starflower image herbarium & landscaping pages emergent

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z – pg.1

Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, S-Z

© Starflower Foundation, 1996-2007 Washington Native Plant Society

These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant

community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable

identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated.

To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at

http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit

the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.

Compiled September 1, 2018

http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php

http://www.wnps.org/


Contents

Sagittaria latifolia .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Wapato, Arrowhead ............................................................................................................................................................ 4

Sedum lanceolatum ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

Lance-leaved Stonecrop ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

Sedum oreganum ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Oregon Stonecrop ............................................................................................................................................................... 6

Sedum spathulifolium ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

Broad-leaved Stonecrop ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

Sisyrinchium californicum ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

Golden-eyed Grass .............................................................................................................................................................. 8

Sisyrinchium idahoense .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Blue-eyed Grass .................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Sium suave ............................................................................................................................................................................ 10

Water-parsnip ................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Solidago canadensis ............................................................................................................................................................. 11

Canada Goldenrod ............................................................................................................................................................ 11

Stachys cooleyae .................................................................................................................................................................. 12

Cooley's Hedge Nettle ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

Streptopus amplexifolius ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

Clasping Twisted Stalk ....................................................................................................................................................... 14

Tellima grandiflora ............................................................................................................................................................... 15

Fringecup........................................................................................................................................................................... 15

Tiarella trifoliata .................................................................................................................................................................. 16

Foamflower ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Tolmiea menziesii ................................................................................................................................................................. 17

Piggy-back Plant ................................................................................................................................................................ 17

Trientalis latifolia ................................................................................................................................................................. 18

Broad-leaved Starflower ................................................................................................................................................... 18

Trillium ovatum .................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Western Trillium ............................................................................................................................................................... 19

Typha latifolia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Broad-leaved Cattail .......................................................................................................................................................... 20

Urtica dioica .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Stinging Nettle................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Vaccinium oxycoccus ............................................................................................................................................................ 22


Bog Cranberry ................................................................................................................................................................... 22

Vancouveria hexandra ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

Inside-out Flower .............................................................................................................................................................. 23

Viola adunca ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24

Early-blue Violet ................................................................................................................................................................ 24

Viola glabella ........................................................................................................................................................................ 25

Yellow Wood Violet ........................................................................................................................................................... 25

Viola sempervirens ............................................................................................................................................................... 26

Evergreen Violet ................................................................................................................................................................ 26

Xerophyllum tenax ............................................................................................................................................................... 27

Beargrass ........................................................................................................................................................................... 27

References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28

About Ann Lennartz

Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the

creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant

communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration

and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in

December 2007.

Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards,

project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant

information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon

with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education

materials available on our website.


Sagittaria latifolia

Wapato, Arrowhead

At a Glance: Tall semi-aquatic perennial of marshes or lake margins,

with large arrowhead shaped leaves and small white flowers.

Height: 3 feet (90 cm).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Flowering stem is leafless.

Leaves: All basal; long angled stalks; submerged leaves are lance

shaped or linear; emergent leaves are arrowhead shaped;

Size: to 25 cm long and 20 cm wide; color: green.

Flowers: Sexes often on different flowers, 3 white petals 1-2 cm

long and 3 greenish sepals, numerous ovaries and stamens,

flowers in 2-8 whorls.

Flowering Period: July, August.

Fruits: Sharp-beaked, flattened, and winged achenes; numerous in

ball-like clusters.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80%

mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

Wetland Indicator Status:

OBL (obligate wetland)

Elevation Range

low elevation

Soil Preferences muddy soils

Wildlife Value Birds: Roots (rhizomes and tubers) eaten by ducks and geese.

Mammals: The whole plant (especially the roots) eaten by muskrats,

beavers and porcupine.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Food Uses: The Chinook baked and ate the tubers. They were a staple food.

Ecological Importance: Forms large stands in slow or still water - commonly

used in restoration sites and sometimes in wastewater treatment systems.

