st ll t stellenwert von levosimendan in der therapie kritisch ti kkt...
TRANSCRIPT
St ll t Stellenwert von LevosimendanLevosimendan
in der Therapie kritisch k k P ti tkranker Patienten.
Fakten, Mythen..?Univ.Doz.Dr.Alexander Geppert
IntensivstationIntensivstation3. Medizinische Abteilung
mit Kardiologie und internistischer Notaufnahmemit Kardiologie und internistischer NotaufnahmeWilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien
Was ist Levosimendan ?Was ist Levosimendan ?
• Levosimendan ist eine positiv inotropeS b t it i i i ti Substanz mit einem einzigartigen Wirkmechanismus
• Durch diesen einzigartigen Wirkmechanismus ergeben sich viele Wirkmechanismus ergeben sich viele potentielle Vorteile
WirkungsmechanismusWirkungsmechanismus• Die Bindung von Kalzium an TnC verursacht eine
Konformationsänderungen, die Myosinbindungs-Stellen von Actinfreilegt und somit eine bessere Interaktion ermöglicht
• Levosimendan verstärkt die Bindung von Kalziuman das TnC es stabilisiert die Interaktion vonan das TnC- es stabilisiert die Interaktion von Troponin C und Troponin I.
• Levosmendan dissoziert von TnC wenn Ca2+ sinktd h tö t i ht di di t li h l tid.h. es stört nicht die distolische Relaxation
TnC TnT
TnI
CN
Levosimendan Ca2+
P itiActinTropomyosin
CCN
N
M i Bi di Sit
Positivinotrop
Myosin Head
Myosin-Binding Sites
Vorteile: kein erhöhter Sauerstoffverbrauch, theoretische Vorteile: anti-stunning, Vasodilatation
POSITIV INOTROPE SUBSTANZ MIT Weitere (positive) Wirkungen
POSITIV INOTROPE SUBSTANZ MIT Weitere (positive) WirkungenW r (p ) W r ung nW r (p ) W r ung n
Aktivierung der ATP-gabhängigen K+-Kanäle
• Anti stunning
• Anti ischämisch
• Periphere Vasodilatation
Wirkungen von LevosimendanWirkungen von Levosimendan
Ohne erhöhtem O2 Verbrauch !
Levosimendan-pharmacokinetics andmetabolism
Levosimendan-pharmacokinetics andmetabolismmetabolismmetabolism
• Intravenous agent• 97% is bound to plasma proteinsp p• Fast elimination half live• Active metabolites with long eliminationghalf lives
Einsatzgebiete von Levosimendan bei kritisch kranken Patientenran n a n n
• Akut dekompensierte Herzinsuffizienz
• Kardiogener Schockg
• Septische Kardiomyopathiep y p
• Perioperativ (Hoch-Risiko-Patienten)Perioperativ (Hoch Risiko Patienten)
• Post CPRPost CPR
Das klinische Präsentationsprofil von Patienten mit AHF (auf ICU´s + CCU´s)
Das klinische Präsentationsprofil von Patienten mit AHF (auf ICU´s + CCU´s)
• Patienten mit kardiogenem Schock (29%)EFICA Study, Zannad et al. EJHF 2006
– 4-Wo Mortalität 27.4%, nicht ausschließlich Ischämie getriggert (nur 64% mit IHD)
• Patienten ohne kardiogenem Schock, hypertensiv + Lungenödem (15%)hypertensiv Lungenödem (15%)
– 4-Wo Mortalität 7%
• Patienten ohne kardiogenem Schock, normotensiv (SBP <160mmHg) (56%)( g) ( )
– 4-Wo Mortalität 17%, Meistens IHD und schlechte LVFdecompensated heart failure“– „decompensated heart failure
Akut dekompensiertes HerzversagenAkut dekompensiertes Herzversagen
4%
3% Decompensated HF
Pulmonary edema
16%
4% 12% Cardiogenic shock
Hypertensive HF
65%16%
Right HF
3500 Patienten
Nieminen et. al: EuroHeart Failure Survey II; European Heart Journal, 2006
3500 Patienten
Decompensated HF
5629
Hypertensive HF + Pulm EdemaOn ICU´s CCU´s
N=599EFICA Study 5615 ShockEFICA StudyZannad t al. EJHF 2006
Was kann ich mir vom Was kann ich mir vom Was kann ich mir vom Levosimendan bei der Was kann ich mir vom Levosimendan bei der
ADHF erwarten ?ADHF erwarten ?
