standard operating procedure b maunakea vertebrate threats ... · 8/17/2015 · office of maunakea...
TRANSCRIPT
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 1 of 20
Standard Operating Procedure B
Maunakea Vertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide
Version 1.0, 8/17/2015, Darcy Yogi & Jessica Kirkpatrick
Table of Contents 1. Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Vertebrate Threats & Risks ....................................................................................................................... 1 3. Native and Non-native Vertebrates .......................................................................................................... 3 4. Identification of Common Vertebrates ..................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Identification of Native Vertebrates ................................................................................................... 5 4.2 Identification of Non-native Vertebrates ............................................................................................ 8
5. Vertebrate Collection ............................................................................................................................. 17 5.1 Collection Supplies ............................................................................................................................ 17 5.2 Collecting Vertebrates....................................................................................................................... 17
6. Specimen Processing & Identification .................................................................................................... 18 7. Contact Information ................................................................................................................................ 18 8. References .............................................................................................................................................. 18 9. Revision History Log ................................................................................................................................ 20 10. Recommended Citation ........................................................................................................................ 20
1. Purpose and Scope This standard operating procedure (SOP) guides threat characterization, identification, collection, and processing of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) on Maunakea. The identification guide is not intended to be comprehensive; rather it is representative of common species to facilitate identification. This SOP should be used under the guidance of a professional wildlife biologist if complete confidence in specimen identification is required. Procedures for monitoring, capture, control and similar activities are described in other sections (SOP’s) of the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan.
2. Vertebrate Threats & Risks There are few native vertebrates on the University managed lands on Maunakea, with most occurring only in the vicinity of Halepōhaku. For alpine desert habitat, located above approximately 3,500 m where most University land is located, neither historical nor recent biological surveys, nor oral history documentation identified much more in the way of native vertebrates than occasional sightings of birds. Thus the introduction of non-native vertebrates on Maunakea has the potential for ecological
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 2 of 20
disturbance. Threats from vertebrates are mainly from non-native birds, feral mammals, rodents, and mongoose. These species may feed on the sparse vegetation, prey on native birds and arthropods, and serve as vectors for other non-native species and diseases. The following groups of vertebrates are priority target species for both early detection and ongoing monitoring:
1. Non-native mammals (Cats, rats, mongoose, rodents (mice, rats), & feral ungulates) 2. Reptiles (lizards) 3. Amphibians (frogs and toads) 4. Any other taxonomic groups not presently known to occur on University managed lands on
Maunakea (such as rabbits, order Lagomorpha). Mammalian threats manifest themselves in the form of habitat modification, resource competition, and native species depredation. The most widespread and detrimental mammalian threats are feral ungulates because of their extensive and intensive grazing habits. While University managed lands are above the majority of the feral ungulate population, we support the Stateʻs removal efforts, assist as requested, and facilitate necessary research and information gathering. Rodents (mice and rats) are a targeted mammalian threat because they can eat native arthropods and seeds as well as potentially altering native plant communities. However, mice do not contribute to the consumption of Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla) seeds because of the seed’s toxic seed coat. Rats, cats and mongoose are also a targeted threat because they impact bird populations. These species are known to depredate bird eggs, nests, and chicks. Amphibian and reptilian threats have not been extensively studied on Maunakea. However, introductions of any new species have the potential to change floral and faunal communities. Presumably due to the harsh environment, there are few reports of reptiles and amphibians within the UH management area. Most reports are of dead Coqui frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui). Reptiles and amphibians have not been encountered in other monitoring, such as arthropod traps. Priority vertebrate threats will be targeted for prevention and early detection surveys on Maunakea and summarized in invasive species reporting. Any collected or observed threats will be documented and processed. Additional compliance, including Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval and State permits, will be completed before any deliberate collecting occurs (traps for example, as opposed to incidental collection of vertebrates that died of natural causes). Due to their broad distribution and abundance, limited efficacy and control, the following groups of vertebrates are not priority target species for early detection or ongoing monitoring:
1. Non-native birds (Passerine, Galliformes, etc.) Most bird species on Maunakea are widely distributed and control over a single management area such as University managed lands in not practical. Birds are mobile and removing them from University lands will not significantly affect their population or ability to immediately re-occupy habitat. Nevertheless, non-native passerines are known to compete with native birds for food, shelter, or nesting locations. They are also sources and reservoirs of avian diseases and help to disperse invasive seeds. Additionally, presence of these non-native birds could lure invasive mammalian predators which potentially prey on native bird species. Other non-native birds present on Maunakea are game birds (galliformes), which assist in seed dispersion of both native and invasive plant species and lure mammalian predators. However, further extent of their impacts are unknown.
