st. james senior schools sanskrit course … course books/website...james senior schools sanskrit...

ST. JAMES SENIOR SCHOOLS

SANSKRIT COURSE

BOOK THREE

(YEARS 10 AND 11)

(Includes IGCSE Set Texts)

1

updated June 2010

2

ST JAMES SENIOR SCHOOL SANSKRIT COURSE

BOOK THREE

INTRODUCTION

This book, designed to follow on from the Senior School Course, Book Two, supplies the material for the last year of the Senior School Course, for pupils of age 14 – 15+ years. The last term or so of the Course preceding the main examinations is to be spent in general revision, (sandhi, vocabulary, English to Sanskrit, etc.), and the practice of Past Papers. The Set Texts come from a) Verse: 25 verses selected from the Bhagavadgita. b) Prose: Selected passages of the Hitopades za from Lanman’s Primer.

The Epic Civilization Course begins this term. This course outlines some of the main principles embodied in the Sanskrit tradition. A separate textbook is available for the purpose of this study. The material is studied a little at a time through the term, the same day each week with a test to follow. This material lends itself to being read by the teacher while the class follows in their own copies, with frequent breaks for discussion of not too lengthy a kind.

Appendix Sanskrit to English Vocabulary / English to Sanskrit Vocabulary (IGCSE exam) Supplementary Vocabulary (for help in exercises) Sandhi Summary

4

ST. JAMES SANSKRIT COURSE

INDEX YEAR 10/11 Age 14 -15 Term One

· (Epic Civilization Course Ch. 1)

· a~y|s (doubling) p 5

· ilq\ The Perfect Tense p 6

· Hitopades za Set Text 3 (Rabbit & Lion, Crows & Serpent) p 7

· Survey of Verbs p 13

· Development of =|tu (Root words) Charts & Tests p 15

· English to Sanskrit Sentences, Sheet 6 p 22 Term Two

· Hitopades za Set Texts 4 - 6 p 24

· The Use of the Case Endings p 31

· Indeclinables + Notes p 44

· (Epic Civilization Ch.2&3)

· Metre, Stress and notes on Zlok (verse form) p.47

· Replacement of n\ to -\ & s\ with x\ etc. p.48 Term Three

· Revision of Sandhi

· Verse Set Text Selection - Bhagavadgita a p.49

· Hitopades za Set Text 7 (The Braahman -a and the Pots) p.60

· (Epic Civilization Ch. 4 & 5)

5

» a@| a~y|s: » The process called a~Y||s (or sometimes just ‘doubling’) takes place according to the following general rules (some more specific rules are not mentioned): a) The dha atu is doubled. The first of the two is called thea~Y||s. b) Only the first consonant of the a~y|s remains.

[Thus #|x\ #|x\ > ##|x\ / kup\ kup\ > kukup\ ]

c) If the vowel of the a~Y||s is long, it is replaced by a short measure.

[Thus d| d| > dd| ]

d) In the a~y|s a !x\ is replaced by its nearest jz\ (j\ b\ g\ w\ or d\)

[Thus ==| (dha atu =|+ a~y|s) > .d=| and ##|x\ > b#|x\] The following are a few examples of =|tu’s which in ilq\ (the perfect) take a~y|s. The first case singular form is given after each dha atu. [These should be learnt for a test.]

* ; ck|r Made / Did * D| jDO Knew

* pt\ pp|t Fell * dºz\ ddzR Saw

* gm\ jg|m Went * y| yyO Went

* hn\ j`|n Killed * kup\ cukop Was angry

* #U b#Uv Became * zuc\ zuzoc Grieved

* vc\ Ñv|c Said * %u zu%|v Heard

* d| ddO Gave * #|x\ b#|xe Said

* The forms of the perfect, ilq\ , (b#Uv and b#|xe,on the final page of Óp|i- Bk.2) should be learnt for a test.

6

» a@| ilq\ PAST PERFECT »

ilq\ like l$\ , speaks of the Past , but not of the same day nor witnessed by the speaker himself. We now know six ways of expressing the Past :

i) r|mo vn" gC¡it Sm » ( Sm changes the Tense to the Past )

ii) r|mo vnmgC¡t\ » ( Verb, Past Tense, l$\, paradigm a#vt\.)

iii) r|mo vn" gt: » (gt is a ‘ta’ ending word.)

iv) r|mo vn" gtv|n\ » (gtv|n\ is a ‘tavat’ ending; uses ‘dhimat’ endings.)

v) r|mo vn" jg|m » ( ilq\ , called the ‘perfect’; refer to b#Uv or b#|xe.) vi) r|me- vnmgMyt » ( Passive verb , Past Tense paradigm al#t.)

10

THE CROW AND THE SERPENT & THE LION, RABBIT AND WELL. PART FOUR

28. ]|shetoivRnIitStu iÆyte jIivt|zy| «

p{cTv" ceÌimXy|im ik" is"h|nunyen me » 29. tNmNd" mNdmupgC¡|im « 30. tt: is"ho ÷ip áu=| pIiwt: kop|.muv|c « 31. kutSTv" ivlMBy|gto ÷is « 32. zzko ÷b/vIt\« n|hmpr|å:« 33. pi@| is"h|Ntre- bl|åºtStSy|g/e punr|gmn|y zp@|" ;Tv| Sv|imn" invediytum]|gto ÷iSm « 34. is"h: skopm|h « 35. sTvr" gTv| m|" dzRy « 36. Kv|sO dur|Tm| it•it « 37. tt: zzkSt" gºhITv| gM#IrkUpsmIp" gt:« ivnIit: modesty ivlMBy having loitered invediytum\ to inform azy| with hope

apr|å‹ guilty skopm\ angrily anuny: civility p@|\ path dzRy show

td\ then zp@|: oath gM#Ir‹ deep aip for his part

áu=\ hunger

11

THE CROW AND THE SERPENT & THE LION, RABBIT AND WELL. PART FIVE 38. a]|gTy pZytu Sv|mITyuü| tiSmNkUpjle tSyEv p/itibMb" dizRtv|n\ « 39. tto ÷sO dpR|+m|tStSyopyR|Tm|n" iniáPy pÔTv" gt:« 40. ato ÷h" b/vIim « 41. ySy buiåbRl" tSyeTy|id « 42. v|ysI b/Ute « 43. %ut" my| « 44. ktRVyt|" b/Uih « 45. v|yso ÷vdt\ « 46. ip/ye« a|sNne sris r|jpu]: sttm|gTy Sn|it « 47. tiSmNp/Stre tdô|dvt|irt" knksU]" c{Cv| =ºTv|nIy|iSmNkoqre =irXyis « dizRtv|n\ showed sttm\ always knk‹ gold

a|+m|t‹ puffed up Sn|it bathes sU]m\ thread v|ysI female crow

p/Str: rock

c{C|u: beak ktRVyt|m\ what is to be done avt|irt‹ taken off

=rit places

a|sNne nearby

12

THE CROW AND THE SERPENT & THE LION, RABBIT AND WELL. PART SIX 48. a@| knksu]|nusr-p/vº.E r|jpuóxE: koqre inÓPym|-e ;X-spoR ¥ÖVyo Vy|p|diytVyZc « 49. a@| kd|icTSn|tu" p/ivÖe r|jpu]e v|ySy| tdnui•tm\ « 50. t@||nui•te td\vº.m\ « 51. ato ÷h" b/vIim «

