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FEEDING – AInstructor’s Guide

Part I – The Digestive SystemPurpose

1. Know the components and processes of the digestive system in detailTeaching Suggestions

1. Discuss both diagrams one shows positioning, the other lengths.

The digestive systemPurpose of the Digestive system

USAB 236

1. ingest (take in) food2. break it into useable form3. extract nutrients from it4. excrete the waste

Basic description

USAB 236

a long tube (over 100 feet long) running from mouth to anus includes teeth includes organs like pancreas and liver that help in processing nutrients

Parts of the system (USAB 236-238 and other references as indicated)Part Discussion

Mouth Lips and Muzzle (MH 435)1. select the foodTeeth 1. bite off food (grazing)2. chew (begin physical break down of food)Salivary Glands (MH 435)1. Parotid: base of ear2. Sublingual: under the tongue3. Mandibular: back of jaw boneSaliva (from salivary glands)1. moistens food2. begins break down of starchesTongue (MH 435)1. pushes food back to molar teeth to be ground and mixed with saliva2. helps form food into bolus (ball) to be swallowedPharynx1. area between the hard palate (roof mouth) and opening to esophagusEpiglottis1. soft palate (separates nasal cavity from back of mouth) lifts and triggers the

epiglottis to close (MH 435)2. flap that covers opening to windpipe during swallowing

Esophagus/gullet General muscular tube which carries food to stomach food can move only one way (toward stomach) peristalsis is the muscular contraction that moves the food along (MH 435)

Stomach General muscular sack holding between 2 and 4 gallons (14 litres NZ2 198) normally hold 2.27 kg or 5 lbs food (MH 435) churns food and saliva into liquid form (by continued peristalsis KYH 15) works best when nor more than 2/3 full food remains for 1 ½ hours (NZ2 198)

Feeding (A) – Instructor’s Guide -- 1

Part DiscussionCardiac Valve (MH 435) the sphincter at the top of the stomach that allows the food to pass into stomach

but normally not back out horse cannot normally vomitHydrochloric acid continue with chemical breakdown started with salivaEnzymes (MH 435)1. Pepsin: begins to break down proteins into more digestible form2. Rennin: coagulates milk drunk by foals3. lipase: begins to break down fatsPyloric Valve controls the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine food passes through in the following order: water carbohydrates proteins

fats

Small Intestine General has three separate parts listed in order below continuing breakdown and absorption of nutrients lining is covered in small hairlike projections that are called villi increase

the surface area for absorption of nutrientsDuodenum approx. 3 feet long pancreas secretes pancreatic juice via a duct into this area liver secretes bile via a duct into this area food changed from an acid concentration to more basic form further breakdown of proteins, fats and starchesJejunum main part of small intestine approx. 20 feet long most protein absorbed into blood stream here digestion of soluble carbohydrates including sugars (MH 436) some fat absorption (MH 436)Ilium about 6 feet long calcium and other minerals are absorbed (MH 436) has a valve at the end that controls flow of food into cecum

Large Intestine General continued digestion and absorption of nutrients different flora are required to break down different food stuffs and it takes

several days for a new type of flora to proliferate make feed changes slowly (MH 436)

Ileo-cecal valve (MH 436) sphincter food passes through at the between the ilium and the cecumCecum equivalent of human appendix (MH 436) large pouch approx. 4 feet long absorption of water continues (MH 436) hold about 8 gallons contains bacteria (flora) that breakdown cellulose through fermentation bacterial action results in formation of some vitaminsLarge Colon tube is 10-12 feet long some further digestion occurs breakdown of food here may take several days more gets added on top

results in a big belly for horses on lots of roughage (MH 436)


Part Discussion absorption of carbohydrates derived from cellulose break down in cecum

occurs hereSmall colon 10-12 feet long smaller in diameter than large colon some water, (minerals and remaining nutrients MH 436) extraction remaining waste material formed into fecal balls or manureRectum holding chamber approx. 1 foot long ends in anus (a sphincter muscle)

Pancreas General produces pancreatic juice containing the enzymes trypsin and amylase is basic counters the acidic content of the stomach secretes insulin controls blood sugar levels connected to the duodenum via a duct

Liver General1. receives components of digestion

converts amino acids into proteins stores glycogen (a form of sugar energy) regulates nutrients carried in blood

2. produces bile which is secreted into small intestine via a duct

Comprehensive function list (KYH 11)1. Metabolism of protein, CHOs and fat2. Detoxification of harmful substances3. Storage of vitamins4. Destruction of red cells5. Formation of blood proteins6. Secretion of bile7. a major producer of lymphBile (MH 436)1. emulsifies fats and oils2. neutralize effect of acids in stomach make it more alkaline/basic


Part II – Feed ComponentsPurpose

1. Know the nutrient classes in detail2. Be able to discuss the importance of trace minerals and signs of their deficiency

Teaching Suggestions1. Note that some sources will state “energy” as the nutrient while others will state

“carbohydrates” as the nutrient. Student should be aware that these sources are generally referring to the same thing CHOs are the primary source of energy which is what the horse really uses.

2. Student must review materials from previous levels for clear listings of function and detail on major minerals and vitamins.