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 3 of 20
The primary native bird of concern is the federally endangered Palila (Loxioides bailleui). Palila populations have been on the decline due to habitat loss from habitat alteration by both humans and grazing animals. Their strong reliance on the Māmane tree seed pods for food and lack of resistance to mosquito borne disease also limit their habitat range to a narrow band on the slopes of Maunakea. Further competition with non-native birds for resources and depredation by non-native mammals continue to add even more population stress.
3. Native and Non-native Vertebrates All species listed have been observed on UH Managed lands, as documented in the 2009 Natural
Resource Management Plan. Nativity of each species is as shown in the Natural Resources Management
Plan.
Table 1: Native and non-native vertebrates observed on UH Managed lands.
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 4 of 20
Class Order Species Common Name Nativity
Amphibia Anura Eleutherodactylus coqui Coqui Frog Non-Native
Aves Anseriformes Branta sandvicensis Nēnē Native
Aves Charadriiformes Pluvialis fulva Kōlea or Pac. Golden Plover Native
Aves Falconiformes Buteo solitarius ‘Io or Hawaiian hawk Native
Aves Galliformes Alectoris chukar Chukar Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Callipepla californica California Quail Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Francolinus erckelii Erckelʻs Francolin Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Francolinus francolinus Black Francolin Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey Non-Native
Aves Galliformes Phasianus colchicus Ring-Necked Pheasant Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Garrulax canorus Melodious Laughing-thrush Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Leiothrix lutea Red-Billed Leiothrix Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Lonchura malabarica Warbling Silverbill Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Passer domesticus House Sparrow Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Serinus mozambicus Yellow-fronted Canary Non-Native
Aves Passerifomes Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye Non-Native
Aves Passeriformes Chasiempis sandwichensis ʻElepaio Native
Aves Passeriformes Hemignathus munroi ‘Akiapōlā‘au Native
Aves Passeriformes Hemignathus virens virens Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi Native
Aves Passeriformes Himatione sanguinea ʻApapane Native
Aves Passeriformes Loxioides bailleui Palila Native
Aves Passeriformes Vestiaria coccinea ʻIʻiwi Native
Aves Procellariiformes Pterodroma sandwichensis ʻUaʻu or Hawaiian Petrel Native
Aves Strigiformes Asio flammeus sandwichensis Pueo or Hawaiian Owls Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Bos taurus Cattle Non-Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Capra hircus Goat Non-Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Ovis aries Domestic Sheep Non-Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Ovis musimon Mouflon Sheep Non-Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Sus scrofa Feral Pig Non-Native
Mammalia Artiodactyla Unknown Feral and Mouflon Sheep Hybrids Non-Native
Mammalia Carnivora Felis catus Feral Cat Non-Native
Mammalia Carnivora Herpestes auropunctatus Mongoose Non-Native
Mammalia Chiroptera Lasiurus cinereus semotus ʻŌpeʻapeʻa or Hawaiian hoary bat Native
Mammalia Rodentia Mus musculus & domesticus Mice Non-Native
Mammalia Rodentia Rattus rattus Black Rat Non-Native
Reptilia Squamata Chamaeleo jacksonii Jacksonʻs Chameleon Non-Native
Reptilia Squamata Hemidactylus frenatus House Gecko Non-Native
Reptilia Squamata Phelsuma madagascariensis Madagascar Day Gecko Non-Native
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 5 of 20
4. Identification of Common Vertebrates Identification guides of the species listed above are provided below with a selection of photographs and identifying characteristics derived from literature. This section includes 3 identification guides: Identification of Native Vertebrates, Non-Native Vertebrates, and Non-Native Priority Vertebrate Threats.