Ñp|yen ih tTkuyR|ƒNn zKy" pr|ÆmE: «

k|Ky| knksU]e- ;X-spoR inp|itt: » anusr-‹ seeking for p/ivÖ‹ entered zKym\ possible p/vº.‹ came about anui•t‹ executed pr|Æm: valour inÓPym|-‹ being discovered vº.‹ brought about k|kI she-crow Sn|tum\ to bathe kuyR|t\ one may do

inp|itt: killed

NOTE: * The following two pages should be studied in conjunction with the 2 paradigm Books in preparation for a major test on verbs.

13

SURVEY OF VERBS Below, the general meaning and examples of the most common verbal forms are given. The complete system for each, should be revised from the two Paradigm Books [Bk.1 pp 4, 5, 9 & 15 ; Bk.2 pp 6, 8 & 10 ] in preparation for a major test. [NOTE: In the examples that follow (except for the Imperative ), the First Person forms are given, followed by the singular form of the Second and Third Persons.] 1. PRESENT (lq\) » Also used at times for future and, with Sm for the Past.

examples: aiSt St: siNt / ais / aiSm etc.

kroit kuÓt: kuvRiNt / kroix / kroim etc.

#vit #vt: #viNt / #vis / #v|im etc. and l#te l#ete l#Nte / l#se / l#e etc. 2. FUTURE (‚q\) » This adds Sy or £Xy before the Present endings.

examples: #ivXyit , d|Syit , lPSyte . 3. PAST (l$\) » (But not on the same day.)

examples: a#vt\ a#vt|m\ a#vn\ / a#v: / a#vm\ etc.

akrot\ akuÓt|m\ akuvRn\ / akro: / akrvm\ etc.

a|sIt\ a|St|m\ a|sn\ / a|sI: / a|sm\ etc. and al#t al#et|m\ al#Nt / al#@||: / al#e etc.

14

SURVEY OF VERBS (continued). 4. IMPERATIVE (loq\) » This is used in two ways :

a) as a direct command (e.g. gC¡ Go! )

b) as a polite request (e.g. r|m: gC¡tu Let Raama go. ) examples : #vtu #vt|m\ #vNtu / polite request #v #vtm\ #vt / direct command and l#t|m\ l#et|m\ l#Nt|m\ / polite request l#Sv l#e@||m\ l#+vm\ / direct command

NOTE: Other common forms are zº-u , éih , deih , kuÓ etc.. 5. OPTATIVE (ivi= il$\) » Used to express ‘should’, ‘would’, or ‘might’, do something.

examples : Sy|t\ (It should be) Sy|t|m\ Syu: etc.

#vet\ #vet|m\ #veyu: / #ve: / #veym\ etc.

kuy|Rt\ kuy|Rt|m\ kuyRu: / kuy|R: / kuyR|m\ etc. and l#et\ l#ey|t|m\ l#ern\ / l#e@||: / l#ey etc.

6. PERFECT (ilq\) » This also is Past. There is doubling (a~y|s:) of the dhaatu.

examples : b#Uv b#Uvtu: b#Uvu: / b#Uiv@| / b#Uv etc.

jg|m jGmtu: jGmu: / jiGm@| / jg|m etc.

ck|r cÆtu: cÆu: / ck@|R / ck|r etc.

[NOTE: For the purposes of the following test the meanings of the various dhaatus to be used are given below:

d| give / gm\ go / ; do or make / #U become / l#\ find / #|x\ speak (verbal form is like ‘labhate’).]

15

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A =|tu The following charts set out the development of some of the most important =|tus. The arrangement is in

the order of the ten families (g-|:) of =|tus and gives the following details:

COLUMNS:

a) The dhaaautu with an indication of its realm of meaning.

b) The Present form in Active and Passive (First Person Singular).

In general, the form of the dhaautu in the Present Active demonstrates the form that will also be taken in the Past, the Imperative, the Optative and by the Present Participle. This is illustrated in brackets for the first two dhaautus on Sheet 1 which are chosen to show the typical development for the basic verbal forms (in the two active voices, as for #vit & l#te) .

c) The Future form (First Person Singular).

d) The Perfect form (First Person Singular).

e) The ;Ty forms. These are usually of the ‘tVy‹’ sort unless otherwise indicated.

f) The Infinitive.

g) The t and Tv| ending forms.

[Tests should be given on each page of the charts and also a major test on the whole 5 pages.]

16

=|tu CHART EXAMPLE:

FIRST FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active & Passive

Future Past

Perfect

;Ty Infinitive t / Tv|

pt\

‘in falling’

(typical

‘bhavati’

form)

ptit he falls

pTyte he is fallen

(aptt\ he fell

pttu let him fall

ptet\ he should fall

ptn\ he, falling )

pitXyit

he will fall

pp|t

he fell

pit-tVy‹

to be, or

should be,

fallen

pittum\

to fall

pitt‹

fallen

pitTv|

having

fallen

#|x\

‘in saying’

(typical

‘labhate’

form)

#|xte he says

#|Xyte it is said

(a#|xt he said

#|xt|m\ let him say

#|xte he should say

#|xm|-‹ saying

#|ixXyte

he will say

b#|xe

he said

#|Xy‹

to be, or

should be,

said

#|ixtum\

to say

#|ixt‹

said

#|ixTV||

having

said

Use this page as a reference as we move on through the following charts.

17

FIRST FAMILY (cont.)

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect


gm \ in going

gC¡it / gMyte

gimXyit jg|m gNtVy‹

gNtum\ gt‹/ gTv|

gE in singing

G||yit / gIyte

G||Syit jgO gey‹

g|tum\ gIt‹/ gITv|

ij in conquering

jyit / jIyte

jeXyit ijg|y jey‹ jetum\ ijt‹/ ijTv|

t¿ in crossing over trit / tIyRte

tirXyit tt|r trnIy‹ tirtum\ tI-R‹/ tITv|R

Tyj\ in abandoning

Tyjit / TyJyte

TyÁyit tTy|j TyÇVy‹ TyÇum\ TyÇ‹/ Tyü|

dºz\ in seeing

pZyit / dºZyte

d/Áyit ddzR d/XqVy‹

d/Xqum\ dºXq‹/ dºXTv|

nI in leading

nyit / nIyte

neXyit inn|y netVy‹ netum\ nIt‹/ nITv|

P|| in drinking

ipbit / pIyte

P||Syit ppO pnIy‹ P||tum\ pIn‹/ pITv|

#U in becoming

#vit / #Uyte

#ivXyit b#Uv #ivtVy‹

#ivtum\ #Ut‹/ #UTv|

l#\ in finding

l#te / l~yte

lPSyte le#e l~y‹

lB=um\ lB=‹/lB+v|

vd \* in speaking

vdit / Ñƒte

vidXyit Ñv|d vidtVy‹

vidtum\ Ñidt‹/ÑidTv|

S@|| in staying still

itXQit / S@|Iyte

S@||Syit tS@|O S@||tVy‹

S@||tum\ iS@|t‹/iS@|Tv|

H** in taking

hrit / ih/yte

hirXyit jh|r htRtVy‹

htRum\ Ht‹/ HTv|

* vs\ develops similarly ** =º in holding, develops similarly.

