St. George’s School Style Manual

The purpose of this booklet is to provide senior students at St. George's with a conveniently organized and readily accessible guide to the conventions of formal writing. Your English teachers have certain expectations with regard to presentation format, the mechanics of good writing, and the conventions of quotation and documentation - all are contained within this style handbook. Throughout we have adopted the conventions specified by the Modern Language Association (MLA); the MLA Handbook for Writers is the most authoritative and widely used style guide in humanities while the behavioural and social sciences prefer the APA (American Psychological Association). Familiarity with MLA style and principles of documentation will be a singular advantage as you enter university. The world of scholarly research and documentation is a complex one, and in the interests of brevity, much has been omitted in this handbook. It is likely that you will face writing problems not covered in these pages; in such cases consult the "style Bibles" in the reference section of our library: Gibaldi, Joseph and Walter S. Achtert. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009. Publication of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington: APA, 2001.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 MLA Presentation Requirements 2

2.0 Marginal Notations (English Teachers) 3

3.0 Plagiarism and How to Avoid It 6

4.0 Indicating titles of Works 8

5.0 Correct Use of Quotations 9

5.1 Indirect Quotation (as paraphrase) 9

5.2 Direct Quotation of Prose 10

5.3 Direct Quotation of Poetry 13

5.4 Use of Ellipsis to Indicate Omissions 14

5.5 Use of Square Brackets (for Alterations) 15

6.0 Documenting by Parenthetical Reference 16

7.0 Documenting by Works Cited List 20

7.1 Book Entries 20

7.2 Periodical Entries 24

7.3 Internet Sources and Entries 26

7.4 Other Types of Entries 28

8.0 Notes as Endnotes 32

9.0 Sample Pages: Title, Text, Works Cited 32

10.0 APA Presentation Requirements 36

11.0 Titles of Works Replaced by Author-Date 37

12.0 Parenthetical References 38

12.1 Parenthetical References (Sample Pages) 39

13.0 The References List 40

13.1 Books as References 40

13.2 Periodicals as References 41

13.4 Electronic/Internet Sources as References 43

14.0 Sample Pages: Title, Text, References 46

- 1 - - 1 -

- 2 - - 2 -

1. MLA Presentation Requirements

1.1 Routine Assignments Most of your high school writing will be expository essays less than 800 words in length. No title page is required for these routine assignments; your name, the date, and assignment title will appear at the top of the page. Submit all work on 8.5 x 11" paper, stapled in the top left corner. Avoid slippery plastic covers and duo-tang folders as both interfere with your teacher's need to make marginal comments. Handwritten work may be either single or double-spaced, depending on your teacher's preference. Bear in mind that double-spaced work is more likely to suffer from insufficiently developed paragraphs: confusion between the space taken up on the page and what is actually a well-constructed paragraph. Teachers require margins for comments. If your loose-leaf paper lacks a ruled left margin, draw one in yourself, and try to avoid writing to the extreme right edge of the page. Word processed work must be submitted with a minimum of 1" margins at top, bottom, and both sides - and must be double-spaced. The 1.5 space setting is also acceptable. Word-processed papers that are single-spaced or those with insufficient margins will be returned for reformatting and reprinting and a late penalty may be incurred. The conventions of italicizing titles, use of quotations, and citing sources (as well as many other mechanical details) are explained elsewhere in this handbook. For hand-written assignments, underline the titles of full-length works.

1.2 Term Papers and Research Projects Major papers should be word-processed. Use a standard font, left justified only, and do not print on both sides of the page. Be sure to keep an electronic copy of the submitted paper. Use only white 8.5 x 11" paper and make sure the print is clean and dark. Except for page numbers, leave one-inch margins at the top and bottom and both sides of the text. Indent the first word of a paragraph one tab from the left margin. Indent set-off quotations two tabs from the left margin. Research papers must be double-spaced throughout, including the list of works cited. Set-off quotations should be further distinguished by single-spacing. Most teachers prefer title pages for major papers. It should include the title of the paper, the student's name, the course and section, the instructor's name, and the date. Please see the sample title page on page 33 of the handbook for correct spacing and formatting. Number all pages consecutively throughout the manuscript in the upper-right corner, one-half inch from the top. Type your last name before the page number as a precaution in case of misplaced pages. Do not use the abbreviation p. before a page number or add a period, hyphen, or any other mark or symbol. Begin the text of each page one inch from the top.

- 3 - - 3 -

Proofread and correct your research paper carefully before submitting it. If you must make brief hand-written corrections, write them neatly in ink directly above the lines involved, using carets (∧) to indicate where they go. Do not use the margins or write below a line. Binding of submitted papers should be limited to a paperclip or staple in the upper left corner. Plastic folders or Duo-tangs should not be used; such devices create a nuisance for your instructors by making it impossible to write in the left margin. The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10, the Works Cited will begin on page 11. Centre the title Works Cited one inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with left margin, and if it runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines five spaces from the left margin. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. See the sample Works Cited page on page 35 of the handbook for an example of conventions and appearance. MLA recommends the use of in-text citation of sources. If your paper requires the use of numbered notes, treat these as footnotes or endnotes.