4.1 Identification of Native Vertebrates Table 2: Identification guide to common Native vertebrate species on University managed lands on Maunakea.
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Photo Identification Characteristics (Source)
NATIVES
Class: Aves Order: Anseriformes
Branta sandvicensis
Nēnē
Small (64 cm) grey-brown goose
Scaly grey, brown, and white patterns
Black face and crown
Golden neck with black furrow patterns
Juveniles are browner (BirdLife Int’l)
Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes
Pluvialis fulva Kolea or Pacific Golden Plover
Spangled gold, pale yellow, or white on back
Dark brown underside
White stripe from forehead down to wings
Breeding males will be solid black from chin to under tail
Females are duller in color
(BirdWeb)
Class: Aves Order: Falconiformes
Buteo solitarius ‘Io or Hawaiian hawk
Females are larger up to 18”, while males are around 16”
Can be either dark brown all over or with dark head and light breast and underwings
Feet and legs are yellowish when mature and greenish when immature
(USFWS)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 6 of 20
Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes
Chasiempis sandwichensis
ʻElepaio
Generally brown color
White tail feather tips, rump, and wing bars
White underside
Darker brown wing and tail feather color
Females have white chin and males have black chin
Juveniles are greyish-brown
(BirdLife Int’l)
Hemignathus munroi
‘Akiapola’au
Decurved upper bill
Stout lower bill
Bull-headed
Yellow-green dorsal
Yellow ventral
Orange tinge on face and breast
(BirdLife Int’l)
Hemignathus virens virens
Hawaiʻi ʻAmakihi
Olive green color, darker green on tail and wings
Bright yellow colored breast
Females are dull green in color
Dark decurved bills
Distinctive black around the eyes
(Native forest birds of HI)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 7 of 20
Himatione sanguinea
ʻApapane
Bright crimson color
Black wings and tail
White undertail and abdomen
Long black decurved bill
(Fancy & Ralph, 1998)
Loxioides bailleui Palila
Short, rounded bill
Golden-yellow head and breast
Dark grey back and rump
White underneath
Dark wing and tail feathers with golden edges
Females are less golden colored
(BirdLife Int’l)
Vestiaria coccinea ʻIʻiwi
Bright vermilion color
Very long curved salmon colored bill
Orange legs
Black wings with patch of white
Juveniles will have green and yellow speckles
(Fancy & Ralph, 1998) Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 8 of 20
Pterodroma sandwichensis
ʻUaʻu or Hawaiian Petrel
Large size (43 cm)
Dark grey-brown cap from below eye to upper breast and continuing on wings and tail
White color along entirety of underside, cheeks, and forehead
White patches on side of rump
Narrowing black band under middle of wing
(BirdLife Int’l)
Class: Aves Order: Strigiformes
Asio flammeus sandwichensis
Pueo or Hawaiian Owls
“Radar shaped” face
Darker in color compared to common barn owl
Dark brown to black coloration around the eyes
Yellow eye color
Mixed scaled color patterns
(DOFAW)
Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera
Lasiurus cinereus semotus
ʻŌpeʻapeʻa or Hawaiian hoary bat
Large bat with narrow wings
Long soft fur that goes from dark brown/black at the root to a cream color then mahogany brown and tipped with white
Yellow-brown collar under the chin
Yellowish ears edged in black
White patches on shoulders and wrists
(USFWS)
4.2 Identification of Non-native Vertebrates Table 3. Identification guide to Non-native vertebrate species on University managed lands of
Maunakea. This section first presents birds (not considered threats) followed by priority threats
highlighted in light red.