Other members of the first family: acR\ acRit worships ,|d\ ,|dit eats jIv\ jIvit lives rá\ ráit protects vº=\ v=Rte grows

kMp\ kMpte shakes cr\ crit walks dh\ dhit burns óh\ rohit ascends hs\ hsit laughs

=|v\ =|vit runs nm\ nmit bows pQ\ pQit reads vºt\ vtRte exists

18

SECOND FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect


a|s\ in sitting, existing

a|Ste / a|Syte

a|isXyte a|Sy‹

a|istum\ a|ist‹/a|isTv|

Œ in going éit / Œyte

éXyit £y|y étVy‹

étum\ £t‹/ £Tv|

Y||* in going Y||it / Y||yte

Y||Syit £y|y Y||tVy‹ Y||tum\ Y||t‹/y|Tv|

vc\ in speaking viÇ / ÑCyte

vÁyit Ñv|c vÇVy‹

vÇum\ ÑÇ‹ / Ñü|

ivd\ in knowing vei. / ivƒte

veidXyit ivved veidtVy‹

veidtum\ ividt‹/ividTv|

hn\ in killing hiNt / hNyte

hinXyit j`|n hNtVy‹

hNtum\ ht‹/ hTv|

* #| in shining, is similar.

Other 2nd family dhaatus: as\ aiSt is, Svp\ Svpit sleeps.

THIRD FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active & Passive

Future Past

Perfect


d|* in giving

dd|it / dIyte

d|Syit

ddO

d|tVy‹

d|tum\

d.‹/ d>v|

#I in being afraid

ib#eit / #Iyte

#eXyit ib#|y #etVy‹ #etum\ #It‹ / #ITv|

* =| in placing , is similar.

19

FOURTH FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect


jn\ in being born J||yte / jNyte

jinXyte jDe jintVy‹ jintum\ J||t‹/ J||Tv|

nz\ in perishing nZyit / nZyte

nizXyte

nn|z niztum\ nXq‹/n¢|

mn\ in thinking mNyte m"Syte mene mNtVy‹

M|Ntum\ m.‹/m>v|

yu=\* in fighting yuƒte yoTSyit yuyu=e yoåVy‹ yoåum\ yuå‹/yu||

* bu=\ in awakening, is similar.

Other fourth family examples: tux\ tuXyit contented nºt\ nºTyit dances

#/m\ #/|Myit wanders

FIFTH FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect


a|p\ in obtaining a|Pnoit / a|Pyte

a|PSyit a|p a|PtVy‹

a|Ptum\ a|Pt‹/a|PTv|

zk\ in being able zqoit / zKyte

zÁyit zz|k zKy‹ zÇum\ zÇ‹/zü|

%u in hearing zº-oit / %Uyte

%oXyit zu%|v %otVy‹ %otum\ %ut‹/ %uTv|

Other fifth family dhaatus: vº vº-oit or vº-ute chooses.

20

SIXTH FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect

;Ty Infinitive t / Tv|\

£x\ in wanting £C¡it / £Zyte

éixXyit £yex éixtVy‹

étum\ £Xq‹/ £¢|

p/C¡\in questioning pºC¡it / pºC¡µte

p/Áµit pp/C¡ p/Xqum\ p/Xq‹/ p/¢|

muc\ in releasing mu{cit / muCyte

moÁµit mumoc moKtVy‹

moKtum\ muÇ‹/ muü|

mº in dying im/yte mirXyit mm|r mtRVy‹ mtRum\ mºt‹/ mºTv|

Other sixth family dhaatus: iáp\ iápit throws tud\ tudit hits

iml\ imlit meets il,\ il,it writes

sºj\ sºjit emits forth Spºz\ SpzRit touches

SEVENTH FAMILY

=|tu & realm

of meaning

Present

Active& Passive

Future Past

Perfect


#uj\ in enjoying #u$\Çe / #uJyte

#oÁµit bu#oj

#oÇVy‹

#oÇum\ #uÇ‹/#uü|

yuj\ in joining yuniÇ / yuJyte

yoÁµit yuyoj yoÇVy‹

yoÇum\ yuÇ‹/ yuü|

EIGHTH FAMILY ; in doing/ making

kroit or kuóte / iÆyte

kirXyit ck|r cÆe

ktRVy‹

ktRum\ ;t‹ / ;Tv|

Other similar dhatus : tn\ tnoit spreads

21

NINTH FAMILY =|tu & realm of meaning

Present Active& Passive

Future Past Perfect


g/h\ in grasping gºï|it / gºÄte

g/ihXyit jg/|h g/ihtVy‹

g/ihtum\ gºhIt‹/g/hITv|

D| in knowing J||n|it / D|yte

D|Syit jDO D|tVy‹

D|tum\ D|t‹/ D|Tv|

bN=\ in binding b+n|it / b+yte

#NTSyit bbN= båVy‹

båum\ bå‹/ b||

TENTH FAMILY =|tu & realm of meaning

Present Active& Passive

Future Past Perfect


k@|\ in telling k@|yit / k@yte

k@|iyXyte ki@|tVy‹

ki@|tum\ ki@|t‹/k@|iyTv|

icNt\ in thinking, knowing.

icNtyit / icNTyte

icNtiyXyit icNtnIy‹

icNtiytum\ iciNtt‹/ icNtiyTv|

Other tenth family dhaatus: ál\ á|lyit washes d_w\ d_wyit punishes

pUj\ pUjyit worships

22

ENGLISH to SANSKRIT SENTENCES Sheet 6

[First look up the following words: Z|St/m\ #/|tº pTnI z|l| pºCçit mºg: è|rm\ blm\ aó-‹ Ñƒ|nm\ k|m: kez: a|%m: s|=u‹ p/itidnm\ ]

Translate each sentence into Sanskrit, then put each into sandhi.