NutrientsNutrient Discussion

Water

MH 179

Requirements horse forms 27 litres saliva a day requires up to 55 litres a day

Carbohydrates

USC 189

Definition a compound made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen molecules often abbreviated to CHOs plants pick up the C, H and O and use photosynthesis to make CHOs horses cannot make CHOs themselves must be consumed found in hays, grains and pasture grasses cheapest and most abundant source of energy

How are they used horse uses chemical process called “carbohydrate metabolism” to break down

CHOs into:1. starches used for energy2. sugars used for energy3. cellulose fiber in the diet

Proteins

USC 191

General composed of amino acids considered one of the most expensive (in $) nutrients to feed feeding excess

is a waste of money a horse fed excess protein wastes energy excreting the excess excreting excess protein could lead to kidney/liver damage (controversial

statement)Amino Acids break down plant proteins into animal proteins that the body can use referred to as “the building blocks of life” 24 amino acids amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in

diet are considered “essential amino acids (VN 586) 10 are considered essential to horses methionine and lysine are the most

important the accessibility of the essential amino acids is determined by the lowest

essential amino acid. For example if methionine is present in the lowest amount (say 10 “units”) it doesn’t matter how many other units of the other amino acids are available only 10 “units” of each will be available to the horse.

you must be sure that your horse is getting enough lysine and methionine in its diet otherwise it won’t be able to use the protein you are feeding it

Expressing protein needs


Nutrient Discussion protein requirements for horses are expressed as percentages of his total daily

ration (the total amount of feed he consumes in 24 hours expressed as a weight)

Sources good quality forage may have considerable protein content have feed

analyzed to determine content oilseed meals (linseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal) are high in

protein soybean meal is cheapest, most available and most commonly used

Fats/lipids

USC 191

General fats are broken down into fatty acids there are four essential fatty acids fats produce about 2 ½ times as much energy per gram/lb as energy act as emergency energy source (when energy needs exceed what he can get

from CHOs such as in times of hard work, stress, illness or weather)Essential Fatty Acids used to carry certain vitamins through the bloodstream necessary in small amounts for the horse’s metabolismRequirements very small amounts in younger animals more in older animals whose metabolism is sowingSources wheat-germ oil and corn oil feeds high in oil spoil quickly and turn rancid rancid feeds lose essential fatty acids, smell and taste bad and are not

appropriate for horse feed store high fat feeds away from heat and light and store in small quantities to be

used quickly

Trace Minerals What is a trace mineral

a mineral required in a very small amount but essential for correct functioning of the body (MH 181)

most trace minerals are found in adequate amounts in good quality feed. Supplementing is usually achieved through supplementation such as iodized salt or a mineral lick consult a veterinarian

Trace Mineral Functions and deficiencies (VN 589) ** note that potassium appears as both a major and trace mineral in Veterinary Notes

Mineral Function Indications of deficiencyIron 1. part of haemoglobin molecule

involved in oxygen transport2. part of some enzymes which speed

up bodily chemical processes3. part of myoglobin molecule of

muscle (KYH 20)

anaemia lake of stamina poor growth

Copper (Cu) 1. iron absorption2. haemoglobin synthesis3. skin pigments4. collagen metabolism5. interplays with dietary molybdenum

(KYH 20)

anaemia hair pigment loss bone disease swollen joints deformed thin bones

Zinc (Zn) 1. activator for enzymes2. aid carbon dioxide transport in the

skin problems hair loss


Mineral Function Indications of deficiencyblood and its release in the lungs (enzyme system) (KYH 21)

scaly skin poor wound healing reproductive, behavioural and

skeletal abnormalitiesIodine (I) 1. thyroid function goitre

poor growth low body temperature impaired development of skin and

hair foals weak at birth

Manganese (Mg) 1. Synthesis of bone and cartilage components

2. cholesterol metabolism3. constituent of enzyme systems

involved in protein and fat metaboloism (KYH 21)

reproductive problems delayed oestrus reduced fertility spontaneous abortion skeletal deformities in the newborn

Potassium (K) 1. maintenance of acid-base balance decreased rate of growth reduced appetite and hypokalemia

(decreased serum level of potassium)

Selenium (Se) 1. removal of peroxides from tissues white muscle disease low serum selenium and serum

glutathione peroxidase concentration

CobaltKYH 20

1. component of B12

MolybdenumKYh 20

1. involved in numerous enzyme systems

FlourineKYH 20

1. important in formation of teeth2. normally present in bones

Sulphur

KYH 20

1. constituent of certain amino acids2. part of building processes of some

cells


Part III – Feeding ProblemsPurpose

1. Be able to identify and address digestive upsets2. Know how to deal with various feeding problems including delicate feeder, glutton and horses

with stable vices 3. Know the causes and solutions for not maintaining condition in spite of good feed and care

Teaching Suggestions1. Be sure students recognize the difference between choke in people and horses2. Remind students that laminitis is considered a digestive upset – they will cover it in detail in

foot and shoeing.3. Colic has been covered in the past it is reviewed here with a focus on the portion of the

digestive tract involved4. Descriptions of windsucking vs. cribbing are different in each book. Review carefully so

students know the difference

Digestive UpsetsProblem Description

Colic

VN 11

General Description/Treatment abdominal pain take vital signs, call vet and follow instructions walk horse slowly while you wait for vet (but follow vet instruction re. this)

(USC 221) record vital signs every 15 minutes (USC 221) cover with a blanket if at risk of becoming chilled (USC 221) remove feed (MH 365) note if horse has passed droppings do not allow horse to roll

Spasmodic Description most common spasm of the muscular wall of the intestineCauses damage to intestinal wall by migrating parasitic larvae feeding too soon after fast exercise eating spoiled feed (USC 219)Symptoms moderately distressed signs of sweating and constantly lie down and get up may look frequently at their flanks kick at their abdomen and roll may become cast in box pass few droppings may or may not be sounds of intestinal movementsTreatment relaxant (spasmolytic) drug alleviates the problem rapidly

Impactive Description impaction of food material in the large intestine often at the large colon at the pelvic flexure (narrow point)Causes eating large quantity of straw bedding lack or water (USC 220) swallowing sand along with feed (USC 220)Symptoms less pain than spasmodic colic lie down or look off colour without signs of violent abdominal pain


Problem Description may get up and down uncomfortably roll or look at their flanks vet may manually examine rectum and find the locationTreatment call vet administration via stomach tube of large volumes of liquid paraffin, salt water

and some agent to stimulate gut movement pain killers to keep horse out of pain while impaction is being cleared