Akut dekompensiertes Herzversagen: Inotrope Therapien p p
9% 6%
AdrenalinDobutaminD i
13%
DopaminLevosimendanNoradrenalin
34%
38%
Nieminen et. al: EuroHeart Failure Survey II; European Heart Journal, 2006
Effects of Levosimendan and Dobutamine on inflammatory markers in adv. HF
Effects of Levosimendan and Dobutamine on inflammatory markers in adv. HF
Avgeropoulou et al. EJHF 2005; 7: 882-887
d.h. Levosimendan reduziert die IL-6 Spiegel um ca 35%
14 00 13 10
während es unter Dobutamin zu einem Anstieg von rund 30% kommt
10 00
12,00
14,00
10,90
13,10
6 00
8,00
10,00 8,607,90
6,104 80P
g/ml
2,00
4,00
6,00 4,80P
0,00
,00
Levosimendan IL6 Dobutamin IL6Baseline to day 5Baseline to day 5
Levosimendan day 5 significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05.levosimendan day 5 significantly different from dobutamine, p < 0.05.
Adamopoulos et al AJC 2006;98:102-106
At day 1
At day 3At day 3
Einfluss der Änderungen von Fas und IL-6auf Überleben
Einfluss der Änderungen von Fas und IL-6auf Überlebenauf Ü r nauf Ü r n
Adamopoulos et al AJC 2006;98:102-106
Grosse klinische Studien zu LevosimendanGrosse klinische Studien zu Levosimendan
• RUSSLAN (Levosimendan vs. Placebo, 6hr treatment)
• LIDO (Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine, 24hr treatment)
• CASINO (Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine vs. Placebo, 24hr t t t)treatment)
• REVIVE (Levosimendan vs Placebo 24hr treatment)• REVIVE (Levosimendan vs. Placebo, 24hr treatment)
SURVIVE• SURVIVE (Levosimendan vs. Dobutamine, >24hr treatment for Dobutamine)
STRENG NACH EMBSTRENG NACH EMB
Studien mit:Studien mit:Studien mit:Studien mit:
Hämodynamischem Endpunkt (LIDO)• Hämodynamischem Endpunkt (LIDO)
Kli i h E d kt (RUSSLAN REVIVE)• Klinischem Endpunkt (RUSSLAN, REVIVE)
M li E d k (SURVIVE C i )EMB
• Mortalitäts Endpunkt (SURVIVE, Casino)
• Mit Levosimendan als rescue Substanz (kardiogener Schock)
RUSSLAN:Objective
RUSSLAN:ObjectiveObjectiveObjective
Evaluate the safety and efficacy (risk/benefit efficacy (risk/benefit relation) of different Levosimendan doses in Levosimendan doses in patients with left ventricular failure complicating an acute failure complicating an acute MI
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:P ti t P l tiRUSSLAN:
P ti t P l tiPatient PopulationPatient Population– AMI within 5 days no RV-MI RR>90 AMI within 5 days, no RV MI, RR>90
mmHg, no use of β-adrenergic agonist 30mins before study drug, no patients
ith i di t d f PCI CABGwith immediate need for PCI or CABG– Randomised to:
• Levosimendan (n=402) (4x100)• Levosimendan (n=402) (4x100)• Placebo (n=102)
– Left ventricular failure due to acute Left ventricular failure due to acute MI (pulmonary congestion or oedemaon chest X-ray despite conventional therapy with nitrates and diuretics)therapy with nitrates and diuretics)
– Clinical need for inotropic therapy
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:Methods
RUSSLAN:MethodsMethodsMethods
• Study drug administered for 6 hours– Levosimendan: 10 min loading dose +
maintenance infusion• 6 mcg/kg + 0 1 mcg/kg/min (100 pts)6 mcg/kg + 0.1 mcg/kg/min (100 pts)• 12 mcg/kg + 0.2 mcg/kg/min (100 pts)• 24 mcg/kg + 0.2 mcg/kg/min (100 pts)
24 /k 0 4 /k / i (100 t )• 24 mcg/kg + 0.4 mcg/kg/min (100 pts)– Placebo (100 pts)
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:Primary Study Endpoint
RUSSLAN:Primary Study EndpointPrimary Study EndpointPrimary Study Endpoint
• Proportion of patients developing p p p gclinically significant hypotension and/or ischaemia (not only during i f i )infusion)
• Combined risk of death and Secondary Study Endpoints
fworsening heart failure during the 6hr infusion and 24hr after infusion, h f h f l change in symptoms of heart failure
at the end of infusion and all cause mortality at 14 daysmortality at 14 days
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:Incidence of Clinically Significant
Hypotension or Ischaemia
RUSSLAN:Incidence of Clinically Significant
Hypotension or IschaemiaHypotension or IschaemiaHypotension or IschaemiaNo significant differences among the 5 treatement groups !
20%
s (%
)
Placebo
Levosimendan higher frequency ofischemia and
13%11%
10%
15%
of P
atie
nts ischemia and
hypotensionin patients with thehighest levosimendaninfusion rate
5%
Perc
ent o
p=0.456
infusion rate(24µg/kg + 0.4µg/kg.min)19% !