1. “Is someone in the room?" he asked

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. In this forest you should not say anything.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. The scriptures should be heard by good-people every-day.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. While the town was gone to by the brothers, the wives stayed in the hermitage.(Use locative absolute)

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Whenever Raama saw the deer, it went among the trees again.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Sometimes even sages came to see him.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. The man-from-town ran according-to-strength.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

23

ENGLISH to SANSKRIT SENTENCES Sheet 6 (cont.)

8. He saw the man going to the palace door.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. They saw one-with-red-hair walking in the garden.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10. The great-forest is always filled with trees-flowers-lions-deer-and-monkeys.

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

24

HITOPADES ZA SET TEXT SELECTION, STORIES 4 - 6

25

The story of a lion, a mouse and a cat

Ñ.r|p@|m\ northern region a|loCy having considered

iz,r: peak di=: milk or yoghurt

ivÆm: courage m|"sm\ meat

kNdr: cave s"toXy having satisfied

ai=zy|n‹ sleeping in p/yTn|t\ carefully

kesr: mane in:srit comes out

kiZct\ some or other aát‹ not harmed

içni. nibbles sivzexm\ especially

lUn‹ nibbled s"v=Ryit makes happy

bu|| having become aware s"crn\ going

ivvr: hole m|jR|r: cat

aNtgRt‹ gone outside p/|Pt‹ caught

al#m|n‹ not finding anNtrm\ after that

iv=ey‹ to be done Ñpyog: use

#vtu so be it a#|v: absence

áu¥‹ insignificant mNd|dr‹ neglectful #vet\ might be inrpeá‹ free from need

nMyte is bowed, overcome ktRVy‹ to be done

inhNtum\ to kill #ºTy: servant

purSk|yR‹ should be put before p/#u: master

sdºz‹ equal Sy|t\ would be

-vt\ (end of a compound) like

26

The Lion, the Mouse and the Cat

aSTyu.r|p@|e ÷buRdiz,rn|iMn pvRte mh|ivÆmo n|m is"h: «

tSy pvRtkNdrmi=zy|nSy kesr|g/" mUixk: kiZciCçni. «

s is"h: kesr|g/" lUn" bu|| kuipto ivvr|NtgRt" mUixkml#m|no

÷icNtyt\ « ik" iv=eym] « #vtu « év" %Uyte «

áu¥z]u#RveƒStu ivÆm|Nn s nMyte «

t" inhNtu" purSk|yR: sdºzStSy sEink: »

£Ty|loCy ten g/|m" gTv| di=k-Rn|m| ibw|lo m|"s|ƒ|h|re-

s"toXy p/yTn|d|nIy SvkNdre =ºt: « ttSt‡y|NmUixko bihnR

in:srit « ten|sO is"ho ÷átkesr: su," Svipit « mUixkzBd"

yd| yd| %º-oit td| td| sivzex" t" ibw|l" m|"s|h|rd|nen

s"v=Ryit « a@|Ekd| s mUixk: áu=| pIiwto bih: s"cr"Sten

m|jR|re- p/|Pto Vy|p|idt: ,|idtZc « anNtr" s is"ho yd| kd|

icdip mUixkzBd" n %U%|v tdopyog|#|v|.Sy ibw|lSy|h|rd|ne

mNd|dro b#Uv « ato ÷h" b/vIim «

inrpeáo n ktRVyo #ºTyE: Sv|mI kd| cn «

inrpeá" p/#u" ;Tv| #ºTy: Sy|ài=k-Rvt\ »

27

The story of the birds and the apes

nmRd| the river Narmadaa -m|]‹ only, merely (at the end of a compound)

ÑpTyk| the land at the foot of a mountain a|Ht‹ brought

z|LmlI a tall, thorny tree with red flowers s"yuÇ‹ provided with

inimRt‹ made, formed avsIdit becomes disheartened

nIwm\ nest amxR: impatience, anger

Æow: hollow a|loict‹ thought

pián\ (m) bird invR|t‹ sheltered from the wind

vxR|: the rains g#R: interior

pq: garment niNdit blames

jl=r: raincloud Ñpzm: stopping

pql: veil z|Nt‹ ceased

a|vºt‹ covered p|nIyvxR: shower of rain

n#Stlm\ sky a|®Ä having climbed

=|r|s|r: downpour #Gn‹ destroyed

vºiXq: (f) rain a_wm\ egg

v|nr: monkey ivè|n\\ learned man

-tle under (at the end of a compound) ÑpdeXqVy‹ to be advised

aviS@|t‹ standing, placed Ñpidzit advises

zIt‹ cold aD‹ foolish

a|tR‹ afflicted S@||nm\ abode, dwelling

avloKy having seen #/"z: ruin

#o #o Oh! Oh! yyu: they went (perfect of y|it)

28

The story of the birds and the apes

aiSt nmRd|tIre pvRtopTyk|y|" ivz|l: z|LmlIt®: « t] inimRtnIwÆowe piá-: su,en vxR|Svip invsiNt « a@| nIlpqEirv jl=rpqlEr|vºte n#Stle =|r|s|rEmRhtI vºiÖbR#Uv «tto v|nr|"St®tle ÷viS@|t|{çIt|tR|NkMpm|n|nvloKy piái#®Çm\ « #o #o v|nr|: « %Uyt|m\ «

aSm|i#inRimRt| nIw|Zc{cum|]|HtEStº-E: «

hStp|d|ids"yuÇ| yUy" ikmvsId@| »

tCç/uTv| v|nrEjR|t|mxERr|loictm\ « aho « invR|tnIwg#R|viS@|t|: sui,n: piá-o ÷Sm|iNnNdiNt « t†vtu « t|vd\vºÖe®pzm: « anNtr" z|Nte p|nIyvxeR tEvR|nrEvRºám|®Ä sveR nIw| #Gn|:« tex|" piá-|m_w|in c|=: pitt|in « ato ÷h" b/vIim «

ivè|nevopdeÖVyo n|ivè|"Stu kd| cn «

v|nr|nupidZy|D|NS@||n#/"z" yyu: ,g|: »