Gaseous distension

(tympany) of intestines

Description build up of gases in the intestine particularly painful also known as flatulent colicCause built up gas in front of impaction built up gas in front of a twisted gut food fermenting in intestines. e.g., brewers grain been used as a feed eating spoiled feed, frozen grass or lawn clipping ferment to produce gass

(USC 219)Symptoms severe abdominal pain sweating and violent rollingTreatment call vet immediately gas will be relieved via tube or laparotomy (surgically opening the abdomen)

Intestinal catastrophy

(twisted gut)

Description twisting of the intestine telescoping (intussusception) of the intestine (one pieces tucks inside another

like an expanding telescope) rotation of gut around its mesentery results in obstruction of blood supplySymptoms severe pain or agony and sweating uncontrollably violent in behaviour collapse, shock and death are usual result if condition allowed to progress eye membranes become a deep red color (KYH 99)Treatment contact veterinarian immediately humane destruction is sometimes the only way to relieve suffering

Thrombo-embolismUSC 220

Description worm larvae invade blood vessels that supply the intestines large clot may form blocks off blood to part of bowel severe damage prevent by regular deworming

Choking

USC 225

Description obstruction (blockage) of the esophagus (not the trachea like in humans) happens when something gets stuck and the horse cannot finish swallowing it the horse can still breathe but becomes distressed requires veterinary help without delay serious case of choking can cause scarring narrow esophagus makes

choking more likelyCause common in horses fed coarse hay or pellet feed inadequate water provided with feed large chunks of apple or carrot may cause chokingSymptoms


Problem Description horse stops eating keeps trying to swallow becomes distressed he may drool chewed food comes back through his nostrils may be able to feel a hard lump in the esophagus head may be drawn into chest, muscles of neck flex to force food down, then

head stretched again (KYH 99)What to do3. call the vet4. keep the animal quiet5. remove feed and hay6. let him drink if he wants (water may soften mass and help it pass)Prevention1. provide plenty of water at all times2. slow down greedy eaters (large smooth rocks or spread feed in thin layer)3. feed small amounts often 4. feed good quality feed5. cut apples in small pieces and slice carrots lengthwise 6. adequately soak beetpulp (MH 267)

Laminitis See laminitis information found in foot and shoeing for a complete discussionEnteritis

VN 11

Description inflammation of the intestinesSymptoms diarrhoeaCauses overfeeding with highly proteinaceous food parsitic infestation intestinal infections with bacteria and virusesTreatment feed with only hay and water for a few days call vet if diarrhoea if profuse or continues for more than 24 hours treat with anthelmintics (dewormers) if necessary horse may require fluids in severe cases antibiotics may help treat bacterial infections

Feeding ProblemsProblem Description/Related Problems/Possible Solutions

Greedy EatersVN 582

Description the horse rapidly consumes the feed may not adequately moisten the feed with saliva before swallowingRelated Problems choke may result when feed is too dry or insufficiently broken up when

swallowedSolutions feed small amounts several times a day put large smooth stones in the manger to decrease rate of intake moisten the feed before feeding mix in chaff or chopped feed to slow them down (KYH 177) spread feed in thin layer (USC 225)

Improperly chewing feed

VN 582

General feed is not chewed properly may be a result of poor teeth care may be related to greedy eaters don’t take time to chew


Problem Description/Related Problems/Possible SolutionsRelated Problems food intake may be decreased (dropping or difficulty grazing) food is not mechanically broken down sufficiently through chewing fewer

nutrients are obtained from the food improperly chewed food can lead to choke or impactive colic

Addressing examine teeth for sharp edges and other problems treat as necessary

Good Doer

MH 171

Description readily eats up and will thrive may be greedy and gain too much weight

Bad Doer

MH 171

Description difficult to keep in condition despite every care and attention may be suffering from dehydration, infection or indigestionAddressing may need a diet that is easier to digest or of higher nutritional value consult with vet look for and underlying problem and solve it

Shy or Dainty Feeder

MH 171

Description do not immediately eat the food they are givenAddressing tempt with succulents feed little and often feed late at night fewer distractions

Weaving

KYH 178

Description a horse standing at rest methodically swinging head from side to side

usually shifting weight from one foreleg to another at the same time may be an expression of nervousness or boredom some do it while head hangs over stall door others do it while anticipating a feedAddressing horse may require more feed weaving burns energy provide adequate roughage to reduce boredom

Wind sucking or crib-biting

KYH 178

Description Wind sucker grabs fixed objects with teeth and then swallows air while

arching neck and making a grunting noise or does not need to grab an object Crib-biter grabs and eats wooden fixtures but may not swallow air both may get considerable wear on front teethAddressing provide adequate roughage to reduce boredeom provide entertainment such as a ball or company (VN 579) minimize the number of surfaces available to chew/windsuck (e.g., remove

manger, strip of metal over top of door (or a grid over door) (VN 579) use a properly adjusted crib strap to prevent windsucking


Failure to maintain conditionCauses of bad/poor condition

MH 235

1. faulty watering arrangements2. faulty feeding arrangements3. nutritional deficiencies in diet4. age5. teeth6. worms

Parasite load

VN 582

Discussion heavy infestation of parasites compromises the health of the small intestine heavily infested animals have reduced capacity to utilize nutrients

Part IV – Feeding Programs and RationsPurpose

1. Know the nutrient requirements of the horse including how they are expressed 2. Know how to balance a ration3. Know how to address factors such as quality, cost and availability of various feed stuffs in

feeding rations/programs4. Know how you might adjust a ration for specific situations which influence nutrient

requirements such as growth/age, work and weather conditions5. Know how to address specific nutrient requirements in feeding rations/programs 6. Be able to discuss the importance of soil testing and fertilizers for pasture management