0%
P
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:Death or Worsening Heart Failure
at 24 Hours
RUSSLAN:Death or Worsening Heart Failure
at 24 Hoursat 24 Hoursat 24 Hours
p = 0.042% vs. 5.9%
The combined risk of death and worsening HF was 4.0% in the levosimendan group and 8.8% in placebo group at 24hr
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:Death or Worsening Heart Failure
at 6 and 24 Hours
RUSSLAN:Death or Worsening Heart Failure
at 6 and 24 Hoursat 6 and 24 Hoursat 6 and 24 Hours
8,8
10
8
10
6 hrs, 24 hrs,
5,86
8
atien
ts
5,96
8
patie
nts
p=0.09424 hrs, p=0.089
3,0 3,0
4,0
2
4
% o
f pa
2,92,0 2,02
4
% o
f p
0
placeb
6 /0.1
12/0.2
24/0.2
24/0.4
1,0
0
placebo6 /0.1
12/0.2
24/0.2
24/0.4
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
ebo 1 2 2 4bo
RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:RUSSLAN:Mortality
at 6 and 24 Hours
RUSSLAN:Mortality
at 6 and 24 Hoursat 6 and 24 Hoursat 6 and 24 Hours
6 h 0 015 24 h 0 13
8
10
8
106 hrs, p=0.015 24 hrs, p=0.13
4,9
6
8
patie
nts
6
8
patie
nts
,3,9
2,02
4
% o
f p3,9
1,92
4
% o
f p
1,0 1,0
0
placebo6 /0.1
12/0.2
24/0.2
24/0.4
1,00,0 0,00
placebo6 /0.1
12/0.2
24/0.2
24/0.4
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
bo 2 2 4o
RUSSLAN: RUSSLAN: Overall Survival at 180 DaysOverall Survival at 180 Days
p = 0,05
Overall survival in 180 days after start the infusion. 22.6% (levosimendan) vs. 31.4% (placebo). (11.7% vs. 19.6% at 14 days, p=0.03)
Moiseyev VS et al. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422-1432.
LIDO StudyLevosimendan Infusion versus DObutamine
LIDO StudyLevosimendan Infusion versus DObutamineLevosimendan Infusion versus DObutamineLevosimendan Infusion versus DObutamine
• 203 patients with low-output HF.• Levosimendam vs. dobutamine infusions(24 h).
ObjectiveObjective• - proportion of patients with haemodynamic improvementhaemodynamic improvement
increase of 30% or more in CO anddecrease of 25% or more in PCWP at 24 hdecrease of 25% or more in PCWP at 24 h.
Follath F et al. Lancet 2002;360:196-202
LIDO StudyPatient population
LIDO StudyPatient population
– Patients with low-output heart failure judged to require hemodynamic
Patient populationPatient populationj g q ymonitoring and treatment with an intravenous inotropic agent (patients after cardiac surgery allowed but only 3%after cardiac surgery allowed but only 3%) EF <35% (echo or ventriculographywithin 1 month) , CI<2.5 and PCWP >15, RR 85 H f βRRsys>85 mmHg, no use of β-adrenergic agonist 30mins before study drug, y g,
– Randomised to:• Levosimendan (n=103)• Dobutamine (n=100)
Levosimendan: 24µg/kg Bolus over 10min than 0.1µg/kg/min for 24hrsDobutamine 5µg/kg/minDobutamine 5µg/kg/min
Study drug doubled if no hemodynamic response at 3hrs
LIDO StudyPatient population
LIDO StudyPatient population
50% ith ICMP
Patient populationPatient population
• 50% with ICMP• Mean PAOP 24-25, CVP 9-11, SBP 112-117
LIDO StudyLIDO StudyPrimary endpoint: Increase in CO bei 30%Primary endpoint: Increase in CO bei 30% anda decrease in PAOP bei 25% (but at least 4mmHg)
25
30 Dobutamine 40p=0.022 p=0.029
20
25 Levosimendan
3038 %28 %
10
15 2038 %
26 %
28 %
5 1026 %
15 %
0Primary endpoint (%)
0Primary endpoint (%)at 24 H 180 days
Dyspnoea improved in 68% of patients with levosimendan
Follath F et al. Lancet 2002;360:196-202
Dyspnoea improved in 68% of patients with levosimendan and 59% of patients with dobutamine (p=0.87)
LIDO StudyLIDO Study
Follath F et al. Lancet 2002; 360:196-202
LIDO StudyLIDO StudySynergism
between
L D u yL D u y
between Levosimendan and Beta-blockersblockers
Beta-blockers blockers attenuated the effect of d b dobutamine but not the effect of effect of levosimendan
Follat F et al. Lancet 2002; 360:196
LIDO StudyConclusionsLIDO StudyConclusions
• In patients with severe, low-output h t f il L i d i d
ConclusionsConclusions
heart failure, Levosimendan improved haemodynamic performance more effectively than Dobutamineeffectively than Dobutamine.