29

The priest with the goat, and the three rogues

gOtm‹ Gautama, name of a forest anNtrm\ straight away

p/Stut‹ begun Æozm|]‹ calling distance

b/|ì-: priest aviS@|t‹ standing near, placed

ç|g: goat a|k_yR having heard

ÑpÆIy having bought in=|y having put down

SkN=: shoulder muhumRuhu: repeatedly

=UtR: rogue inrIÁy having examined

]ym\ triad, three of dol|ym|n‹ wavering, doubting

avloikt‹ (was) seen cilt‹ set off, departed

mit: (f.) thought, wit tdnNtrm\ thereupon

p/kxR: superiority iniZctm\ certainly, decidedly

p/|Ntrm\ a long road Sn|Tv| having bathed

-tle under (at the end of a compound) yyO he went (perfect of y|it)

vTmRn\ (n.) roadway nITv| having (been) led, or brought

iS@|t‹ stayed, waited #iát‹ (was) eaten

ai#iht‹ said aOpMym\ likeness

ikimit why vei. knows, considers

ÑÄte is carried V||idn\ speaker

Zvn\ dog v{Cyte is deceived

30

The priest with the goat, and the three rogues

aiSt gOtm|r_ye p/StutyD: kiZcd\b/|ì-: « s c yD|@|R"

g/|m|Ntr|Cç|gmupÆIy SkN=e ;Tv| gCçN=UtR]ye-|vloikt: « ttSte

=UtR| yƒex Cç|g: ken|Pyup|yen p/|Py ,|ƒte td| mitp/kxoR

#vtITy|loCy p/|Ntre vºá]ytle b/|ì-Sy vTmRNyupivZy iS@|t|: «

t]Eken =UtRen s b/|ì-o gCçNni#iht: « #o b/|ì- « ikimit

Tvy| kuKkur: SkN=enoÄte « b/|ì-o b/Ute « n|y" Zv| «

yDCç|go ÷y" « anNtr" punièRtIyen Æozm|]|viS@|ten tdevoÇm\ «

td|k_yR b/|ì-St" ç|g" #UmO in=|y muhumRuhuinRrIÁy pun: SkN=e

;Tv| dol|ym|nmitZcilt: « tdnNtr" pngRCçNs b/|ì-StºtIyen

=UtRenoÇ: « #o b/|ì- « ikimit kuKkur" SkN=en #v|Nvhit «

td|k_yR iniZctmev|y" kuKkur £it mTv| ç|g" Tyü| Sn|Tv| Svgºh"

yyO « s Cç|go tE=RUtERnIRTv| #iát: « ato ÷h" b/vIim «

a|TmOpMyen yo vei. dujRn" sTyv|idnm\ «

s t@|| v{Cyte =UtREbR/|ì-Zç|gto y@|| »

31

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS I The Uses of the First Case: a The First Case is used to state the existence of something and its name. eg r|m|y-m\ , #gvÌIt| b In a sentence with an active verb, the first case is used to identify the ‘doer’. 1. r|m: sIt|" pZyit «

* ________________________________ 2. r|j| =mRm|cret\ «

* _________________________________ c In a sentence with a passive verb, the first case is used to identify the object.

3. sIt| r|me- dºZyte «

* _________________________________ 4. r|ás| lÁm-en Vy|p|idt|: « *__________________________________ d The First Case ending is used with #U (eg #vit), as\, (eg aiSt) and ; (eg kroit) where something

becomes, is, or is made into something. 5. pu]| vIr| a#vn\ « *__________________________________ 6. ten muinn| kuk‘ro Vy|`/: ;t: « *__________________________________ 7. aclo mh|n\ aiSt « *__________________________________

32

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) e The First Case is used in adding a ivzex- or title to a name. (Note:- this is true with all case endings ,

but is only mentioned here.) 8. r|mo r|jpu] a|gC¡it « *__________________________________ 9. ivz|lo gM#Ir: smu¥o mTSyE: pU-R: « *__________________________________ II The Uses of the Second Case: a The common and general use of the Second Case is in stating the object of an active sentence. 10. nºp: sen|mp/Exyt\ « *__________________________________ Note that in s"S;t, position in the sentence does not necessarily reveal the object. 11. r|m: sIt|ml#t « *__________________________________ 12. sIt|" r|mo ÷ l#t « *__________________________________ b An aspect of the use of the second case to denote object is in stating the destination of a verb of

motion.

13. ;X-o ÷ juRnmgC¡t\ «

* _________________________________

14. tO munIncrt|m\ « *__________________________________

33

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) c The Second Case may be used for a state or condition which is 'gone to', or 'fallen into'. So the English

phrase 'he became angry' might in s"S;t be expressed 'he went to angriness'. This 'abstract' form of a noun expressed in English by '-ness', '-ship', '-hood' etc, in s"S;t usually has a final ' - Tvm\ ' or ' - t| ' as in dI R̀Tvm\ - longness or length, iptºTvm\ - fatherhood, r|jt| - kingship.

15. muin: z|Ntt|mgC¡t\ «

* _________________________________ 16. r|v-: p{cTv" gC¡et\ « *__________________________________ 17. mU,R: pi_wtTv" gimXyit « *__________________________________ 18. r|mo du:," jg|m « *__________________________________ d Sometimes there are two words with a second case ending in a sentence.

19. so ÷ Zv" ngrmnyt\ «

* _________________________________ 20. ,go vcnmvdd/|j|nm\ « *__________________________________ 22. j|n|im Tv|" p/'m|m|Tym\ « *__________________________________ However, in the passive sentence one object is expressed in First Case but the other in the Second Case. 23. ten ngrmZvo nIyte «

* _________________________________

34

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) e The Second Case is used with certain indeclinables. eg p/it - towards, ai#t: and pirt: - around 24. r|ás|Stmi#t: «

* _________________________________ 25. sevk| r|j|n" pirt: iS't|: « *__________________________________ III The Uses of the Third Case. a The Third Case carries the sense of 'by means of'. Thus the kr-, the instrument, that brings about the

action, is expressed in Third Case. 26. lÁm-o hSten|,|dt\ «

* ________________________________ 27. ten nºp: ,Éen Vy|p|idt: «

* _________________________________ b The Third Case is used in the sense 'with', 'together with', especially with the word sh.

28. r|m: sIty| sh vne ÷ vst\ «

* _________________________________ 29. Tvy| sh vTSy|im vnexu « *__________________________________ Note that the Third Case may have this sense of 'together with', even without a word such as sh. 30. b|lkEr|gC¡it «

* _________________________________ 31. im]e- ÆIw|im « *__________________________________

35

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) c Words such as riht‹ hIn and ivn| meaning 'without' or 'devoid of' attract the Third Case 32. ten rihto ÷ h" t] gimXy|im «

* _________________________________ 33. s t] im]EhIRn: « *__________________________________ d The Third Case is used with words such as alm\ 'enough' and pU-R 'filled'. 34. al" vcnE#|Re suHt\ «

* _________________________________ 35. nOk|h|re- pU-|R « *__________________________________ e In the Passive, Third Case is used for the Subject, kt|R . 36. ngr" sEinken dºZyte «

* _________________________________ 37. gºh" my| ;tm\ « *__________________________________ 38. Tvy| gNtVym\ «

* _________________________________ f The Third Case sometimes has the sense of cause or reason for. 39. ten|pr|=en b|lk: tuƒte *__________________________________ 40. du:,en g/|m" Tyj|im «

* _________________________________

36

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) g With ikm\ etc the Third Case has the sense of 'what use…' or purpose. 41. ik" =nen «

* _________________________________ 42. ik" me jIven « *__________________________________ h A Third Case ending is often use to form an adverb. eg su,en « with happiness, ie happily

eg ÑCcEs\ « loudly, raised

IV The Uses of the Fourth Case. a The Fourth Case is used for the person or purpose to which an action is dedicated. 43. s ndI" jl|y gt: «