Teaching Suggestions1. Begin by reviewing calculating “total daily ration” from B2 lesson2. Every reference states requirements in a slightly different way. This reference material is

sticking with USAB terminology since this is the most complete reference on this subject3. Review the charts provided below for each aspect of the ration4. Note that the ration balancing worksheet step 2 is confusing as it has in bold “total body

weight” but you should be using “total daily ration”5. The worksheet is self explanatory and will help students grasp these concepts. Work through

several examples

**This section is referenced entirely to USAB Chapter 11 beginning page 303 except where otherwise noted **

GeneralWhat is a balanced ration?

an amount of a mixture of feeds that provides a horse with its daily nutritional requirements

sometimes all needs are met with a simple ration other times a mix of several kinds of feed and supplements are required to meet

requirements

Expressing Nutrient Requirements of the HorseDigestible Energy energy is measured in megacalories (Mcal) or kilocalories (kcal)

one kilocalorie equals 1,000 calories one megacalorie equals 1 million calories USAB 306

in a ration energy is expressed as Mcal/lb of total daily ration Example: for maintenance of a mature horse the requirement is listed as

0.9Mcal/lb. That means that if the horse’s total daily ration is 15 pounds, his total daily energy requirement would be:

0.9Mcal x 15 pounds = 13.5 McalCrude Protein expressed as % of daily ration


Example: for maintenance of a mature horse the requirement is listed as 8.0%That means that for a horse with a total daily ration of 15 pounds, his total daily protein requirement would be:

8% of 15 pounds = 1.2 pounds of proteinCalcium and phosphorous

expressed as % of daily ration Example: for maintenance of a mature horse the calcium requirement is listed

as 0.24%That means that for a horse with a total daily ration of 15 pounds, his total daily calcium requirement would be:

0.24% of 15 pounds = 0.036 pounds of calcium

Balancing a RationSummary of steps to balancing ration

USAB 322

1. calculate horse’s total daily ration (including how you will divide ration between roughage and concentrates) using chart 11-6 as a guide

2. determine your horse’s daily nutritional requirements3. calculate the nutrients supplied by your horse’s roughage4. compare what is provided by hay to daily requirements and identify where

something if inadequate or provided in excess5. calculate the nutrients supplied by each grain of the concentrate component of

your horse’s TDR6. add up the total energy, protein, calcium and phosphorous provided by

concentrate portion of TDR7. add up the total energy, protein, calcium and phosphorous provided by both the

roughage and concentrate portion of TDR8. compare what is supplied with what is required 9. ensure calcium and phosphorous are supplied at appropriate levels10. adjust the types and quantities of concentrates/supplements to overcome

shortfalls/excesses


11. for every concentrate adjustment, complete steps 6 through 9 again until you are as close as possible to requirements

Notes the only time horse’s body weight is used is when calculating TDR. After that, all requirement are expressed as percentages or Mcal/lb of TDR not body weight.

use chart 11-3 or an analysis of your own hay to calculate nutrients provided by the roughage component

use chart 11-4 if you are balancing ration using pasture use chart 11-5 of the label analysis of your specific product(s) when calculating

nutrients provided by the concentrate componentWhy start with balancing roughage?

USAB 322

roughage is the cheapest food stuff and is usually bought in bulk so you have less choices for adjusting it.

ideally you maximize roughage and minimize concentrates in any ration if you calculate what you are providing here first, then you can adjust for

excess of deficiencies by adjusting concentrates (easier to get various kinds in suitable amounts)

Adjusting a rationConsiderations when choosing between concentrates

General when you chose between various products you must attempt to do it in a way

that will meet the requirements of the horse in a practical and cost effective way. Below are considerations when choosing between products.

1. Excesses/deficiencies? 2. suitability does your horse act negatively to this product (e.g., heat up)?

does this feed require preparation (e.g., beetpulp) that will fit into your schedule

3. availability is the product you are considering available in your area?4. quality is the product that is available in your area of good quality?5. cost can it be purchased at a reasonable cost? 6. storage does this product store well and can it be purchased in volume for a

reduced cost and shared between other horse owners so it will be used while still of good quality?

Maintenance ration

USAB 304

maintain horse at current health and condition does not consider needs such as work or growth ideally feed 100% good quality roughage with free accecontent does it

provide what you need without creating excesss to salt and water may require small portion of concentrates if aged, hard keepers or horses on

poor quality pasture


Mature horses at work

USAB 304

energy is the primary thing changed by work requires maintenance plus energy for work plus protein, vitamins and minerals

to maintain and repair tissues under increased stress protein and calcium requirements increase slightly with intense work do not

overfeed

Light Work non stressful, fairly slow exercise (pleasure riding/easy trail riding) about 30

minutes to one hour per day mostly at walk with some trotting and a little cantering

Moderate Work schooling and competing on the flat or over fences, lessons, schooling cross-

country, longer or more strenuous trail rides one to two hours per day mostly at trot and canter with some walking and galloping

Hard or intense work eventing, foxhunting, polo, endurance, racing intense work thirty minutes to 1 hour per day; three to four hors or more for

endurance competition or foxhunting

Aged horses

USAB 307

may not digest and utilize feed as efficiently (partly deterioration of teeth) feed quality hay and crimped or rolled grains or pelleted feeds easier

digestion with less chewing may have slightly increased protein needs (up to about 12%) especially if they

are under stress may benefit from increase in fat and energy content of feed add one cup

corn oil to daily rationYoung Horses (foals to two years)

USAB 307

General growth and development of strong bones a priority more vulnerable to deficiency diseases and nutritional imbalances feed grain as soon as they will eat it (creep feeder mare can’t access) increase grain and grass or hay as foal grows and drinks less milk