• This benefit was accompanied by lower This benefit was accompanied by lower mortality in the Levosimendan group than in the Dobutamine group.
Follat F et al. Lancet 2002; 360:196
Mortalität LIDO & RUSSLANMortalität LIDO & RUSSLAN
50
60 Levosimendan LIDO
Levosimendan RUSSLAN
D b t i LIDOp=0.029
40
50
38
31 4ät (%)
Dobutamin LIDO
Placebo RUSSLAN p=0.053
20
30 2622,6
1719,6
31,4
rtalitä
p=0.049p=0.031
10
20
811,7
17
Mor
014 31 180 180
TageTageLancet 2002;360:196-202Eur Heart J 2002;23:1422
REVIVE Program• Randomized double-blind study • Levosimendan vs Placebo added to standard-of-care in patients with decompensated heart
REVIVE Program• Levosimendan vs. Placebo added to standard-of-care in patients with decompensated heart
failure• REVIVE-1 - Initial 100 patients analyzed to assess Clinical Composite Endpoint • REVIVE-2 - Subsequent 600 patients in pivotal trial [α = 0.05, Power = 90%]
24 H Entry Levosimendan + SOC
Std Care
Placebo + SOC•Hospitalized for HF
24 h 5 d 31 d 90 dPrimary
Placebo SOCp•Dyspnea at rest despite IV diuretics
•EF < 35%
endpoint
SafetySurvivalSOC = standard of care
REVIVE IClinical Composite Endpoint: Adjudicated Post-hoc
• At least moderate improvement also required at 6 hoursAt least moderate improvement also required at 6 hours• Defines worsening CHF using only clinical criteria• Includes worsening CHF treated with IV diureticsIncludes worsening CHF treated with IV diuretics
60
5049%nt
s
40
30
Levosimendan
Placebo33%
49%43%
37%t of P
atie
20
1014%
p=0.02924%
Perc
ent
0
Improved
14%
Unchanged WorseImproved Unchanged Worse
Clinical Resource Use:REVIVE-1
Levosimendan +Standard of Care Standard of Care
mean days Standard of CareN = 50
Standard of CareN = 49
Total Length of Stay*
6.2 7.4
ICU Length of Stay 4.4 5.1Stay
Primary endpoint: Clinical Composite Response
*ANOVA p = 0.092
REVIVE IBrain Natriuretic Peptide
741pg/m
l)pg
/ml)
800
1000
Levosimendan
Placebo
863
741
Bas
elin
e (
Bas
elin
e (
400
600
24 Hours Day 5
Placebo
99 577 5
p=0.001 p=0.027
ange
Fro
m
ange
Fro
m
0
20024 Hours Day 5
-376
-99.5
-303
-77.5
p=0.261
Med
ian
Cha
Med
ian
Cha
-400
-200 Baseline
MM
REVIVEREVIVE
November 17th, 2005 38© 2005 Abbott
More patients improved and fewer patients worsened on Simdax compared to Standard of CareSimdax compared to Standard of Care
Primary Endpoint (6h + 24h + 5d)
Levosimendan Levosimendan N = 299N = 299
PlaceboPlaceboN = 301N = 301
N % N % 33%• 33% more Simdax patients
Improved 58 19.4% 44 14.6%
Unchanged 183 61.2% 175 58.1%
improved over the course of hospitalization
g
Worse 58 19.4% 82 27.2% • 29% fewer patients worsened over the same i fp-value = 0.015
29%time frame
November 17th, 2005 39© 2005 Abbott
On a background therapy of standard-of-care
Simdax demonstrates rapid and sustained response on a quantitative measure of clinical status - BNPquantitative measure of clinical status - BNP
B-Type Naturetic Peptide
50
0
pg/m
l)yp p
P < 0.001 P=0.001
-85 -102
150
-100
-50
m b
asel
ine
(p
Simdax + SOC
-248 -259250
-200
-150
chan
gr fr
om Simdax + SOCPlacebo + SOC
-300
-250
Mea
n
24 hours 5 days
Multiple studies have demonstrated that elevated serum levels of BNP are correlated with adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure
November 17th, 2005 40© 2005 Abbott
correlated with adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure
On average, treatment with Simdax results in shorter hospitalizationshospitalizations
Mean days
Average8.9 daysSOC Average
1.9 days lessP = < 0.001
7.0 daysSimdax y
November 17th, 2005 41© 2005 Abbott
Calcium Sensitizer or Inotrope or None in Low Output Heart Failure Study: (CASINO Trial)
Calcium Sensitizer or Inotrope or None in Low Output Heart Failure Study: (CASINO Trial)p y
227 ti t lti t ith • 227 patients multicenter with decompensated low output HF and LVEF< 35% assigned to Levosimendan (74) 35%, assigned to Levosimendan (74), Dobutamine (76) or placebo (77) infused for 24 hrs
• Primary endpoint: composite of death or h it li ti d t HF irehospitalization due to HF worsening
h d h d • 6 months primary endpoint reached in 30,6% of Levo, 52,7% of Dobu; and 48 1% of placebo48,1% of placebo
Zairis and all. JACC 2004:43(5); 207 A (abstract)
Data of the1st interim analysis
Zairis and all. JACC 2004:43(5); 207 A (abstract)
1st interim analysiswith 227 patients
CASINO-studyCASINO-studyCASINO studyfinal results (n=299)
CASINO studyfinal results (n=299)
Levo Dobu plc P
180-day mortality 18% 42% 30 3% ?180 day mortality 18% 42% 30.3% ?