* _________________________________ 44. s vne z|NTyE vsit « *__________________________________ 45. ipt| gºh" pu]e~yo ÷ krot\ «

* _________________________________ 46. yuå|y gC¡|im «

* _________________________________ b In the act of giving, and often of bowing, the recipient is stated in Fourth Case. 47. r|mo b|lk|y flmdd|t\ «

* _________________________________

37

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) 48. & prm|Tmne nm: « *__________________________________ 49. te~yo d|n|in d|Syit «

* _________________________________ 50. dir¥e~yo =n" deih «

* _________________________________

51. deve~yo nmo my| ;tm\ «

* _________________________________ Note that the word a'R‹ has the sense of the Fourth Case at the end of a compound. 52. D|n|'Rm|gC¡|im «

* _________________________________ c The Fourth Case can be used in the sense of 'leads to'. 52. su,|y sTymiSt «

* _________________________________ V The Uses of the Fifth Case. a The Fifth Case is used mainly in the sense of 'away from'. 53. p]" vºá|Tptit «

* _________________________________ 54. ahmSm|èn|ÌNtuimC¡|im « *__________________________________ b Where there is fear 'from' something or protection 'from' something. 55. n #Ito mºTyoriSm «

* _________________________________

38

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) 56. D|n" nr|Ndu:,|¥áit « *__________________________________ c With directional words like dUre bih: pUvRm\ aNy‹. 57. ngr|d\dUre «

* _________________________________ 58. gºh|äih: «

* _________________________________ 59. r|]e: pUvRm\ «

* _________________________________

60. su,|dNy a|nNd: «

* _________________________________ d To state the source of something.

61. s guroStJj|n|it «

* _________________________________ 62. aD|n|d\du:,mu‡vit « *__________________________________ e As a way of saying 'because of' or 'due to'. 63. Æod|Ts pu]mtudt\ «

* _________________________________ 64. z|NTy|: s su,en jIvit «

* _________________________________

39

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) 65. aD|n|dev|nen nre-|pr|=: ;t: «

* _________________________________

66. #y|Ts ngr" gC¡it «

* _________________________________ f The Fifth Case is used with certain verbs such as ivrmit - stops (from) 67. étSm|ièrmit «

* _________________________________ 68. Æo=|ièrm «

* _________________________________ VI The Uses of Sixth Case. Note: The Sixth Case has many uses, and can be used to do the work of almost any Case. Unlike other Case endings it is not linked directly to the verb. a The primary use is in the sense of joining or connection with another noun. It is the genitive case. 69. nºpSy Æo=" n|vgC¡|m: «

* _________________________________ 70. éx r|mSy r': « *__________________________________ b Since there is not a verb meaning 'to have' in s"S;t, the Sixth Case is used.

71. r|mSy #|y|RiSt «

* _________________________________

40

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) 72. tSy inTy" z|iNt: « *__________________________________ c In the plural, the Sixth Case can have the sense of 'among' 73. s %eXQo ivr|-|m|sIt\ «

* _________________________________ 74. nr|-|" r|mo Vy|`/ £v «

* _________________________________ d The Sixth Case is used with words of direction such as a=: (under), ag/e (on top, etc), Ñpir (on top

of), smIpe or ‹pm\ (near to), bih: and aNt:. 75. jl" kuM#Sy|Nt: «

* _________________________________ 76. am|Tyo r|D: smIpm\ «

* _________________________________ 77. gjSyopir r|jop|ivzt\ «

* _________________________________

e The Sixth Case is used with such words as ;te (for the sake of), lezm\ (a little of), smIpe and pU-R‹ (full of or filled with). 78. mm ;te s gC¡it «

* _________________________________ 79. jlSy lez" deih «

* _________________________________

41

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) f Sometimes the Sixth Case is used to take the place of another Case with such words as ip/y‹ (dear) and D|tm\ (known).

80. kStu r|D|" ip/y: «

* _________________________________ 81. aip D|tmet.v «

* _________________________________ Note that 'his', 'her' and 'their' are not usually stated, but are understood and should be supplied in a translation. 82. pu]|n/áit «

* _________________________________

VII The Uses of the Seventh Case. a The Seventh Case indicates the place where something occurs. It is the locative case. 83. vn Axyo +y|nmkuvRn\ «

* _________________________________ 84. mTSy|: ndIxu ÆIwiNt « *__________________________________ b The Seventh Case indicates the time when something occurs. 85. r|]O svR" z|NtmiSt «

* _________________________________ 86. kiSm"iZcd\idne ÷cl" gimXy|m: « *__________________________________

42

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) c In plural Seventh Case there may be the sense of 'among' 87. nrexu r|m: %eXQ: «

* _________________________________ 88. hnum|ncleXvv|trt\ «

* _________________________________ d The Seventh Case is used for the person or thing to which an emotion is directed. 89. m|tir iSnhµ|im «

* _________________________________ 90. r|me dzr'o ÷nurJyt «

* _________________________________ 91. ikmev b|lke ÷iSmiNSnhµit me mn: «

* _________________________________

92. miy m| kuipto #v «

* _________________________________ e With words like sm'R‹ or ám‹ meaning 'capable' or 'skilful in', that in which there is the ability or skill

is expressed in the Seventh Case. 93. étiSmNgmne r|m: sm'R: «

* _________________________________ 94. yuåz|S]yo: r|m: ám: «

* _________________________________

43

THE USES of the CASE ENDINGS (cont.) f Some Ç|Nt words such as iS't‹ (placed, situated) and gt‹ (gone to) have the sense of Seventh Case

if they form the last part of a Compound. eg mngt - in the mind

95. ngriS'tO vºáO p-RrihtO «

* _________________________________ 96. SvhStgt" fl" te d|Sy|im «

* _________________________________

g The Seventh Case has the sense of 'into' in some contexts. 97. vºáo nƒ|" ptit «

* _________________________________ h The Seventh Case may have the sense of 'concerning' or 'in the matter of'. 98. =mRe yuiåiXQr: p/'miStXQit « *_______________________________________

i The Seventh Case is of course used in the sit sPtmI construction. 99. r|me vn" gte #rto r|Jymkrot\ «

* _________________________________ 100. sEinkexu yuå" gC¡Tsu b|lk| m|gRe ÆIwiNt «

* _________________________________

44

[At this point in the course, the study of chapters 2 & 3 of the Epic Civilisation material should be begun and sanjn {aa tested at appropriate stages.] INDECLINABLE WORDS An indeclinable word is one which does not take different endings due to number, case or gender. Before we receive two sheets of such words to learn, it is worth looking at how some of these indeclinable words are formed, especially in respect to their use as adverbs.

a) –t: This ending has the sense of the fifth case ie from, away from.

* tt: from that, therefore, after that

* kut: from what? Why?