DOD “developmental orthopaedic disease” (DOD) can result from excessively fast

growth large pasture with free exercise reduces risk of DOD

Energy Energy is slightly higher than mature, idle horses but decrease gradually


through this period

Calcium:Phosphorous ration Ca:P should be at least 1:1 and ratios up to 3:1 are acceptable

Protein Weanlings require protein at about 14% Yearlings require protein at about 12.5 to 11 % Two year olds require about 10.4 % protein

Breeding Stock

USAB 307

Pregnant Mares normal ration to keep in good flesh but not overweight for first eight months of

pregnancy meet calcium and phosphorous needs and keep ratio in balance

Lactating Mares the most feed volume, energy, protein, vitamins and minerals of all horses Inadequate nutrition will draw protein, Ca and other nutrients from her own

body and/or will not make enough milk feed enough to keep in good flesh especially if bred back while nursing a

foal at peak lactation (6-8 weeks after foaling) mare can consume up to 3% of body

weight per day and will require 1Mcal energy per 100 pounds body weight, 13.2 % protein and extra Ca (.52%) and P (.34%)

Breeding Stallions extra energy (1.1 Mcal per 100 pounds body weight) especially if used heavy Vitamins A, D and E important for fertility do not let stallion become unfit and overweight put him at risk of heart

attack during breedingOther factors

USAB 303

addressing these factors have been covered in some detail in other components of B2 and A feeding materials

1. Current condition maintain, put on or lose

2. Physical type easy vs. hard keeper

3. Temperament high-strung and nervous/aggressive vs. lazy

4. Appetite and feeding behaviour excessive appetite vs. shy feeder

5. Health may require special feeding – follows vets advice

6. How horse is kept stabled, stabled with pasture or at grass quality/nutrient content of grass

7. Daily Work variations cut grain back by at least 50% on rest days some extra roughage to compensate (2 pounds hay per pound of grain

cut) shipping adjust for reduced work, periods of inactivity and

potential need for an easily digested diet8. Seasonal variations9. more fiber and energy to maintain body heat in cold weather10. travel

horse may become dehydrated frequently offer water


horse may reject new water bring some from home bring your own feed from home avoid digestive upset

Addressing specific nutrient requirementsGeneral after balancing a ration using the roughage and grains method, some nutrients

may still require adjusting through supplementation supplementation is discussed in some detail in B2 Feeding the discussion

below provides some more general pointsProtein in general, legume species (e.g., alfalfa) tend to have higher protein content

than grass hays horses with increased protein requirements include weanlings and yearlings,

pregnant and lactating mares, aged horses and horses under stress protein is the most expensive nutrient to feed so be sure you are not feeding it

in excess (e.g., feeding high quality alfalfa to a mature horse on light to moderate work)

Vitamins in general, good quality feed should meet most of these requirementsMinerals electrolytes are a common mineral supplement for use when horse is sweating

especially during hard work in hot weather (sweat contains a high content of electrolyte minerals – Na, Cl and K)

Fat concentrated energy that may be of use to improve the appearance of the coat, meet energy needs of certain performance horses and increase energy for aged horses

Soil testing and fertilizers in pasture management (USAB 328)Factors influencing feed value of pasture

USAB 328

1. variety of grasses and weeds2. soil fertility and mineral content3. weather4. condition of the pasture5. point in the growing cycle6. number of horses7. length of time the pasture has been grazed

General notes pasture that is damaged by overgrazing, high traffic, drought/flooding, choked with weeds or covered with snow may be of almost no nutritional value

low quality pasture may require the feeding of some additional roughage and/or concentrates

pasture grasses are only as good as the soil they are grown in analyze soil and fertilize as needed

Fall General Points horses living outdoors in winter will do well to go into fall with a little extra fat

nutritional value of pasture drops plants mature increased stem go to seed

Nutrient Requirements supplementary feeding of hay may be necessary check for toxic plants horses are more likely to eat a toxic plant if good

pasture isn’t availableWinter General Points

reduce stress provide shelter from wind, cold and rain, increase energy content of feed and feed more hay

carefully check condition of horse and make corrections as soon as possible

Nutrient requirements1. digestion of fiber generates heat helps maintain body temperature during

cold weather2. when pasture is covered in snow supplementary feeding of hay is essential


3. increase calories to hand stress of extreme cold or wet weather especially if aged, pregnant, very young of debilitated

4. free access to water break ice, insulate tanks, use stock tank heatersSpring General Points

lush grass can cause diarrhea and digestive upset limit turn out times early in spring (1 hour per day) and increase over two to

three weeks animals prone to laminitis should not be turned onto lush grass limit grazing

time

Nutrient requirements1. grass grows quickly high water content and high protein level2. cut back on supplementary feeding (when horses stop eating the hay you give

them, cut it back)Summer General Points

watch for and manage health of pasture during this period

Nutrient requirements1. free choice salt especially important lost through sweat2. supplement with hay if pasture is damaged by drought or overgrazing or is

choked with weeds3. check water sources daily4. supplement with concentrates if horses are being worked more in summer


Part V – Evaluating Specific FeedsPurpose

1. Know how to read and evaluate a feed label 2. Know the advantages and disadvantages of including specific feeds in rations (differentiate

between various concentrates, roughages etc.) Teaching Suggestions

1. See B2 for discussion of use of oats, bran, pelleted feeds and beet pulp

Reading a feed labelWhat is contained on label

USAB 319

1. minimum percentages of crude protein2. minimum percentage of fat3. maximum percentage of crude fiber4. feed ingredients by their common names

vitamin and mineral levels are not required unless specific claims are made on the label or the mineral content exceeds specified levels

Problems with labelling of ingredients

USAB 320

companies may use collective terms such as “grain products,” “plant protein products,” “animal protein products,” “processed grain byproducts,” and others

use of collective terms allows the manufacturer to use various ingredients to provide the same nutrient levels each batch may be slightly different

impossible for horse owner to evaluate quality of the ingredients used in commercially processed feeds buy from a company with a good reputation for quality control

contact the company, dealer and/or salesperson for further information on commercial feeds, ingredients and recommendations on nutrition