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Photo Identification Characteristics (Source)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 9 of 20
NON-NATIVES
Class: Aves Order: Galliformes
Alectoris chukar Chukar
About 15 in. long
Olive to ashy color
Black and white barred flanks
Black stripe across forehead and jointed at the throat
Bill, feet, and eye-ring is red
(Kramer, 2014)
Callipepla californica
California Quail
About 10 in. long
Short black topknot
Males have black and white patterned face
Females will have brownish head and body
Chestnut striping on the sides and scaled pattern across breast
(Kramer, 2014)
Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail
About 6.5 in. long
Chestnut, black, and white patterned mixed color
Male has black or cinnamon bib
Female throat is light yellow-brown in color
(Kramer, 2014)
Francolinus erckelii
Erckelʻs Francolin
Larger bird about 16 in. long
Chestnut colored crown with a white throat
Elongated spots on the breast and belly
(Kramer, 2014)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 10 of 20
Francolinus francolinus
Black Francolin
Typical length is 13 in.
Scaled markings on top and sides of body
Females are brown and chestnut
Males have black underparts with white spots, a black head with a white stripe behind the eye, and a chestnut colored collar
(Kramer, 2014)
Meleagris gallopavo
Wild Turkey
Approximately 3-4 ft. long
Males have wattles on their neck and “beards” on their breast
White tipped tails and brownish-bronze coloration
(Kramer, 2014)
Phasianus colchicus
Ring-necked Pheasant
Pear-shaped bodies with small heads
Males have multi-colored plumage (including red) with pointed and barred tails
Green coloration on neck, breast, and upper belly
Females are buff brown (Switzer, 2011)
Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes
Acridotheres tristis
Common Myna
Cocoa brown color
Head, neck, and upper breast is a glossy black
Under tail, tail tip, and outer feathers are white
Bill, legs, and feet are bright yellow
Yellow around the eye
(Massam, 2001)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 11 of 20
Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark
Streaky brown color on back
Off-white color underside
Dark brown streaking on upper breast
Brown tail with outer white feathers
Small crest on head, which can be raised and lowered
(Arkive)
Cardinalis cardinalis
Northern Cardinal
Males are brilliant red
Females are pale brown with reddish tinges on wings, tail, and crest
Black face and red-orange bill
Long tail and short thick bill
Prominent crest
(All About Birds)
Carpodacus mexicanus
House Finch
Very small (14 cm)
Males are rosy pink on throats and rump
Males also have red streaks over their eyes and backs along with brown on the abdomen, wings, and tail
Females are brown overall with some pale red coloration
(BioKids)
Garrulax canorus Melodious Laughing-thrush
Reddish-brown plumage
Tail and flight feathers have dark bars at the base
Belly is grey color
Blue-white eye ring that extends backwards
(Cottrell, 2015)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 12 of 20
Leiothrix lutea Red-billed Leiothrix
Bright red bill
Lore, crown, back, and nape is an olive green color
Bright yellow to orange throat
Underside is a dull yellow
Majority of body and tail is grey
Wings alternate from black to yellow with scarlet colors near top
Deeply notched tail (Male, Fancy, & Ralph, 1998)
Lonchura malabarica
Warbling Silverbill
White throat from under beak to the undertail
Fine stripes along the flank
Brown plumage on upperparts with brownish-white flank and white rump
Blue-grey beak
Feet vary from deep red to pale brown
(Arkive)
Lonchura punctulata
Nutmeg Mannikin
Bright cinnamon head and neck
Duller brown back and wings
Brown scaly pattern on white breast
Pointed yellow-brown tail
(Arkive)
Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird
Long legs and tail
Short and rounded wings
Grey upper-body with black posterior
Two white wing bars
White-grey underneath
Inner tail feathers black and outer tail feathers more white
(Derrickson & Breitwisch, 1992)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 13 of 20
Passer domesticus House Sparrow
Brown colored back with black streaks
Males have a black chin, grey crown, chestnut sides, and white cheeks
Females are a darker brown color with no black chin
Juveniles are similar to females
(Arkive)
Serinus mozambicus
Yellow-fronted Canary
Males have golden-yellow face, belly, flank, and rump
Yellow-olive green color on back, neck, and crown
Sparse dark streaking on wings, tail feathers, and back
Females are duller in color with a brown bib
(Lambert, 2007)
Zosterops japonicus
Japanese White-eye
Majority of bird is olive green with brighter hues on rump, crown, throat, and under tail
Underside is a dull white to brown
White eye ring with black margin by bill
Bill, legs, and feet are black
(McDowell, n.d.)