* yt: from which, since

b) -] This ending has the sense of the seventh case ie in, a place. * a] Here * t] There

* svR] Everywhere * ku] Where? c) –d| This ending has the sense of a time. * td| Then

* ékd| Once

* kd| When

* svRd| Always

[The lists given on the following two pages show a selection of the most commonly used Indeclinable words. These should be learnt and tested, a column at a time. ]

45

INDECLINABLE WORDS

aicre- ,aicr|t\ Soon cet\ If

at: Hence icrm\ For a long time

a] Here icre-, icr|t\ After a while

a@| Now, then tt: Thereupon, therefore

aƒ Today t] There

a=: Beneath t@|| So, just so

a=un| Now td\ Then

aNtt: Finally td| Then

aip Also, even, even though, perhaps?

tihR Then

alm\ Enough (+3rd) tSm|t\ Therefore

£it Thus T||vt\ So much, to such an extent

£v Like, as if tu However

£d|nIm\ Now dUr|t\ From afar

£h Here, in this situation

Ñpir On top (+6th)

ékd| Once

év Only, indeed, just etc. (immediately after the word it applies to)

évm\ Thus, such, in such a manner

ik"tu But

ikm\ What, why?

ku]

Where?

Kv Where?

c And

46

INDECLINABLE WORDS dUre Far away yd| When

yid If

n Not Y||vt\ As much as

N||m By name

inTym\ Always, ever V|| Or

ivn| Without (+3rd)

ivzext: Especially

pun: Again

pur| Formerly, of old ZI`/m\ Quickly

p/it Towards Zv: Tomorrow

sTym\ True

sd| Always, ever

p/|y: Probably smIpm\, smIpe Near to (+6th)

bih: Outside sMyk\ Perfectly, well

svRd| Always, ever

#Uy: More, very much sh Together with

#o O shs| Suddenly

S||=u Well done!

mNdm\ mNdm\ Slowly su,en Easily

M|| Not, do not Sm Indicates Past when used with a Present verb.

yt: Since Svym\ One’s self, voluntarily etc

yt\ yt\ Whatever h| Alas

y] Where ih For, verily etc.

y] y] Wherever he O

y@|| As, just as, according to … Ä: Yesterday

yd\ Which, that

47

METRE & STRESS Syllables in s"S;t are either light or with weight. The following rules apply:

* A short vowel is light.

* Before a conjunct consonant a vowel has weight. [Note: Examples of conjunct consonants are Sv ] yR Sm Ky etc.]

* A long vowel has weight. The customary way of representing stressed and unstressed syllables is with an overhead ‘u’ for light and ‘-‘ for weight. [NOTE: There is a slight pause after the eighth foot of each line in the Szloka (see below)]

e.g. tp: Sv|+y|yinrt" / tpSvI v|iGvd|" vrm\ « n|rd" pirpp/C¡ / v|LmIikmRuinpu"gvm\ » Put stress marks in the following verse:

ko NviSmNs|"p/t" loke gu-v|NkZc vIyRv|n\ « =mRDZc ;tDZc sTyv|Kyo dºWv/t: »

THE SZLOKA

The most common verse form or metre in s"S;t is the Zlok:. Most of the Maha abha arata, Raamaayan wa, Manusmrrti and Puraan was are in this metre.

The S Zloka has 32 syllables, divided into two halves of 16 syllables, each of which is divided into two 8 syllable quarters.

In the above verse also put a pencil line through the quarter divisions.

48

THE REPLACEMENT OF n\ WITH -\ AND s \ WITH x \.

* A n\ preceded in the same word by a r\ or x\ or a A is replaced by a -\ but only if

there is nothing other than the following between the r\, x\ and the n\ : i.e. aq\ a a| £ Œ Ñ ª A ° ‚ é ao ée aO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 h\ y\ v\ r\ 14 15 16 17 kuÍŸ k\ ,\ g\ `\ $\ and puŸ p\ f\ b\ #\ m\ 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 [Note: There are also a small number of much more rarely occurring sounds that may stand between.] Thus, r|me- (with 2, 27,10 standing between)

hir-| ( ” 3 ” ” )

r|m|y-m\ ( ” 2, 27, 2, 15, 1 ” ” )

gºh|-|m\ ( ” 14, 2 ” ” ) Fill in the brackets for the following words. im]|i- ( ” ” ” )

g/|m|-|m\ ( ” ” ” )

gºh|i- ( ” ” ” )

b/|ì-: ( ” ” ” ) NB This does not happen when the n\ is final (e.g. r|m|n\ ). * A similar rule replaces a s\ with a x\ after any £c\ ( i.e. any vowel except a or a| ) e.g. sIt|su , but r|mexu / a|Tmsu , but hirxu . [Note also mn:su , but =nu:xu .]

49

[During term 3, during the translation of the following Gitaa verses, the study and testing of the last two chapters of the Epic Civilisation should be completed.]

Bhagavad Gita a IGCSE Set Text, with Pada ani

50

Chapter 1 v 1 =ºtr|Xq ̂øv|c« Dhr rtara asss wttra said: =mRáe]e ku®áe]e smvet| yuyuTsv: « m|mk|: p|_wv|ZcEv ikmkuvRt s{jy » =mR-áe]e « ku®-áe]e « smvet|: « yuyuTsv:« m|mk|: « p|_wv|: « c « év « ikm\ « akuvRt « s{jy »

‘O San[jaya, what did my people and the Pa anwdwavas do when they were joined, desirous of battle in the field of righteousness, in the battlefield of Kuruks wetra?’

51

Chapter 1 v 25 s{jy øv|c« San[jaya said : #IXm¥o-p/mu,t: svRex|" c mhIiát|m\ « Ñv|c p|@|R pZyEt|n\ smvet|NkuÓinit » #IXm-¥o--p/mu,t: « svRex|m\ « c « mhIiát|m\ « Ñv|c « p|@|R « pZy « ét|n\ « smvet|n\ « kuÓn\ « £it » Facing Bhis wma and Dronwa and all the rulers of the earth, he said, ‘O Partha, behold all the Kurus gathered here together.’ Chapter 1 v 26 t]|pZyt\iS@|t|Np|@|R: ipt¿n@| ipt|mh|n\ « a|c|yR|Nm|tul|N#/|t¿Npu]|NpO]|Ns,I"St@|| » Zvzur|n\suHdZcEv senyoó#yorip « t] « apZyt\ « iS@|t|n\ « p|@|R: « ipt¿n\ « a@| « ipt|mh|n\« a|c|yR|n\ « m|tul|n\ « #/|t¿n\ « pu]|n\ « pO]|n\ « s,In\ « t@|| » Zvzur|n\ « suHd: « c « év « senyo: « Ñ#yo: « aip « Standing there, Partha then saw in both the armies, fathers, grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, and friends, too; also fathers-in-law and benefactors.