Hays compare and contrastGeneral Notes

USAB 308

is the primary source of fiber and carbohydrates digesting fiber creates heat helps maintain body temperature in cold weather good quality hay provides protein, vitamins and minerals (especially calcium)

Factors Affecting Quality, Palatability and Nutritional Value

USAB 309

1. Type of hay each plant species within the hay has a different level of nutrients and

palatability legume hays are higher in protein than grass hays

2. Soil and growing conditions plant derive nutrients from soil drought, infertile soil or soil deficiency in minerals can affect the

quality of hay (e.g., ground low in selenium grows plants low in selenium)

3. Stage of plant growth at harvest nutrient content is highest before plant is mature after maturity, hay becomes coarse, stemmy and less nutritious and

palatable4. Harvesting and curing

properly harvested and cured retains most of nutrient value weather damage, improper handling or baling when wet can result in

moldy, dusty or less nutritious hay5. Moisture level

baled hay should have a moisture level of 12 to no more than 18% before cutting, moisture level is usually 25-27% or higher reduced

by proper drying baled or stored too damp develop mold which can be toxic

6. Storage


stored while damp generates heat spontaneous combustion exposed to weather while stored loss of nutrients Vitamin A and D and carotene are reduced by heat, overexposure to

sunlight and long periods of storage7. Non-nutritious matter

should be free of weeds, trash, toxic plants or foreign objects animal carcasses accidentally baled in source of botulism in some areas, check hay for blister beetles (irritating and can be fatal)

Grass Hay

USAB 310

contains more fiber and lower levels of protein than legume hays some common species: timothy, orchardgrass, prairie hay and oat hay

Advantages less likely to overfeed

Disadvantages more likely to require supplemental concentrates especially for growing,

lactating or animals working hardSeed Hay from crop such as rye grass and may be mixed with other species (timothy of

clover) for mixed hayLegume Hay

USAB 311

plants that utilize nitrogen, producing a higher level of protein than grass hay some common species: alfalfa, clover and birdsfoot trefoil

Advantages higher protein content than grass hay higher calcium content than grass hay

Disadvantages more likely to be overfed than grass hay more expensive than grass hay (but a cheaper protein in general than

concentrates)Vaccum-Packed, Semi-wilted Grass

MH 170

useful for horses allergic to hay or straw dust usually higher in protein that hay feed smaller quantities. must use content right away after seal of bag is broken moulds quickly

Smaller Bales

USAB 311

wire bales of 65-125 pounds string bales of 35 to 50 pounds

Advantages easy to handle

Larger Bales

USAB 311

Large Round or Square bales of several hundred pounds sometimes used for free choice feeding in pastures

Disadvantages mold and botulism can be serious problems if large bales are stored damp of

get soaked with rain or groundwaterProcessed HayUSAB 311

ease in storage handling and transportation reduce waste can be combined with concentrates for mixed feeds or complete rations

Cubes (range cubes)

hay (usually alfalfa) chopped and run through press making cubes 1.5 inches square

Advantages reduce waste


Disadvantages result in less time spent eating may lead to wood chewing risk of chewing have water available at all time

Pellets hay (usually alfalfa) ground and processed into pellets often combined with grain as part of complete pelleted ration

Advantages reduce waste convenient to store and transport

Disadvantages reduce feeding time may lead to wood chewing risk of choke have water available

Chopped hay (chop or chaff)

hay is chopped into short lengths may be mixed with grain to slow down greedy eaters and add bulk to diet available as commercially product in some areas

Silage produced by controlled fermentation of high moisture forage often fed to cattle toxins produced in spoiled or moldy silage can be fatal to horses and are hard

to detect not recommended as a horse feed

Other RoughagesBeet pulp

USAB 313

see B2 Feeding lesson content calcium content is higher than timothy hay but lower than alfalfa very low in phosphorous and B Vitamins contains no carotene or vitamin D ** must be soaked fed dry can result in serious choke or colic

Pasture Grass

USAB 313

good pasture + free choice salt + free choice water meet all or nearly all of horse’s basic nutritional requirements

cut weeds, reseed bare areas, rotate pastures and regularly remove manure

Advantages supplies CHOs, protein, minerals and other vitamins high in carotene and vitamin D (may be low in horses kept indoors especially important for broodmares, growing horses and idle horses

Disadvantages laminitis risk to overweight and small ponies horses at moderate to hard work cannot get enough energy require

supplementation requires considerable time to get nutrients from pasture grass quality of pasture can vary greatly (see Part IV)


Grains (see charts above for nutrient content)Oats

USAB 315

most widely fed grain in North America good quality weigh 32 to 40 pounds per bushel avoid dusty oats or those with small black kernels possibly contaminated

with ergot (fungus toxic to horses) store for 3 to 4 months after harvest allow nitrogen levels to drop before

feeding

Advantages contains more fiber and less concentrated nutrients than most other grains

less risk of overfeeding quite palatable contain 3 times as much calcium as phospohorous

Barley

USAB 315

lower in calcium than oats and about same in phosphorous weighs 48 pounds per bushel

Advantages similar to oats in nutritional value but lower in fiber and somewhat more

concentrated

Disadvantages should be rolled as harder than those of oats some horse may not respond well to barley

Corn

USAB 316

most energy dense of the grains may be fed as whole grain, cracked, rolled or on the cob whole ear ground contains ground cobs and reduces energy per pound to about

1.3 Mcal per pound good quality is plump, clean, firm and dry and smells sweet weighs about 56 pounds per bushel moisture content should be below 14% should not smell must, have black spots or feel sticky or oily checked under ultraviolet light at feed mill for evidence of mold (can lead to

brain damage and death)

