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Standard Standard CostingCosting标准成本法 标准成本法 ---- A A Managerial Managerial Control ToolControl Tool

CHAPTERCHAPTER

9

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1. Tell how unit standards are set and why standard costing systems are adapted.

2. State the purpose of a standard cost sheet.3. Describe the basic concepts underlying

variance analysis, and explain when variances should be investigated.

4. Compute the material and labor variances, and explain how they are used for control.

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

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5. Calculate the variable and fixed overhead variances, and give their definitions.

6. Appendix: Prepare journal entries for materials and labor variances, and show how to account for overhead variances.

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

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一、 Why Standard Cost Systems Are Adopted

Standard costing systems enhance planning and control and improve performance measurement.

Standard costing systems facilitate product costing.

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例： Standard Cost Sheet for Corn Chips 玉米片

Standard Standard StandardPrice Usage Cost Subtotal

Description

Direct materials:Yellow corn $0.006 18 oz. $0.108Cooking oil 0.031 2 oz. 0.062Salt 0.005 1 oz. 0.005Lime 酸橙 0.400 0.01 oz. 0.004Bags 0.044 1 bag. 0.044

Total direct materials $0.223

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例： Standard Cost Sheet for Corn Chips

Standard Standard StandardPrice Usage Cost SubtotalDescription

Direct materials $0.223Direct labor:

Inspectors $7.000 0.0070 hr. $0.049Machine operators 10.000 0.0008 hr. 0.008

Total direct labor 0.057Overhead:

Variable overhead 3.850 0.078 hr. $0.030Fixed overhead 32.050 0.0078 hr. 0.250

Total overhead 0.280Total standard unit cost $0.560

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During the first week, 100000 packages of corn chips are produced.

During the first week, 100000 packages of corn chips are produced.

The standard quantity of yellow corn meal: 18 ounces/per package

The standard quantity of yellow corn meal: 18 ounces/per package

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SQ = Unit quantity standard x Actual output

= 18 x 100,000

= 1,800,000 ounces

Standard Quantity of Materials Allowed

SH = Unit labor standard x Actual output

= 0.0008 x 100,000

= 80 direct labor hours

Standard Hours Allowed

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Total variance= (AP x AQ) – (SP x SQ)

= (AP x AQ) – (SP x AQ)]+ (SP x AQ) – (SP x SQ)

= [(AP x AQ) – (SP x AQ)]+[(SP x AQ)–(SP x SQ)]

= (AP – SP)AQ + (AQ – SQ)SP

= Price variance + Usage variance

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Favorable 有利 variances occur

whenever the opposite occurs.

Favorable 有利 variances occur

whenever the opposite occurs.

Unfavorable 不利 variances occur whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are greater than standard prices or usage.

Unfavorable 不利 variances occur whenever actual prices or usage of inputs are greater than standard prices or usage.

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Cost

Time

$110,000

$100,000

$ 90,000

x

x

x

x

x

x

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二、二、 Variance Analysis: Materials and Variance Analysis: Materials and LaborLabor

二、二、 Variance Analysis: Materials and Variance Analysis: Materials and LaborLabor

Actual production 48,500 bags of corn chips

Actual cost of corn 780,000 ounces of $0.0069 = $5,382

Actual cost of inspection labor 360 hours at $7.35 = $2,646

Actual Costs Budgeted Costs Total VarianceActual Costs Budgeted Costs Total Variance

Corn $5,382.00 $5,238.00 $144.00 U

Inspection labor 2,646.00 2,376.50 269.50 U

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$558 F$558 F 有利的有利的Usage VarianceUsage Variance

用量差异用量差异

$702 U$702 U 不利不利的的Price VariancePrice Variance

价格差异价格差异

$144 U$144 U 不利不利Total VarianceTotal Variance

Variance Analysis: 1.Columnar Approach 分栏法

AQ x AP AQ x AP 780,000 x 0.0069 780,000 x 0.0069 $5,382$5,382

AQ x SPAQ x SP780,000 x $.0.0060780,000 x $.0.0060$4,680$4,680

SQ x SP873,000 x $0.0060$5,238

p256

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MPV = (AP – SP)AQ

1) Material Price Variance1) Material Price Variance 价格差价格差异 异

1) Material Price Variance1) Material Price Variance 价格差价格差异 异

The actual The actual price per unitprice per unit

The standard The standard price per unitprice per unit

The actual The actual quantity of quantity of

material usedmaterial used

Variance Analysis: 2.Formula Approach 公式法

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MPV = (AP – SP)AQ

Material Price VarianceMaterial Price VarianceMaterial Price VarianceMaterial Price Variance

