: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• 2. Apparent Brightness

– A. The brightness we see from earth

– B. Depends on size, distance and surface temperature.

Page 12: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Constellation- group of stars that form a pattern

Page 13: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 14: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

D. Classification

• 1. H. R. diagram (Hertzsprung – Russell)

• 2. Classifies by surface temperature and absolute magnitude.

• 3. Main sequence stars- stars of similar composition and size– A. “average” stars

Page 15: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• 4. Outside of main sequence

– A. Red super giants and red giants

– B. Blue Giants.

– C. White Dwarfs

Betelgeuse

Page 16: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Rigel Betelgeuse

Sirius

Sun

Page 17: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Jansky 1905-1950• Discovered radio

waves in space

Page 18: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Reber- 1911-• Built the first radio

telescopeCollects radio waves from space

Can be used at anytime or weather

Page 19: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 20: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

VLA in New Mexico

Page 21: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 22: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS

Page 23: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

OPTICAL TELESCOPES

1. REFRACTING TELESCOPE

**uses lenses to

bend light to a

focus point

person

Page 24: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

2. Reflecting Telescope

– Uses mirrors – Concave mirror

reflects light to a flat mirror

– Ex. Hubble Space Telescope•Hale telescope

Page 25: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Spectroscope

• Attaches to an optical telescope– Analyzes light

from the stars

Bright line spectrum

Page 26: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

•Separates visible light by its different wavelengths

•Each element is then identified by its own spectrum

•Shows direction, movement and composition

Spectrum___

Page 27: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

All radiant energy that travels the speed of

light in waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

shortest longestInfraredUltraviolet

^

Page 28: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Longest to shortest wavelength

Page 29: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

DOPPLER EFFECT

**THE APPARENT SHIFT IN WAVELENGTH DUE TO A MOVING OBJECT

Red shift- moving away

Blue shift- moving toward

Page 30: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

E. Life Cycle Of Stars• STEP 1. Begins as a nebula- a cloud of dust

and gas.

Page 31: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• STEP 2. Protostar- gravity forms a ball-shaped pocket and temperature increases.

Page 32: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

STEP 3. Nuclear fusion• 4 hydrogen fuse to make helium plus

energy• Occurs in the core• Must be 10 mil

– degrees C

Page 33: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

STEP 4. Main Sequence Star• Must have enough mass to have nuclear

fusion for its energy

Page 34: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

STEP 5. RED GIANTSa) Size of giants depends on

the initial mass

b) Could be a super red giant like Betelgeuse

Page 35: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

STEP 6. Supernova or white dwarf

• a) white dwarf- small, hot, older star

– 1. Ex. Sirius or the Sun

• b) supernova- gigantic explosion of a large mass star like Betelgeuse

• Chinese recorded one in 1054 AD

Page 36: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

Supernova Feb.24, 1987

170,000LY

Page 37: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

c) NEUTRON STAR

1. Extremely dense; like the mass of our sun into a 8 mi diameter

Page 38: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• d) Black hole-

• 1. An object so dense that not even light can escape its

surface

Page 39: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 40: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 41: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

• Pulsars- – a neutron star

that spins rapidly and sends out radio waves

Quasars-

Very powerful source of

energy

most distant objects in space

Page 42: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

GALAXIES

Page 43: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature

3 TYPES• SPIRAL- 2-4 arms

– EX. ANDROMEDA

• IRREGULAR – – EX. MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

• ELLIPTICAL

Page 44: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 45: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 46: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 47: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature
Page 48: STARS Ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium that give off energy A. Color- determined by surface temperature