Advantages significant amounts of carotene low in lysine

Disadvantages low in calcium and high in phosphorous can be easily overfed overweight sweating

Bran

USAB 316

ground up outer coating of wheat kernels should make up no more than 10% of Total Daily Ration feed dry if horse’s droppings are loose (MH 164) add to encourage chewing, add bulk and assist digestion (MH 164) feed damp as mild laxative (MH 164) cobweb like strands can indicate presence of weevils

Advantages high in fiber laxative

Disadvantages


high in phosphorous and low in calcium feeding large amounts can severely impact Calcium to Phosphorous ratio

making it impossible for horse to utilize calcium calcium deficiency diseaseBrewers Grain

USAB 317

byproducts of the process of distilling alcoholAdvantages used as a source of protein quite palatable to horses

Disadvantages higher in phosphorous than calcium

Oilseed Meals

USAB 317

ground from seeds of certain plants

Advantages excellent sources of protein and fat

Disadvantages lower in calcium and higher in phosphorous

Alfalfa Meal and Pellets

USAB 317

used to balance other concentrates that are high in phosphorous and low in calcium

Advantages good source of calcium and low in phosphorous

Molasses

USAB 317

byproduct of processing sugar can or sugar beets do not feed at same time as sugar beet (MH 169)

Advantages sweetens feed making it more palatable keeps dust down high in energy good source of calcium

Disadvantages little or no protein or phosphorous

Mixed and Processed FeedsGeneral details on these feeds are found in the B2 feeding section

Some Practical PointsLinseed improves condition and gives gloss to coat

very palatable use left over jelly or tea within 24 hours

Jelly 1. 2 oz of seed weighed before cooking into large pan2. cover with 1.7 litres (approx. 3 pints) water3. soak for 24 hours to soften4. bring to boil and simmer until all seed has split ** cook right through as

poisonous is partially or under cooked **5. mix with evening feed while sill warm6. feed one or at most twice per week normally after hard work for variety soak and cook with 1 pound of barley and mix with evening feed

while still warmTea 1. as for jelly but use more water

2. use to make a bran mash or a warm gruel to drink


FEEDING – AHomework Key

13 marks total

1. Give the approximate size of the following and discus their role in the digestive system (6)a. stomach

2 to 4 gallons continued chemical breakdown started by saliva (including breakdown of protein

and fats)b. caecum

approximately 4 feet long absorption of water continues contains bacteria that breakdown cellulose bacterial action results in formation of some vitamins

c. jejunum approx. 20 feet long protein absorbed into blood stream digestion of soluble CHOs including sugars some fat absorption

2. Give the function of the following in the horse’s diet (3)a. magnesium

needed for bone structure and soft tissues (KYH 19) an enzyme activator (VN 588) blood level may drop when horse under stress (e.g. during transport) muscle

spasm (VN 588)b. sulphur

constituent of certain amino acids part of building processes of some cells

c. 3 main electrolytes sodium, chloride, potassium maintaining pH (acid-base balance) fluid levels in cells (USC 195) important role in muscle contraction (KYH 19)

3. Define/describe the following (4)a. fat-soluble vitamins

vitamins that can be stored in the fat of the horse can be present in toxic amounts DEAK

b. water-soluble vitamins must be provided regularly in diet are soluble in water only all other vitamins besides DEA and K (most notably the B complexes some of which

are produced in the large intestine of the horse)c. DOD

Developmental orthopaedic disease: results from excessively fast growth in young horses

large pasture with free exercise reduces riskd. bad doer

difficult to keep in condition despite every care and attention may be suffering from dehydration, infection or indigestion

Feeding (A) – Homework Key -- 1

FEEDING -- AStudent’s Guide

Part I – The Digestive SystemPurpose

1. Know the components and processes of the digestive system in detail

The digestive systemPurpose of the Digestive system (4)

USAB 236

Basic description

USAB 236

Parts of the system (USAB 236-238 and other references as indicated)Part Discussion

Mouth

USAB 236-8MH 435

Lips and Muzzle (MH 435)

Teeth

Salivary Glands (MH 435)

Feeding (A) – Student’s Guide -- 1

Part DiscussionSaliva (from salivary glands)

Tongue (MH 435)

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Esophagus/gullet

USAB 236-8MH 435

General

Stomach

USAB 236-8

General


Part DiscussionNZ2 198MH 435KYH 15

Cardiac Valve (MH 435)

Hydrochloric acid

Enzymes (3) (MH 435)

Pyloric Valve

Small Intestine

USAB 236-8MH 436

General

Duodenum


Part DiscussionJejunum

Ilium

Large Intestine

USAB 236-8MH 436

General

Ileo-cecal valve

Cecum

Large Colon


Part DiscussionSmall colon

Rectum

Pancreas

USAB 236-8

General

Liver

USAB 236-8

General

Comprehensive function list (7) (KYH 11)

Bile Functions (2) (MH 436)


Part II – Feed ComponentsPurpose

1. Know the nutrient classes in detail2. Be able to discuss the importance of trace minerals and signs of their deficiency

NutrientsNutrient Discussion

Water

MH 179

Requirements

Carbohydrates

USC 189

Definition

How are they used

Proteins

USC 191VN 586

General

Amino Acids


Nutrient Discussion

Expressing protein needs

Sources

Fats/lipids

USC 191

General

Essential Fatty Acids

Requirements


Nutrient Discussion

Sources

Trace Minerals What is a trace mineral

MH 181

Trace Mineral Functions and deficiencies (VN 589) ** note that potassium appears as both a major and trace mineral in Veterinary Notes

Mineral Function Indications of deficiencyIron

Copper (Cu)


Mineral Function Indications of deficiencyZinc (Zn)

Iodine (I)

Manganese (Mg)

Potassium (K)