Scientific Name Common Name(s) Photo Identification Characteristics (Source)
PRIORITY THREATS
Class: Amphibia Order: Anura
Eleutherodactylus coqui
Coqui Frog
Small nocturnal frog
Size of a quarter (~ 2 in. long)
Brown or gray brown color with lighter stripe down its back
High pitched “co-qui” mating call
(HISC)
Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 14 of 20
Bos taurus Cattle
Color varies
Size varies
Capra hircus Feral Goat
Coloration is variable from brown to black and from single to multi-coloration
Black anterior with brown posterior is common
Horns are dimorphic with ambiguous spiral
Males are bearded during breeding season
(Global Invasive Species Database)
Ovis aries Feral Sheep
Mixed colors from black, brown, gray, white, and all intermediates
Heavy fleece coat over entire body except on the face and legs
(Kramer, 2014)
Ovis musimon Mouflon Sheep
Generally brownish tan body color with distinct white saddle patch
Underparts and inside limbs are white
Rump is white with short black tail
Male horns are yellowish brown and are typically one wide sweep
No shaggy wool (Kramer, 2014)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 15 of 20
Unknown Feral and Mouflon Sheep Hybrids
Very similar to feral sheep, but don’t have heavy fleece coat over entire bodies
Mixed patches of heavy fleece and fine coat
(Kramer, 2014)
Sus scrofa Feral Pig
Varying colors from black to brown to white
Typically weigh over between 200-400 pounds
“Polynesian” pig is black and heavily haired with a smaller stature typically with a weight averaging 125 pounds
(Kramer, 2014)
Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora
Felis catus Feral Cat
Color varies
Herpestes auropunctatus
Mongoose
Small slender body type with short legs and rounded ears
Soft short fur
Pale to dark brown with golden flakes
Long bushy tail
Eyes are amber to brown or blue-green in juveniles
Typically 23-41 cm. in length
(DiFiore, 2001)
Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 16 of 20
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Feral European Rabbit
Grey-brown (or sometimes black) mammal
Weight from approximately 1.1 to 2.5 kg (2.4 to 5.5 lb).
Four sharp incisors (two on top, two on bottom) that grow continuously throughout its life, and two peg teeth on the top behind the incisors.
Long ears, large hind legs, and short, fluffy tails.
Photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia
Mus musculus & domesticus
Mouse
Dull grey-ish brown fur
Tail is the same length as body
Strong stale odor
Mice in urban areas will be larger and darker with longer tails
High pitched squeaks
6-10 cm in body length
(Arkive)
Rattus rattus Black Rat
Typically uniform black to tawny brown color
Lighter under parts
Tail is longer than the body and is hairless
16-24 cm in body length
18-26 cm in tail length
(Arkive)
Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata
Hemidactylus frenatus
House Gecko
Typically 7.5-15 cm long
Enlarged scales on back that form into bands on their tail
They can be grey, light brown, or beige with green iridescence
Has distinctive “chuck, chuck, chuck” call
Has vertical pupils (Cole, 2010)
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 17 of 20
Phelsuma madagascariensis
Madagascar Day Gecko
Largest species of gecko reaching up to 25 cm in length
Very large eyes with circle of bright blue around them
Vary from light green to bluish green in color
Red or stripe present from nostril to just behind ear
Form brown “line” with dots on scales along mid-back
Juvenile geckos will have orange on tail undersides
(Fry & Roycroft, 2009), Photo: Manuel Werner, Nürtingen, Germany. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.