rehospitalization 38 5% 51 1% 54 2% 0 002 vrehospitalization 38.5% 51.1% 54.2% 0.002 v P and D
180-day 41% 67% 63 6%180 day mortality+rehospitalization
41% 67% 63.6%
p
CASINO-studyCASINO-studyCASINO studyfinal results (n=299)
CASINO studyfinal results (n=299)
Levo Dobu plc P
24h li 2 4 2 NS24h mortality 2 4 2 NS
I h it l 4 6 3 NSIn hospital mortality
4 6 3 NS
Ad t 7 6 2Adverse eventsLeading to temp. discontinuation
7(SBP↓)
6(nsVT)
2
discontinuation
CASINO-studyfinal results (n=299)
CASINO-studyfinal results (n=299)final results (n=299)
remarksfinal results (n=299)
remarks• Most benefit in patients with ICMP• Dobutamine more out-of-hospital suddend h f d b ! F d deaths, no tapering of dobutamine ! Fixed dose !• Treatment at rehospitalization at random• Treatment at rehospitalization at randombut mostly dobutamine• Dosage higher than in LIDO: necessary toDosage higher than in LIDO necessary toachieve the results ? High SBP at entryprerequisite for the higher levosimendan dose ?dose ?• How many patients had ischemic events atfollow-up? Anti-stunning effects offollow up? Anti stunning effects oflevosimendan?
SURVIVE TrialSURVIVE Trial
Conducted in EuropeConducted in Europe Primary endpoint: 180d mortality
Levosimendan0.2 mcg/kg/min
12 mcg/kg 0.1 mcg/gk/min
5 – 40 mcg/kg/min
0.05
Dobutamine
Increase levosimendan at 60 min if well toleratedDobutamine: flexible dosing according to clinical needs
SURVIVEEndpointsSURVIVEEndpointsEndpointsEndpoints
• Primary: All-cause mortality during 180 y y gdays• Secondary:y
– Number of days alive and out of hospital during 180 days
– All-cause mortality during 31 days– Cardiovascular mortality during 180 days– Global Assessment at 24 hours– Change in patient’s evaluation of dyspnoea
at 24 hoursat 24 hours
SURVIVE-trialInclusion Criteria (1)
SURVIVE-trialInclusion Criteria (1)Inclusion Criteria (1)Inclusion Criteria (1)
• Hospitalised patients with acutely • Hospitalised patients with acutely decompensated HF
• LVEF <30% within 12 months, assessed by echo, RNV or contrast angiographyy g g p y
SURVIVE-trialInclusion Criteria (2)
SURVIVE-trialInclusion Criteria (2)
• Clinical need for IV inotropic support as id d b i ffi i t t IV di ti
Inclusion Criteria (2)Inclusion Criteria (2)
evidenced by insufficient response to IV diuretics and/or vasodilators and at least one of the following at screening:g g
– Oliguria (mean urine output <30 mL/hour for g ( pat least 6 hours); not a result of hypovolaemia
– Dyspnoea at rest or mechanical ventilation for HF
– Haemodynamic impairment in patients with Swan-Ganz (PCWP >18 mmHg and/or CI <2.2 L/min/m2)L/min/m )
Eine Rolle für Levosimendan ?Eine Rolle für Levosimendan ?