Name Info: Wapato means "tuberous plant" in Chinook. Scientific name means

"broad leaved arrowhead" for the shape of the leaves.

Interesting Facts: Currently cultivated in China and Japan for food.

Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes

Shallow pools

Sloughs

Swales or wet ditches

Marshes or swamps

Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores


Sedum lanceolatum

Lance-leaved Stonecrop

At a Glance:

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: April, May, June.


Hydrology dry

Elevation Range low elevation

mid elevation

Habitat Preferences

Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs

Rocky slopes

Outcrops

Photo © Ben Legler


Sedum oreganum

Oregon Stonecrop

At a Glance:

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: June, July, August.



Hydrology dry

Elevation Range mid elevation

sub-alpine

high elevation

Habitat Preferences

Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Cliffs

Rocky slopes

Crevices

Slide areas

Sub-alpine and Alpine: Avalanche tracks

Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies

Host for insect larvae

Insects: Bees and butterflies are drawn to the flowers. Host for larvae.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy rock garden plants.

Photo © Ben Legler

Photo © 2005, Ben Legler



Sedum spathulifolium

Broad-leaved Stonecrop

At a Glance:

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: April, May, June, July.


Hydrology dry


Habitat Preferences


Cliffs

Rocky slopes

Outcrops

Crevices

Forests and Thickets: Open forests

Wildlife Value Nectar for butterflies

Host for insect larvae

Insects: Bees and butterflies visit the flowers. Host for larvae.

Landscape Uses: Sedum species are easy to grow rock garden plants.

Photo © Ben Legler




Sisyrinchium californicum

Golden-eyed Grass

At a Glance: A small iris-like plant with yellow flowers.

Height: 16 inches (40 cm).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Stems are flattened and winged, 2-6 mm wide.

Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow; 30 cm long, 5 mm wide;

green.

Flowers: Short stalked, petals yellow with purplish-brown veins,

1.2 cm long; 2-7 flowers in a terminal cluster above 2 sheathing,

leaf-like bracts, turns purplish-black when pressed and dried,

flowers in the morning and close by mid-day; Size: 3 cm; shape:

circular with 6 symmetrical tepals.


Fruits: Black, pitted seeds with flattened sides contained in egg-

shaped capsules to 12 mm long.

Hydrology wet

moist


FACW (facultative wetland)


Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes

Shallow pools

Bogs, fens

Seeps, springs


Bog margins

Stream or river banks

Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches


Soil Preferences

sandy soils

nutrient poor soils

Flowers appear like beautiful

golden eyes from the side of a

grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium

was Theophrastus name for an

iris.


Sisyrinchium idahoense

Blue-eyed Grass

At a Glance: A small clump-forming iris-like plant with small blue

flowers.


Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Stems flattened and with winged margins.

Leaves: Mostly basal, long and narrow, to 20 cm long by 2 mm

wide; color: dull green.

Flowers: Terminal cluster of 1-5 flowers above a pair of

sheathing, leaf-like bracts, petals wilt and shrivel shortly after

picking; primary color: blue to bluish-purple with a yellow "eye";

Size: 2 cm; shape: 6 symmetrical petals, circular.

Flowering Period: March, April, May, June.

Fruits: Black seeds contained in egg-shaped capsules to 6 mm

long.



partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology wet

moist


mid elevation

Soil Preferences Prefers well drained soil.

Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Shallow pools

Marshes or swamps

Seeps, springs

Shorelines and Riparian: Floodplains

Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas

Disturbed Areas: Roadsides

Name Info: Flowers appear like beautiful blue eyes from the side of a

grass-like stem. Sisyrinchium was Theophrastus name for and iris.

Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan



Sium suave

Water-parsnip

At a Glance:

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: July, August, September.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland:

Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Bogs, fens Seeps, springs

Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Bog margins


Solidago canadensis

Canada Goldenrod

At a Glance: Forms patches from long creeping rhizomes. Stems leafy

and hairy near the top, with a dense cluster of small yellow flowers.

Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Leafy stems, hairy on upper portions.

Leaves: Lacking basal leaves; stem leaves numerous and

crowded, gradually reduced upwards; saw-toothed to entire;

hairless to roughly hairy on upper and lower sides; leaves are

prominently 3-veined; shape: lance-shaped to linear; color: green.

Flowers: Numerous flower heads in dense pyramidal cluster; ray

flowers 10-17, 1-3 mm long; involucres 3-6mm x 3-5mm, long-

pointed bracts that sometimes overlap, sometimes sticky and

glandular.

Flowering Period: June, July, August, September.

Fruits: Short, hairy achenes; white hairs on pappus.

Wildlife Value Seeds

Birds: The seeds of goldenrod are eaten by numerous bird species.

Insects: The bright, showy flowers attract bumblebees and pine white, red

admiral, and mylitta crescent butterflies. Syrphid flies and small wasps

also frequently visit the goldenrod flowers.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Okanogan children use to pull up golden rod stalks and play with

them using them as whips. Goldenrod was reputedly carried into battle during

the crusades and was often used as a substitute for highly taxed English tea

during the American revolution. Goldenrod contains small amounts of rubber

and Thomas Edison tried to make a business out of extracting rubber from

inexpensive goldenrod. The yellow tops can be harvested and used to make a

strong yellow or golden dye.

Name Info: The Latin name solidus means whole. The Latin word ago means to

make. Together the name means to make whole or create.

Habitat Preferences

Saltwater Areas: Coastal dunes or beaches



Disturbed sites


Forest edges, openings, or

clearings

Thickets


Photo © Heidi Bohan

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist dry


Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils


Stachys cooleyae

Cooley's Hedge Nettle

At a Glance: Perennial from rhizomes.

Height: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Erect stems, leafy, simple or branched, square in cross-

section, hairy/fuzzy.

Leaves: Opposite arrangement; hairy/fuzzy curved bristles on

upper and lower surfaces, stalked, coarsely toothed along edges;

petioles are 1.5-4.5 cm long; shape: deltoid;

Size: 4-16 cm long; color: green.

Flowers: Several to many in open terminal cluster; hairy,

stalkless; sepals united in a tube with 5 spine-tipped lobes; petals

fused into a two-lipped tube, the lower lip is 3-lobed; 4 stamens;

4-lobed ovary; primary color: deep red to purple;

Size: 23-40 mm long; shape: tubular.


Fruits: 4 nutlets.

Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Marshes or swamps


Stream or river banks


Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Thickets



Trailsides

Disturbed sites

Wildlife Value Nectar for hummingbirds

Birds: The showy, bright tubular

flowers and frequently visited by

several species of hummingbirds.


Stachys cooleyae continued

Sun/Shade Tolerance Hydrology Elevation Range

Common in open or in forest

under story.

partial sun and shade 40%-

60%

Prefers moist habitat, common

along coast.

moist


FACW (facultative wetland)

Only common at lower elevations.

low elevation

Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient rich, mucky, peaty soils.

muddy soils

peaty soils

nutrient rich soils

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts

Material Uses: Nuu-chah-nulth fishermen wiped their hands on this plant before handling their gear.

Medicinal Uses: The Saanich peoples made spring tonic by steeping the crushed rhizomes in boiling

water. The Green River and Puyallup peoples used the hedge nettle to cure boils. The Quileute used the

hedge nettle to cure rheumatism.

Food Uses: The Haida used to chew on the young stems. The Quinalt peoples sucked the nectar from the

flowers and covered steaming sprouts with hedge nettle plants to aid in the steaming process.


Streptopus amplexifolius

Clasping Twisted Stalk

At a Glance: Perennial herb with a branched zigzagging stem and

dangling white flowers.

Height: 3 feet (1 meter).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Repeatedly branched, glabrous to densely hairy.