53

tChapter 1 v 35 ét|Nn hNtuimCç|im ¬nto÷ip m=usUdn « aip ]EloKyr|JySy heto: ik" nu mhI;te » ét|n\ « n « hNtum\ « £Cç|im « ¬nt: « aip « m=usUdn« aip « ]E-loKy-r|JySy « heto: « ikm\ nu « mhI-;te » ‘These, O slayer of Madhu, I do not wish to kill, though they kill me, even for the sake of dominion over the three worlds; how much less for the sake of the earth!’ Chapter 2 v 9 s"jy Ñv|c – San[jaya said: évmuü| HxIkez" guw|kez: prNtp: « n yoTSy £it goivNdmuü| tUX-I" b#Uv h »

évm\ « Ñü| « HxIkezm\ « guw|kez: « prNtp: « n « yoTSy « £it « goivNdm\ « Ñü| « tUX-Im\ « b#Uv « h » Having spoken thus to Hrws wikes za, Gud wa akes za, O tormentor of foes, said to Govinda,

‘I will not fight,’ and verily remained silent.

54

Chapter 2 v 30 %I #gv|nuv|c« The blessed Lord said: dehI inTymv+yo÷y" dehe svRSy #|rt « tSm|Tsv|Ri- #Ut|in n Tv" zoictumhRis » dehI « inTym\ « av+y: « aym\ « dehe « svRSy « #|rt « tSm|t\ « sv|Ri- « #Ut|in « n « Tvm\ « zoictum\ « ahRis » ‘This embodied (Self) in the body of all, O Arjuna, can never be killed. Therefore you ought not to grieve over any being.’ Chapter 2 v 55 p/jh|it yd| k|m|Nsv|RNp|@|R mnogt|n\ « a|TmNyev|Tmn| tuXq: iS@|tp/DStdoCyte » p/jh|it « yd| « k|m|n\ « sv|Rn\ « p|@|R « mns\-gt|n\ « a|Tmin « év « a|Tmn| « tuXq: « iS@|t-p/D: « td| « ÑCyte »

‘When one casts off all desires in the mind, (resting) in the Self alone, content with the Self, then one is said to be ‘one of steady knowledge.’

55

Chapter 2 v 71 ivh|y k|m|Ny: sv|RNpum|"Zcrit in:Spºh: « inmRmo inrh¤|r: s z|iNtmi=gCçit » ivh|y « k|m|n\ « y: « sv|Rn\ « pum|n\ « crit « in:Spºh: « inmRm: « inrh¤|r: « s: « z|iNtm\ « ai=gCçit »

That man attains peace, who, abandoning all desires, moves about without expectation, without sense of possession, without ego. Chapter 3 v 9 yD|@||RTkmR-o÷Ny] loko÷y" kmRbN=n: « td@|R" kmR kONtey muÇsô: sm|cr » yD-a@||Rt\ « kmR-: « aNy] « lok: « aym\ « kmR-bN=n:« tt\-a@|Rm\ « kmR « kONtey « muÇ-sô: « sm|cr »

‘Except in the case of action for sacrifice’s sake, this world is bound by action. Perform action for the sake of that ( i.e. sacrifice), O Arjuna, remaining free from attachment.’ Chapter 3 v 27 p/;te: iÆym|-|in gu-E: km|Ri- svRz: « ah¤|rivmUW|Tm| kt|R÷himit mNyte » p/;te: « iÆym|-|in « gu-E: « km|Ri- « svRz: « ah¤|r-ivmUW-a|Tm| « kt|R « ahm\ « £it « mNyte » ‘Actions in all cases are being performed by the qualities of Nature. He whose mind is deluded by egoism thinks ‘I am the doer.’

56

Chapter 4 v 8 pir]|-|y s|=Un|" ivn|z|y c duX;t|m\ « =mRs"S@||pn|@||Ry sM#v|im yuge yuge » pir]|-|y « s|=Un|m\ « ivn|z|y « c « duX;t|m\ « =mR-s"S@||pn-a@||Ry « sM#v|im « yuge, yuge »

‘For the protection of the good, and for the destruction of evil-doers, for the establishment of the sacred law, I am born from age to age.’ Chapter 6 v 29 svR#UtS@|m|Tm|n" svR#Ut|in c|Tmin « Œáte yogyuÇ|Tm| svR] smdzRn: » svR-#Ut-S@|m\ « a|Tm|nm\ « svR-#Ut|in « c « a|Tmin « Œáte « yog-yuÇ-a|Tm| « svR] « sm-dzRn: »

‘That man whose mind is devoted to spirituality sees everywhere the same, his Self abiding in all beings, and all beings in his Self.’

Chapter 9 v 6 y@||÷÷k|ziS@|to inTy" v|yu: svR]go mh|n\ « t@|| sv|Ri- #Ut|in mTS@||nITyup=|ry » y@|| « a|k|z-iS@|t: « inTym\ « v|yu: « svR]-g: « mh|n\ « t@|| « sv|Ri- « #Ut|in « mt\-S@||in « £it « Ñp=|ry » ‘Hold in mind that just as the mighty wind moves everywhere, yet rests ever in space, so all beings rest in Me.’

60

HITOPADESZA SET TEXT SELECTION, STORY 7

THE BRAAHMAN__A & THE POTS

62

HITOPADESZA SELECTION 7 THE BRAAHMAN__A & THE POTS PART TWO 5. ttSt|su pTnIxu y|i=kÓpvtI tSy|mi=k|nur|g" kroim « 6. anNtr"

j|teXyR|StTspTNyo yd| è"è" kuvRiNt td| kop|kulo ÷h" t|:

pTnIlRguweneT@|" t|wy|im « 7. £Tyi#=|yoT@||y ten lguw: iáPt:« 8. at:

sÇuzr|vZcUi-Rto #|_w|in c bhUin #gÊ|in « 9. tto

#|_w#ôzBden|gtkuM#k|re- td\dº¢| s b/|ì-iStrS;to

m_wipk|g#R|äihX;t:« 10. ato ÷h" b/vIim «

an|gtvtI" icNt|" ;Tv| yStu p/HXyit «

s itrSk|rm|pÊoit #gÊ#|_wo ièjo y@|| » ai=k-Ópvt\ most beautiful ÑT@||y having stood up anur|g: affection cUi-Rt: smashed j|t‹ arisen #gÊ‹ broken £RXy|R jealousy #ô‹ breaking spTnI co-wife itrS;t‹ abused è"èm\ strife g#R: interior lguw: stick bihX;t‹ driven out £T@|m\ so p/HXyit rejoices t|wy|im I will beat itrSk|rm\ abuse ai#=|y having said ièj: ‘twice born’ i.e. the Braahman-a

63

VOCABULARY

IGCSE Vocabulary – Core and Extended

st. james senior schools sanskrit course … course books/website...james senior schools sanskrit...

Documents