SURVIVE Patient Deaths
Day 5 14 31 180Simdax 29 59 79 173Simdax 29 59 79 173
Dobutamine 40 69 91 185Dobutamine 40 69 91 185
RRR 27% 14% 13% 6%RRR 27% 14% 13% 6%
p-value .17 .33 .29 .40p value .17 .33 .29 .40
Target was 25%
SURVIVE: SURVIVE: PrePre--Specified StratumSpecified Stratum
All-Cause Mortality by Country – 180 DaysAll-Cause Mortality by Country – 180 DaysFavors Levosimendan
Overall (N = 1327)
Favors Dobutamine
Finland (n = 95)France (n = 183)Germany (n = 77)*
Treatment-by-country interaction, P=0.060
Germany (n = 77)Israel (n = 142)Latvia (n = 98)Poland (n = 189)Russia (n = 461)UK (n = 82)
0,1 1 10
UK (n = 82)
0.5 2Hazard Ratio (95% CI)*Including Austria (n = 2)
In SURVIVE, Simdax had a significant impact on BNP compared to dobutamine
Change From Baseline in B-Type Natriuretic Peptide0
ne
compared to dobutamine
-10
m B
asel
in
D b t i
-30
-20
ange
Fro
m Dobutamine
-40
ntag
e C
ha
-60
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Perc
en Levosimendan
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Days Since Start of Study Drug Infusion
P<0 0001 for the comparison between treatment groups at all time points
November 17th, 2005 53© 2005 Abbott
P<0.0001 for the comparison between treatment groups at all time points
Survival trends for Simdax in SURVIVE were consistent with effects seen in other comparator studies in the first month of t t t l d lt l f Si d
Study
treatment – pooled results always favor Simdax
Study
LIDO (N = 203)
Favors Levosimendan Favors Dobutamine
( )
CASINO (N = 200)
SURVIVE (N = 1327)
SURVIVE, LIDO, CASINO (pooled) P=0.032
0,1 1 10R l ti Ri k (95% CI)
November 17th, 2005 54© 2005 Abbott
Relative Risk (95% CI)
November 17th, 2005 55© 2005 Abbott
Levosimendan im kardiogenenLevosimendan im kardiogenenLevosimendan im kardiogenenSchock
Levosimendan im kardiogenenSchock
The main hemodynamic events in ADHFSVRI , CI , PCWP .
The main hemodynamic events in ADHFSVRI , CI , PCWP .V , , W .V , , W .
Af l d Mi h
Ongoing Contractility Acute Resistance
Afterload Mismatch
g g y(Cpi) (SVRi)
Cardiac Index(CI)
Ischemia Neurohumoralactivation
(CI)
Wedge(PCWP)(PCWP)
SaO2 <90%
Pulmonary Edema Adapted from Cotter et al. EJHF 2002;4:227-234
Das klassische Schock-Paradigma
MyokardinfarktMyokardinfarkt
MyokardialeMyokardiale EinschränkungEinschränkungSystolischSystolisch DiastolischDiastolisch
LVEDPLVEDPHerzleistungHerzleistung
HypotonieHypotonie
LVEDPLVEDPLungenstauungLungenstauung
SystemSystem
HerzleistungHerzleistungSchlagvolumenSchlagvolumenCI <2.2 L/min.m² PAOP >15-18
koronarerkoronarerP f i d kP f i d k
HypoxämieHypoxämie
HypotonieHypotonieSystem.System.PerfusionPerfusion MAP<60
PerfusionsdruckPerfusionsdruckypyp
Ischämie
ZunehmendemyokardialeEi h ä k
kompensatorischekompensatorischeVasokonstriktionVasokonstriktionSVR ↑↑
nach Hochman J.S. Circ 2003;107:2998-3002
Einschränkung
TodMOF
DER KARDIOGENE PRÄSCHOCK
niedriger CIhoher SVRhoher SVR
niedrige SvO2Zentralisation undperipherer Zyanose
+Oligurie
ORGAN-HYPOPERFUSIONOligurie
Agitation-zerebrale VerwirrtheitHYPOPERFUSION
SVRi im kardiogenen Schock nur marginal erhöht SVRi im kardiogenen Schock nur marginal erhöht
C tt t l EJHF 2003 5 443 451Cotter et al. EJHF 2003; 5:443-451
Hämodynmisches Profil der unterschiedlichen Formen der akuten Herzinsuffizienz
Hämodynmisches Profil der unterschiedlichen Formen der akuten Herzinsuffizienz F rm n r a u n H rz n uff z nz F rm n r a u n H rz n uff z nz
Cotter et al. EJHF 2003; 5:443-451
Cpi = CI x MAP/451
Cpi = 0.31, p . ,SVRi = 2009N=51Geppert et al. CCM 2002
D.h. wir haben deutliche Hinweise für eine inappropriate Vasodilatation im klassischen D.h. wir haben deutliche Hinweise für eine inappropriate Vasodilatation im klassischen inappropriate Vasodilatation im klassischen
hypotensiven kardiogenen Schockinappropriate Vasodilatation im klassischen
hypotensiven kardiogenen Schock
Eines der Charakteristika Eines der Charakteristika...., das Wesen des therapierefraktären (des längerdauernden)
kardiogenen Schockskardiogenen Schocks....ist eine inappropriateVasodilatation
Simplified scheme of hypoperfusionand it´s consequences ...