Trioceros jacksonii
Jackson’s chameleon
Light emerald green in color
Hints of yellow along throat, shoulders, flank, and crest
Head is darker green or turquoise
Typically have a length between 20-30 cm
Toes are partially fused creating the distinctive opposable paddle-like toes
Ability to change color (Holland, 2010)
5. Vertebrate Collection At present, this section only addresses incidental collection of species that most likely died of natural
causes or pets that will be transported to the Humane Society for return to their owners. Given the dry
conditions on University managed lands, most all (dead) specimens collected are desiccated. Health and
safety concerns of anyone collecting specimens are paramount, and safety information and protocols
will be included in pending IACUC applications.
As other methods are developed that include trapping, this section will be augmented.
5.1 Collection Supplies Gallon Ziploc bags
Pre-cut labels
Pencil
Gloves (for putrid specimens)
Pet transporter for use with live cats and dogs
5.2 Collecting Vertebrates When specimens are collected, the following data should be recorded:
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 18 of 20
Date
Location: descriptive narrative as well as GPS coordinates when possible
Species or other identification
Collector
Other pertinent information such as condition, presence or absence of other dead
species, etc.
6. Specimen Processing & Identification At present, OMKM does not anticipate maintaining a collection of vertebrate specimens and thus is not actively trapping or collecting specimens. With completion of procedures for vertebrate control as part of the Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan, we will update this section for processing, identification, and disposition. Specimens must be safely stored in a freezer clearly identified as appropriate for biological specimens within 24 hours of collection or transferred to appropriate authorities (State of Hawai‘i or U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service). Typically this will be double bagged in sealed ziploc containers. Specimens should be immediately identified with assistance from University faculty, State of Hawai‘i, or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service if needed. Specimens of priority target species (listed again below) should be reported to the State of Hawai‘i and Department of Land and Natural Resources within 24 hours of collection.
1. Non-native mammals (Cats, rats, mongoose, rodents (mice, rats), & feral ungulates) 2. Reptiles (lizards) 3. Amphibians (frogs and toads) 4. Any other taxonomic groups not presently know to occur on University managed lands on
Maunakea (such as rabbits, order Lagomorpha). Records of all priority vertebrate threats sightings and specimens are included in annual invasive species program reports.
7. Contact Information To contact OMKM with questions or concerns regarding this document:
Web: http://omkm.org/inspections
Phone: 808-933-0734
Email: [email protected]
8. References “’Amakihi.” Native forest birds of Hawaii. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
<http://hawaii.gov/dlnr/consrvhi/forestbirds/amakihi.html>
“Black rat (Rattus rattus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/black-rat/rattus-rattus/>
“Capra hircus (mammal).” Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=40>
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 19 of 20
Cole, N. 2010. “Hemidactylus frenatus.”Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1344>
“Coqui Frog (Eleutherodactylus CoquiI).” Hawaii Invasive Species Council (HISC). Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/species/coqui/>
Cottrell, V. 2015. “Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei).” Invasive Species Compendium. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/82130>
Derrickson, K. C. and Breitwisch, R. 1992. Northern Mockingbird. The Birds of North America, No. 7 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from < https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4030/Derrickson1992
.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y>.