Leaves: Alternate; glaucous beneath; inconspicuous irregularly

spaced teeth sometimes on margin; leaves clasp stem at base,

veins are not obvious; shape: oval to lance-shaped and pointed;

Size: 5-14 cm long; color: green.

Flowers: Flowers hang on thin, twisted stalks; 1-2 from each leaf

axil along stem; primary color: greenish-white;

Size: 1-2 cm; shape: bell shaped with flaring tips.

Flowering Period: April, May, June.

Fruits: Oval-oblong, yellow, orange, or red berries to 1 cm long;

many seeded, seeds 3 mm long and grooved.

Wildlife Value Other Wildlife: The Quileute believed the berries were eaten by garter

and water snakes.

Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

mostly shady 60%-80%

Hydrology moist

Elevation Range

low elevation

mid elevation

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Whole plants and roots were used by the Nlakapamux and

Secwepemc as a scent, tying them to the body, clothes or hair. Lower Stlatlimx

fishing nets were boiled in a solution of S. amplexifolius to improve fish catch.

Medicinal Uses: The Haida used the stem as a poultice for cuts. Makah women

chewed and ingested the root to induce labor in difficult births.

Food Uses: Some Alaska peoples ate the young shoots (they learned this from

Europeans).

Toxicity: Poisonous plant and berries, young shoots are edible..

Name Info: Streptopus is from Greek - steptos means twisted and podus means

foot; amplexifolius is from Latin - amplexor means to surround and folius

means leaf.

Photo © Ben Legler



Habitat Preferences

Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks

Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods

Coniferous forests

Old growth forests


clearings

Thickets


Tellima grandiflora

Fringecup

At a Glance:

Growth Form: Herb.


Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist


Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian:

Stream or river banks Forests and Thickets:

Forests and woods Open forests Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Use individually to show off flowers, or in masses.


Tiarella trifoliata

Foamflower

At a Glance: Herb with erect or ascending stems and spikes of dainty

white flowers.

Height: 2 feet (60 cm).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Often reddish.

Leaves: Main leaves basal, long stalked, usually with 3 irregularly

lobed and coarsely toothed leaflets, sparsely hairy, stem leaves (1

to few) reduced in size and with shorter stalks;

Size: 8 cm; color: bright green.

Flowers: Tiny and delicate white flowers at the end of short wire-

like stalks, several to many in elongate clusters, 5 petals and 10

stamens;

Size: 2 mm; shape: stars, narrowly tube shaped.

Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.

Fruits: resemble sugar scoops once the upper and lower halves

split apart; few smooth, shiny, black seeds; shape: capsule (sugar

scoop); color: black.

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80%

full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist

Soil Preferences organic soils


mid elevation

sub-alpine

Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Seeps, springs



Coniferous forests

Old growth forests

Mixed forests


clearings

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The Quileute chew the leaves as a cough medicine.

Landscape Uses: Pretty when planted in masses.

Name Info: Tiarella is the diminutive of tiara, a turban worn by ancient

Persians, which the fruit resembles.

Photo © Ben Legler



Tolmiea menziesii

Piggy-back Plant

At a Glance: A woodland herb whose leaves give rise to small plantlets.

Growth Form: Herb.


Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist


Soil Preferences humic soils nutrient rich soils organic soils

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets:

Forests and woods Coniferous forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: New plantlets form on top of old leaves. Also used as a houseplant.




Trientalis latifolia

Broad-leaved Starflower

At a Glance: A small delicate herb with a single whorl of leaves topped

by several small, pink, star-shaped flowers.

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: May, June.

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist dry


Soil Preferences humic soils organic soils


Forests and woods Coniferous forests Mixed forests

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Does well in dry shade.


Trillium ovatum

Western Trillium

At a Glance: Short stout stems topped with a whorl of three leaves and

a single large white flower.

Height: 12-18 inches (30-45 cm).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Erect, one or more per plant long.