Simplified scheme of hypoperfusionand it´s consequences ...qq
IL-36
Hypoperfusion/Hypoxiebei erhaltenem MAP bei erhaltenem MAP (nicht hypotensiver CS)
Zytokinexpression
NO-Synthetase expressionNO Synthetase expression
NO MOF ???MOF ???NO MOF ???MOF ???
InappropriateVasodilatation
negative Inotropie
VasodilatationMAP
Endothelial Cell Activation in Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure (on inotropes)
Endothelial Cell Activation in Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure (on inotropes)D mp n a H ar Fa ur ( p )D mp n a H ar Fa ur ( p )
Colombo et al. Circulation 2005;111:58Colombo et al. Circulation 2005;111:58--6262
Venous EC
Endothelial Cell Activation in Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure (on inotropes)
Endothelial Cell Activation in Patients With Decompensated Heart Failure (on inotropes)D mp n a H ar Fa ur ( p )D mp n a H ar Fa ur ( p )
Colombo et al. Circulation 2005;111:58Colombo et al. Circulation 2005;111:58--6262
Intracellular marker of oxidative stressIntracellular marker of oxidative stress
Return to a compensated state resulted in a significant reduction in nitrotyrosineimmunoreactivity, COX-2, and iNOS expression.
Höhere IL-6 Spiegel beim akuten Myokardinfarkt sind mit einer höheren Schockrate assoziert: Das COMMA-trial
20 Théroux et al. EHJ 2005;26:1964-1970
12
16
8
12 IL6 Q1IL6 Q2IL6 Q3
4
8IL6 Q4
0shock shock/deathshock shock/death
Baseline IL-6 levels are associated with an increased shock and death rate (OR of a twofold increase in IL-6 for shock 1.5 (1.12-2.01) p=0.006
Pexelizumab Therapie reduziert die IL-6 Spiegel nach 24h (51 vs. 64pg/ml, p=0.04)
Die Zytokinaktivierung im CS gibt es !!
600
***500
***p<0.001
(pg/
ml)
400
300**
IL-6
( 300
200
100
*16918221111N =
0 *
Geppert et al. CCM 2002; 30:1987-1994
Der missing link Der missing link Der missing link zwischen
neurohumoraler Aktivierung und SVRi
Der missing link zwischen
neurohumoraler Aktivierung und SVRigAnstieg als Trigger für die akute
Herzinsuffizienz
gAnstieg als Trigger für die akute
Herzinsuffizienz
undund
der inappropriaten Vasodilatation im therapierefraktären kardiogenen Schock
der inappropriaten Vasodilatation im therapierefraktären kardiogenen Schockp g
ist
p g
ist
die anhaltende Gewebehypoperfusionmit Aktivierung inflammatorischer
die anhaltende Gewebehypoperfusionmit Aktivierung inflammatorischermit Aktivierung inflammatorischer
Netzwerkemit Aktivierung inflammatorischer
Netzwerke
The TNF-2 polymorphismin Cardiogenic Shockin Cardiogenic Shock
• not more frequent in the CS population. q p pCS 7/33, healthy volunteers 13/48; p=0.61
• Not associated with higher TNF-α levelsA i t d ith hi h i l t
50
• Associated with a higher survival rate • In sepsis: higher TNF, higher mortality with TNF-2
100
40
50
ls
80
100
71
S
P=0.016
20
30
plas
ma
leve
l
40
60
surv
ival
in C
10
2014
16
TNF
p(0-228) (0-117)
20
40
19
ICU
s
0TNF1 TNF-2
(0 228) (0 117)
Appoloni et al. Chest 2004; 125:2232-2237
0TNF1 TNF-2
Levosimendan im kardiogenen Schock
Delle Karth, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003;47:1251-1256
Levosimendan in CS after PCILevosimendan in CS after PCIGarcia Gonzalez, EJHF 2006
N=11 in jeder GruppeSVR ziemlich hoch: 1700SVR ziemlich hoch: 1700Shock after sucessfull PCIIABP nur bei 1 PatientenMAP 75mmHgKeine ANGABE ÜBER VPKeine ANGABE ÜBER VP
Kein signifikant höhererNoradrenalin oder Noradrenalin oder
DobutaminBedarf in einer der 2
GruppenppGegenüber der anderen
Levosimendan vs. Enoximone in Cardiogenic Schock
Levosimendan vs. Enoximone in Cardiogenic Schock
25 Pat., CS – acute low output + IABP (88% output + IABP (88% erfolgreiche PCI), randomisiert
100Levo-Bolus: 24µg/kg – 0.1 µg/kg/min- 60 min.- 0.2 µg/kg/min – 23h
60
80
100LEVO
ENOXIMONE
ntµg g
Enoximone-Bolus: 0.5mg/kg – 2-10 µg/kg/min
33,3
53,8
40
60
Percen
µg/kg/min
• Keine Unterschiede im 0
20
Hospital MortalityKeine Unterschiede imhämodynamsichenAnsprechen!