DiFiore, Sonia. 2001. Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). Web. Retrieved 9 Apr. 2015. <http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Herpestes_auropunctatus.html>
Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguinea). The Birds of North America, No. 296 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from <http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/fancy1.pdf>.
Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. ‘I’iwi (Vestiaria coccinea). The Birds of North America, No. 327 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from <http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/fancy2.pdf>.
Fry, C. & Roycroft, C. 2009. “Phelsuma madagascariensis.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phelsuma_madagascariensis/>
“Hawaiian Hawk/ Buteo solitarius/ ‘Io.” US Fish & Wildlife Service Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/HIhawk.html>.
“Hawaiian Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus).” US Fish & Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Online System. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=A03W>
Holland, B. 2010. “Chamaeleo jacksonii.” Global Invasive Species Database. Web. 7 Aug. 2015. <http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1575&lang=EN>
“House finch.” BioKids. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Carpodacus_mexicanus/>
“House mouse (Mus muschulus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/house-mouse/mus-musculus/>
“House sparrow (Passer domesticus).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/house-sparrow/passer-domesticus/>
Kramer, R. J. 2014. “Hunting in Hawaii.” Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife. Kalkomey Enterprises Inc, Dallas, TX.
Lambert, T. 2007. “Serinus mozambicus.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Serinus_mozambicus/>
Male, T. D., Fancy, S. G. and Ralph, J. C. 1998. Red-billed Leiothrix. The Birds of North America, No. 359 (A. Poole and F. Gill eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc. Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved 23 Mar. 2015 from < http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/4251/male1.pdf>.
Massam, M. 2001. “Common Myna.” Department of Agriculture Farmnote No. 61/2001.
McDowell, B. n.d. “Japanese White-eye, Zosterops japonicus.” Audubon Zoo. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.riverbanks.org/subsite/pact/whiteeyes.pdf>
Office of Maunakea Management Invasive Species Plan
SOP B, v1.0 8/17/15 Vertebrate Threats, ID Guide, Collection, … Page 20 of 20
“Northern Cardinal.” All About Birds. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Cardinal/id>
“Owls at Ka’ena Point.” Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). Web. 9 Apr. 2015. <http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/files/2013/09/pueo-fact-sheet_kaena.pdf>
“Pacific Golden-Plover.” BirdWeb. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://birdweb.org/birdweb/bird/pacific_golden-plover>
“Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/scaly-breasted-munia/lonchura-punctulata/>
“Skylark (Alauda arvensis).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/skylark/alauda-arvensis/>
“Species factsheet: Akiapolaau Hemignathus munroi.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8912>.
“Species factsheet: Palila Loxioides bailleui.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=8901>.
“Species factsheet: Hawaiian Goose Branta sandvicensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=383>.
“Species factsheet: Hawaii Elepaio Chasiempis sandwichensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=32698>.
“Species factsheet: Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis.” BirdLife International. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3896>.
Office of Maunakea Management. 2009. Natural Resources Management Plan for the UH Management Areas on Mauna Kea. Kailua, HI: Sustainable Resources Group Int’l, Inc.
Switzer, C. 2011. “Phasianus cochicus.” Animal Diversity Web. Web. 10 Apr. 2015. <http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Phasianus_colchicus/>
“White-throated munia (Lonchura malabarica).” Arkive. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. <http://www.arkive.org/white-throated-munia/lonchura-malabarica/>
9. Revision History Log New Version #
Version Date
Author Changes Made Reason for Change
1.0 8/17/15 D.Y. Original version.
Add rows as needed for each change or set of changes associated with each version.
10. Recommended Citation Yogi, D & Kirkpatrick, J. 2015. Standard Operating Procedure B, Maunakea Vertebrate Threats, Identification, Collection, and Processing Guide. v1.0. 8 pp. In: Vanderwoude, C., F. Klasner, J. Kirkpatrick and S. Kaye. 2015. Maunakea Invasive Species Management Plan. Technical Report No. 191. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Hawai‘i.