= ($0.0069 – $0.0060)780,000

= $0.0009 x 780,000

= $702 U

Percent of SP x AQ = $702/$4,680 = 15%Percent of SP x AQ = $702/$4,680 = 15%

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2) Direct Materials Usage2) Direct Materials Usage 用量用量 VarianceVariance

2) Direct Materials Usage2) Direct Materials Usage 用量用量 VarianceVariance

MUV = (AQ – SQ)SP

The actual The actual quantity of quantity of

materials usedmaterials used

The standard The standard quantity of quantity of materials materials

allowed for the allowed for the actual outputactual output

The standard The standard price per unitprice per unit

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MUV = (AQ – SQ)SP

Direct Materials Usage VarianceDirect Materials Usage VarianceDirect Materials Usage VarianceDirect Materials Usage Variance

= (780,000 – 873,000)($0.006)

= 93,000 x $0.006

= $558 F

Percent of SQ x SP = $558/$5,238 = 10.7%

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LRV = (AR – SR)AH

The actual hourly wage

rate

The standard hourly wage

rate

The actual direct labor hours used

3) Labor Rate3) Labor Rate 工资率工资率 VariancesVariances 3) Labor Rate3) Labor Rate 工资率工资率 VariancesVariances

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Labor Rate VariancesLabor Rate Variances Labor Rate VariancesLabor Rate Variances

LRV = (AR – SR)AH = ($7.35 – $7.00)360

= $0.35 x 360

= $126 U

Percent of SR x AH = $126/$2,520 = 5%

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$269.50 U$269.50 UTotal VarianceTotal Variance

Labor Variances: Columnar Approach

AH x AR 360 x $735 $2,646

AH x SRAH x SR360 x $7.00360 x $7.00$2,520$2,520

SH x SRSH x SR339.5 x $7.00339.5 x $7.00$2,376.50$2,376.50

$126 U$126 URate VarianceRate Variance

$143.50 UEfficiency Variance

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LEV = (AH – SH) SR

The actual direct labor hours used

The standard direct labor hours that

should have been used

The standard hourly wage

rate

4) Labor Efficiency Variances 4) Labor Efficiency Variances 2612614) Labor Efficiency Variances 4) Labor Efficiency Variances 261261

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Labor Efficiency VariancesLabor Efficiency Variances Labor Efficiency VariancesLabor Efficiency Variances

LEV = (AH – SH)SR = (360 – 339.5)$7

= 20.5 x $7

= $143.50 U

Percent of SH x SR = $143.50/$2,376.50 = 6%

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5)Variable Overhead Variances 262

Variable overhead rate (standard) $3.85/DLH

Actual variable overhead costs $1,600 Actual hours worked 400

Bags of chips produced 48,500

Hours allowed for production 373.3

Applied variable overhead $1,456

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$144 U$144 UTotal VarianceTotal Variance

$84 U$84 UEfficiency VarianceEfficiency Variance

$60 U$60 USpending Spending VarianceVariance

Variable Overhead Variances

Actual Actual VOVO

$1,600$1,600

VO Rate x VO Rate x Actual HoursActual Hours

$1,540$1,540

VO Rate x Standard Hours

$1,456

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VOSV = (AVOR x AH) – (SVOR x AH)

Variable Overhead Variable Overhead Spending VariancesSpending Variances 耗用差异耗用差异

Variable Overhead Variable Overhead Spending VariancesSpending Variances 耗用差异耗用差异

= (AVOR – SVOR)AH

= ($4.00 – $3.85)400

= $60 U

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Crunchy Chips, Inc.Flexible Budget Performance ReportFor the Week Ended March 8, 2006

Cost Cost Formula*Formula*

Actual Actual CostsCosts Budget**Budget**

Spending Spending VarianceVariance

Gas $3.00 $1,190 $1,200 $10 F

Electricity 0.78 385 312 73 U

Water 0.07 25 28 3 F

Total cost $3.85 $1,600 $1,540 $60 U

* Per DL hour** 3.00*400( 直接人工工时 )

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Crunchy Chips, Inc.Performance Report