Hospital Mortality
Fuhrmann et al. Circulation, Supl III, 2004;110:478
Todesursachen in der Studie Levosimendan vs. EnoximoneL m n an . En m n
Verhindert Levosimendan MOF?
Cardiac Index und Levosimendan im therapierefraktären kardiogenen Schock
Cardiac Index und Levosimendan im therapierefraktären kardiogenen Schock
Russ et al. CCM 2007, 35: 2732-2739
Aber: Hypotension vor allem kurz nach Beginn der Therapie möglichVasopressoren mussten um 30% gesteigert werden (0.15-> 0.19), Volumenzufuhr um 1700ml/24h erhöht werden (70ml/h)
IABP vs. LevosimendanIABP vs. LevosimendanChristop et al. Acute Cardiac Care 2007: 1-9
2,722,823
2 18
2,662,79
2,5
3,0At 3hrs 38% CI increase in Levo group vs.10% CI increase only in IABP group
1,97 1,982,18
1,5
2,0
² or w
att/m
²
baseline3h
10% CI increase only in IABP group
0 5
1,0
L/m
in/m
²
24h48h
0,0
0,5
CI with L CI with IABP
Und beides ???
Levosimendan bei septischerLevosimendan bei septischerLevosimendan bei septischerKardiomyopathie
Levosimendan bei septischerKardiomyopathie
Myocardial dysfunction in septic shockMyocardial dysfunction in septic shock
• Häufige Komplikation/Häufiges Problem: wie häufig?g• 25-50% haben systolische Dysfunktion, weitere 40% diastolische Dysfunktion • Kein Consensus für eine Definition (Echo?)
• Folge: Reduzierte EF, für die Erfordernisse des septischen Patienten inadäquat niedriges HZV HZV
Überlebende haben erhöhtes EDV und ESV
und damitErhaltenes SV
bei reduzierter EF
•Aber reversibel
•Ursache: z.B. IL1, TnFα, IL-6 -> NO-Expression
• Direct inhibition of myocardial Direct inhibition of myocardial contractility• Pro-inflammatory• Reduced catecholamine responsiveness• Reduced catecholamine responsiveness• Systemc vasodilatation
Finkel et al. Science 1992;257:387-389The negative inotropic effects of NO are related to Calcium Desensitation
Myocardial dysfunctionMyocardial dysfunctiony ySeptische Kardiomyopathie
+/- Myokardnekrose ?
y ySeptische Kardiomyopathie
+/- Myokardnekrose ?
oderoder
Myokardinfarkt ?Myokardinfarkt ?
Unterschiedliche Ursachen fü BNP/T i E höh b i S i für BNP/Troponin Erhöhung bei Sepsis
BNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyBNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyVarpula et al for the FinnSEPSIS study group, CCM 2007:35: 1277-1283
Prospective , multicenter study in 24 ICUs of Finnland
BNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyBNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyVarpula et al for the FinnSEPSIS study group, CCM 2007:35: 1277-1283
M di 4396 / l M di 2889 / lMedian 4396pg/ml Median 2889 pg/ml
Nur 5 Patienten Nt-pro BNP normal (<125pg/ml) bei Aufnahme
BNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyBNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyVarpula et al for the FinnSEPSIS study group, CCM 2007:35: 1277-1283
Nicht sehr spezifisch für Mortalität aber negative predictive value 81-85%
= PATIENTS WITH LOW NT-pro-BNP usually survive
BNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyKorrelation mit Füllungsdrucken?
BNP in Sepsis: The FINNSEPSIS studyKorrelation mit Füllungsdrucken?
Varpula et al for the FinnSEPSIS study group, CCM 2007:35: 1277-1283
Aber: widersprüchliche Ergebnisse von anderen Autoren,Aber: widersprüchliche Ergebnisse von anderen Autoren, BNP ist kein surrogat Marker für einen adäquaten Füllungsdruck
Levosimendan in der Levosimendan in der Levosimendan in der Herzchirurgie
Levosimendan in der Herzchirurgie
Tritapepe et al. BJA 2009Tritapepe et al. BJA 2009
ZusammenfassungZusammenfassung
• Levosimendan hat eindeutig nachgewiesene positive hämodynamischeEff kt mit ni NWEffekte mit weniger NW• Symptome der HI reduziert/Spitalsaufenthalte verkürztreduziert/Spitalsaufenthalte verkürzt• Es reduziert nicht die Mortalität bei ADHF aber im kard SchockADHF aber im kard. Schock• Der Einsatz im kardiogenen Schock bedarf gewisser Voraussetzungenf g g• Positive Effekte in der Herzchirurgie (weaning, weniger TnI…)g g• Experimentelle Einsatzgebiete, wenig abgesichert: septische Kardiomyopathie