Selenium (Se)

CobaltKYH 20


Mineral Function Indications of deficiencyMolybdenumKYH 20

FlourineKYH 20

Sulphur

KYH 20


Part III – Feeding ProblemsPurpose

1. Be able to identify and address digestive upsets2. Know how to deal with various feeding problems including delicate feeder, glutton and horses

with stable vices 3. Know the causes and solutions for not maintaining condition in spite of good feed and care

Digestive UpsetsProblem Description

Colic

VN 11USC 219MH 365

General Description/Treatment

Spasmodic Description

Causes

Symptoms

Treatment


Problem DescriptionImpactive Description

Causes

Symptoms

Treatment

Gaseous distension

(tympany) of intestines

Description


Problem Description

Cause

Symptoms

Treatment

Intestinal catastrophy

(twisted gut)

Description

Symptoms (add KYH 99)

Treatment


Problem Description

Thrombo-embolismUSC 220

Description

Choking

USC 225KYH 99

Description

Cause

Symptoms

What to do


Problem Description

Prevention (and MH 267)

Laminitis See laminitis information found in foot and shoeing for a complete discussionEnteritis

VN 11

Description

Symptoms

Causes

Treatment

Feeding ProblemsProblem Description/Related Problems/Possible Solutions

Greedy EatersVN 582

Description

Related Problems


Problem Description/Related Problems/Possible Solutions

Solutions (and KYH 177, USC 225

Improperly chewing feed

VN 582

General

Related Problems

Addressing

Good Doer

MH 171

Description

Bad Doer Description



MH 171

Addressing

Shy or Dainty Feeder

MH 171

Description

Addressing

Weaving

KYH 178

Description

Addressing



Wind sucking or crib-biting

KYH 178

Description

Addressing (and VN 579)

Failure to maintain conditionCauses of bad/poor condition (6)

MH 235

Parasite load

VN 582

Part V – Feeding Programs and Rations

Purpose1. Know the nutrient requirements of the horse including how they are expressed 2. Know how to balance a ration3. Know how to address factors such as quality, cost and availability of various feed stuffs in feeding

rations/programs4. Know how you might adjust a ration for specific situations which influence nutrient requirements

such as growth/age, work and weather conditions5. Know how to address specific nutrient requirements in feeding rations/programs


6. Be able to discuss the importance of soil testing and fertilizers for pasture management

**This section is referenced entirely to USAB Chapter 11 beginning page 303 except where otherwise noted **

GeneralWhat is a balanced ration?

Expressing Nutrient Requirements of the HorseDigestible Energy

Crude Protein

Calcium and phosphorous

Balancing a RationSummary of steps to balancing ration (11)

USAB 322


Notes

Why start with balancing roughage?

USAB 322

Adjusting a rationConsiderations when choosing between concentrates

Maintenance ration

USAB 304


Mature horses at work

USAB 304

Light Work

Moderate Work

Hard or intense work

Aged horses

USAB 307

Young Horses (foals to two years)

USAB 307

General


DOD

Energy

Calcium:Phosphorous ration

Protein

Breeding Stock

USAB 307

Pregnant Mares


Lactating Mares

Breeding Stallions

Other factors (10)

USAB 303


Addressing specific nutrient requirementsGeneral

Protein

Vitamins

Minerals

Fat

Soil testing and fertilizers in pasture management (USAB 328)Factors influencing feed value of pasture (7)

USAB 328


General notes

Fall General Points

Nutrient Requirements

Winter General Points

Nutrient requirements

Spring General Points



Summer General Points



Part VI – Evaluating Specific FeedsPurpose

1. Know how to read and evaluate a feed label 2. Know the advantages and disadvantages of including specific feeds in rations (differentiate

between various concentrates, roughages etc.)

Reading a feed labelWhat is contained on label (4)

USAB 319

Problems with labelling of ingredients

USAB 320

Hays compare and contrastGeneral Notes

USAB 308

Factors Affecting Quality, Palatability and Nutritional Value (7)

USAB 309Grass Hay

USAB 310

Advantages


Disadvantages more likely to require supplemental concentrates especially for growing,

lactating or animals working hardSeed Hay from crop such as rye grass and may be mixed with other species (timothy of

clover) for mixed hayLegume Hay

USAB 311

Advantages

Disadvantages

Vaccum-Packed, Semi-wilted Grass

MH 170

Smaller Bales

USAB 311

Advantages


Larger Bales

USAB 311

Disadvantages

Processed HayUSAB 311

Cubes (range cubes)

Advantages

Disadvantages

Pellets

Advantages


Disadvantages

Chopped hay (chop or chaff)

Silage

Other RoughagesBeet pulp

USAB 313

Pasture Grass

USAB 313

Advantages


Disadvantages

Grains (see charts above for nutrient content)Oats

USAB 315

Advantages


Barley

USAB 315

Advantages

Disadvantages

Corn

USAB 316

Advantages

Disadvantages


Bran

USAB 316MH 164

Advantages

Disadvantages

Brewers Grain

USAB 317

Advantages

Disadvantages

Oilseed Meals

USAB 317

Advantages


Disadvantages

Alfalfa Meal and Pellets

USAB 317

Advantages

Molasses

USAB 317MH 169

Advantages

Disadvantages

Mixed and Processed FeedsGeneral details on these feeds are found in the B2 feeding section

Some Practical PointsLinseed


Jelly

Tea


TOPIC – BHomework

1. Give the approximate size of the following and discus their role in the digestive system (6)a. stomach

b. caecum

c. jejunum

2. Give the function of the following in the horse’s diet (3)a. magnesium

b. sulphur

c. 3 main electrolytes

3. Define/describe the following (4)a. fat-soluble vitamins

b. water-soluble vitamins

c. DOD

d. bad doer

Name: Feeding (A) – Student Homework -- 1

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