For the Week Ended March 8, 2006

Cost Cost FormulaFormula

Actual Actual CostsCosts BudgetBudget

Spending Variance

Gas $3.00 $1,190 $1,200 $10 F

Electricity 0.78 385 312 73 U

Water 0.07 25 28 3 F

Total cost $3.85 $1,600 $1,540 $60 U

Budget Budget for for

Standard Standard HoursHours

EfficiencyEfficiencyVarianceVariance

$1,135* $65 U

295 17 U

26 2 U

$1,456 $84 U

* 3.00x387.3 ( 标准工时 )

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图 9-2 for Corn ChipsStandard Standard Standard

Price Usage Cost SubtotalDescription

Direct materials $0.223Direct labor:

Inspectors $7.000 0.0070 hr. $0.049Machine operators 10.000 0.0008 hr. 0.008

Total direct labor 0.057Overhead:

Variable overhead 3.850 0.078 hr. $0.030Fixed overhead 32.050 0.0078 hr. 0.250

Total overhead 0.280Total standard unit cost $0.560

6 ） Fixed Overhead Variances

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6 ） Fixed Overhead Variances

Budgeted 预计的 fixed overhead 总数 $749,970

Budgeted work activity 23,400 direct labor hours

Standard fixed overhead rate 标准分配率 $32.05

Hours allowed to produce 3,000,000 bags of chips: 0.078*3,000,000

Budgeted or Planned Items

Actual Results 实际Actual units of products completed 实际产量2,750,000 bags

Actual total fixed overheads( 实际总 FO) $749,000

Standard hours allowed for actual production 21,450

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Total Fixed Overhead Variances

Applied 已分配的 fixed overhead

Standard fixed overhead rate * Standard hours

=

= $32.05 * 21,450

= $687,473 (rounded 四舍五入 )

Total fixed overhead variance

$749,000 – $687,473=

= $61,527 (underapplied 少分配 )

Actual fixed overhead cost 总数 $749,000

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$61,527 U$61,527 UTotal VarianceTotal Variance

总差异总差异

$970 F$970 FSpendingSpending 耗费耗费

VarianceVariance

Fixed Overhead Variances analysis:

Actual FO$749,000

Budgeted FOBudgeted FO$749,970$749,970

Applied FOApplied FO已分配已分配

$687,473$687,473

$62,497 UVolume 产量 Variance

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逐项比较： Crunchy Chips, Inc.Performance Report 业绩报告

For the Year Ended 2006Actual Actual CostsCosts

Budgeted Cost Variance

Depreciation 折旧 $530,000 $530,000 $ ----

Salaries 管理人员工资 159,370 159,970 600 F

Taxes 税金 50,500 50,000 500 U

Insurance 保费 9,130 10,000 870 F

Total fixed overhead $749,000 $749,970 $970 F

Fixed Fixed Overhead ItemsOverhead Items

FO 的 Spending Variance 分析

9 -33 FO 的 Volume Variance 分析Volume variance occurs whenever the actual production

volume is different from the expected volume. (p267, 271)

Volume variance = 预计的 FO – 已分配的 FO

= ($32.05 * 23,400) – ($32.05 * 21,450)

= 标准 FO 分配率 *( 预计作业工时 - 标准工时 )

= $749,970 – $687,473

= Budgeted fixed overhead – Applied fixed overhead

= 预计的 FO – 已分配的 FO = $62,497 U

注 :32.05=0.25/0.0078= 预计的单位 FO÷ 预计单位直接人工工时=749,970/23,400=Budgeted FO ÷ budgeted DL hours 总数 = $32.05*(23,400 – 21,450)

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Financial Accounting for

Variances

Appendix

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The actual price is $0.0069 per ounce of corn and standard price is $0.0060, and 780,000 ounces of corn are purchased.

The actual price is $0.0069 per ounce of corn and standard price is $0.0060, and 780,000 ounces of corn are purchased.

The receiving report and the invoice are used to record the receipt of the

merchandise and to control the payment.

Materials Inventory 4 680 00

Materials Price Variance 702 00

Accounts Payable

5 382 00

存货入账时按存货入账时按 standard costs(standard costs( 而非而非 actual costs)actual costs)

另设置另设置”” Material Price Variance”Material Price Variance” 科目记录差异。科目记录差异。

存货入账时按存货入账时按 standard costs(standard costs( 而非而非 actual costs)actual costs)

另设置另设置”” Material Price Variance”Material Price Variance” 科目记录差异。科目记录差异。

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The EndThe EndThe EndThe End

Chapter NineChapter Nine