Leaves: Leaves are in whorls of three at top of stem, leaves are

unstalked, spreading horizontally, triangular-oval shape (ovate)

with drip-tip feature, 4-20 cm long, green.

Flowers: The solitary flower has three white petals 2.5-5 cm

long by 1.8-4.5 cm wide, with 6 fuzzy yellow stamens and three

green sepals beneath. The petals turn pink to purple with age.

Flowering Period: March, April, May.

Fruits: Somewhat fleshy oval capsules with winged ridges,

containing numerous egg-shaped seeds.

Soil Preferences Typically on sloped topography.

well drained soils

organic soils

Habitat Preferences


Riparian corridors


Open forests

Coniferous forests

Mixed forests

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Requires 4-5 years to grow from seed to flower.

Photo © James Ellingboe



Hydrology wet

moist


mid elevation


Typha latifolia

Broad-leaved Cattail

At a Glance: A tall wetland plant with long, erect sword-like leaves and

dense brown flower spikes.

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: June, July.


Hydrology wet



Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Sloughs Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Emergent wetlands



Urtica dioica

Stinging Nettle

At a Glance: Tall perennial herb with deciduous leaves covered in

stinging hairs.

Growth Form: Herb.


Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology moist


Soil Preferences Prefers nutrient-rich soils.

nutrient rich soils organic soils


Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Thickets


Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Toxicity: The leaves and stems are sparsely covered with small, hollow, needle-like hairs filled with formic acid. Touching the plant will create a stinging sensation on the skin. However, the plant is edible once cooked since heat destroys the formic acid..




Vaccinium oxycoccus

Bog Cranberry

At a Glance: Creeping perennial of peat bogs, producing pink flowers and

dark red cranberries.

Growth Form: Herb.



Hydrology wet


Soil Preferences peaty soils


Bogs, fens

Photo © Ben Legler



Vancouveria hexandra

Inside-out Flower

At a Glance: Rhizomatous perennial with small white flowers and

delicate leaves.


Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Stalks are brownish-hairy near the base.

Leaves: Leaves are twice divided into 3's with 9-15 heart to

egg-shaped leaflets. Leaflets are sparsely hairy, delicate. Leaf

Size: 10-40 cm; color: dull green.

Flowers: 6 petals and 6 sepals bent backwards and flaring;

stamens finely purplish-glandular-hairy; 10-30 flowers on

slender stalks in open panicles; Size: 2 cm; shape: shooting

star.

Flowering Period: May, June, July.

Fruits: Purplish-glandular-hairy follicles with several black

seeds nearly covered by a fleshy outgrowth; Size: 1 cm long.


Forests and woods

Coniferous forests

Old growth forests

Wildlife Value Seeds

Insects: Seeds are sometimes dispersed by wasps and ants.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Landscape Uses: Nice leaf texture as a ground cover.

Name Info: Named after the explorer Captain George Vancouver;

hexandra is for the 6 stamens exposed by the inside-out flower.



full shade > 80%

Hydrology moist


mid elevation


Viola adunca

Early-blue Violet

At a Glance: A blue flowered violet that grows from slender rhizomes

and is stemless in the early season, later grow upright stem.

Height: Up to 4 inches (10 cm).

Growth Form: Herb.

Stems: Usually stemless in early part of season, later developing

aerial stems.

Leaves: Leaves can be hairy or hairless; margins are finely round-

toothed; reddish-brown stipules; shape: oval to heart-shaped;

Size: 3 cm long; color: green.

Flowers: Flowers have slender spur which is half as long as

lowest petal; the lower 3 petals often have a whitish base or

whitish highlights, the lateral pair of petals are white-bearded;

primary color: blue to deep violet; Size: 1.5 cm long.


Fruits: Small ballistic capsules with 3 valves.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The flowers and leaves have long be used in various

herbal remedies as poultices, laxatives, and to relieve cough and lung

congestion. The Makah women used to eat the violet flowers and leaves

during labor. The Klallam mashed the leaves and applied them to the

chest or stomach to relieve pain. The crushed leaves were applied only

for a few hours because they can irritate and blister the skin.

Food Uses: The flowers can be eaten and used in salads, potherbs, or tea.

Some violet species are used for decoration on certain types of food such

as cake. In the southern US the leaves are often added to soups as a

thickening agent.

Habitat Preferences


Forest edges, openings, or clearings


Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites



Hydrology moist

dry


mid elevation

sub-alpine


Viola glabella

Yellow Wood Violet

At a Glance: An attractive yellow-flowered violet of moist open

woodlands.

Growth Form: Herb.

Flowering Period: March, April, May.

Sun/Shade Tolerance partial sun and shade 40%- 60% mostly shady 60%-80%

Hydrology moist


Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils organic soils


Forests and woods Open forests Deciduous forests Mixed forests


Viola sempervirens

Evergreen Violet

At a Glance: A creeping violet with evergreen leaves and yellow flowers.

Growth Form: Herb.



Hydrology dry


Soil Preferences organic soils


Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings

Meadows and Fields: Disturbed Areas:

Roadsides Trailsides

Photo © Ben Legler


Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass

At a Glance: Forms a tall grass-like clump of tough leaves topped by a

large dense cluster of white flowers.

Height: 3-5 feet (1-1.5 meters).

Growth Form: Herb.

Leaves: Grass-like, in large basal clumps; margins are finely

toothed (barbed); Size: to 90 cm long, 1.5-4 mm wide; color:

green.

Flowers: Tiny, white, fragrant flowers on long stalks in a showy

pyramidal terminal cluster on a long stem; 6 petal-like sepals and

stamens; flowers irregularly every few years; stem dies after

fruiting.


Fruits: Only a few small seeds per capsule; shape: oval 3-lobed

capsule; Size: 6 mm long.



partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology moist dry


mid elevation

sub-alpine

Soil Preferences clay soils

peaty soils

well drained soils

Habitat Preferences


Open forests

Coniferous forests

Old growth forests

Forest edges, openings


Wildlife Value Mammals: Bears eat the fleshy leaf

bases in springtime; also forage for

other mammals, large and small,

including elk and mountain goat.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: Native peoples made baskets, hats and capes with the leaves.

They were especially used for fine overlapping, trimming, and ornamentation.

Leaves were a valuable trade item.

Landscape Uses: Does not flower every year.

Ecological Importance: Dominates the forest under story in many Cascade sub-

alpine forests; wildfire triggers flowering.

Name Info: Xerophyllum means dry leaves, tenax means tough for the

usefulness of the leaves in clothes and basket making.


References

Sagittaria latifolia Suggested References

Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 183.

Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 70. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1102. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 559. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 322. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page

160. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 337.

Sisyrinchium californicum Suggested References



Page 698. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page

226.

Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 115.

Sisyrinchium idahoense Suggested References




Solidago canadensis Suggested References

Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 137.

Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 48. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 549. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 306. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. 4. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page



Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 210.

Stachys cooleyae Suggested References



Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 200. Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 45. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 408. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page

301. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 247. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial

Museum. Page 215.

Streptopus amplexifolius Suggested References


Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 25. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1204. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 693. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 330. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington

Press. Page 146. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 101. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial

Museum. Page 206.

Tiarella trifoliata Suggested References


Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 31. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1011. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 199. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 193. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington

Press. Page 216. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 1. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 168. Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial

Museum. Page 1.


Trillium ovatum Suggested References


Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1206. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.



Vancouveria hexandra Suggested References


Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 364. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 143. Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington

Press. Page 180. Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 312.

Viola adunca Suggested References


Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 40. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press.

Page 298. Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 456. Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 224. Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page

315.


Xerophyllum tenax Suggested References


Kruckeberg, A.R. 1996. 2nd ed. Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 149.


starflower image herbarium & landscaping pages emergent

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