2. Marginal Notations Commonly Used By English Teachers Grading a class set of papers is a time-consuming activity that is taken very seriously by your teachers. Most teachers use marginal abbreviations to draw your attention to mechanical faults that weaken the presentation of your ideas. Upon receipt of your marked assignment, take the time to read it carefully, looking for error patterns that must be addressed if your writing is to be more successful. A graded essay that is simply tossed in the recycle crate is a lost opportunity; before you begin your next assignment, reread your previous efforts and your teacher's commentaries. If a particular weakness is noted, try to correct it. The following summary of marginal abbreviations should prove useful in eliminating mechanical errors from your writing: SEE TABLE ON NEXT PAGE.

- 4 - - 4 -

CS Comma Splice

Explanation: Commas are not "strong" enough to link independent clauses. Example: We are not allowed to think for ourselves, that privilege is reserved for the administration. Correction: Choose one of the following four methods: 1. Change the comma to a period. 2. Change the comma to a semi-colon. 3. Put an "and" or other suitable coordinate conjunction after the comma. 4. Rewrite the sentence by subordinating one clause to the other. E.g. We are not allowed to think for ourselves because that privilege is reserved for the administration.

FP Faulty Parallelism

Explanation: Parallel "structural" units of a sentence must be expressed in parallel grammatical forms. Example: He was a miser, a bachelor, and egotistical. Correction: Change adjective "egotistical" to parallel noun [an] "egotist".

MOD Misplaced or Dangling Modifier

Explanation: Misplaced modifiers create nonsense by modifying the wrong noun or clause in the sentence. To avoid confusion, adjective, phrase, or clause modifiers should be placed adjacent to what is being modified. Example: Being made of stone, the builder expected the house to last forever. Correction: The builder expected the house, being made of stone, to last forever. Explanation: Dangling modifiers have no specific word in a sentence to modify and thus create confusion. Example: To do well in college, good grades are essential. Correction: To do well in college, a student needs goods grades.

V-PRO Vague Pronoun Reference

Explanation: A pronoun must refer to one specific antecedent, usually the preceding noun. Avoid the isolated "This" and the tagged-on "which". Example: She spent her time getting special help for her English course, which her roommates considered unfair. Correction: She spent her time getting special help for her English course, favouritism that her roommates considered unfair.

X-PRO Wrong Choice Of Pronoun

Explanation: The basic rule that a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number and case is easily forgotten and leads to many types of errors. Most of these occur when pronoun and antecedent become separated by intervening phrases. Also included in this section is the careless use of "you" in a formal composition; avoid direct address - use "one". Example: No example given; there are too many types of errors to list here.

- 5 - - 5 -

ROS Run-On Sentence

Explanation: Two independent clauses must not be run-together without any appropriate punctuation. Example: Two suspects were arrested last week one of them was but a child. Correction: See the four methods of properly joining clauses listed under the Comma Splice heading.

SF Sentence Fragment

Explanation: Every word group which is positioned or punctuated as an independent clause or sentence must have both a subject and a verb. Example: I have put 14 gallons of gas in the car. Which should be enough for the trip. Correction: The second "sentence" is the fragment - it lacks a verb. Either change the fragment to a subordinate clause or provide the missing verb or subject: That amount should be enough for the trip.

SVA Subject- Verb Agreement

Explanation: Singular subjects take singular verbs, plural subjects take plural verbs. Example: The president announced that either Mrs. Baxter or Mrs. Otis were to be guest speaker at our next meeting. Correction: The subject is singular (as in "either one or the other") so the verb must be singular as well. Change "were" to "was".

VTA Verb Tense Agreement

Explanation: Do not change verb tense needlessly within a sentence or paragraph, and remember that literary events are discussed in the present tense. Example: No examples shown - too many error types to list here.

WORDY Explanation: Avoid the piling-up of unnecessary "little" words and redundant modifiers. Strive for a clean, economical style that is still capable of elegance. Example: He was justified in trying to straighten out his mother on her backward ideas about her attitude towards Americans. Correction: He was justified in trying to reform his mother's backwards ideas about Americans.

AWK Awkward

Explanation: While no grammatical or structural errors are found in the Wordy or Awkward sentence, the latter contains misunderstood denotations or incorrectly expressed idioms that may lead to confusion or just plain ugly prose. Example: In his plight to fulfil his demands, the realization of this possession truly becomes evident as even time and how he sees it are oppressed. (Slight misuse of "plight", "fulfil", and "oppressed". Correction: In trying to meet these demands, the realization of this possession becomes evident as even his experience of time is distorted.

- 6 - - 6 -

3. Plagiarism and How To Avoid It Campbell, Ballou and Slade define plagiarism as "the use of another person's ideas or wording without giving appropriate credit" and note that it results from inaccurate or incomplete attribution of material to its source (65). At St. George's plagiarism, whether intentional or unconscious, is seen as a form of dishonesty and is taken very seriously; disciplinary actions may range from percentage deductions for isolated and brief instances to the plagiarized paper's being awarded a "0" and the student's suspension from the school. At university usual punishments are course failure and possible expulsion. Campbell et al suggest you should document in your paper any fact or opinion that you read in one of your sources, whether you first discovered the idea there or you have assimilated it so thoroughly that it seems to be your own (65). There are three general exceptions to this principle: 1) facts that are common knowledge (as "Ottawa is the capital of Canada); 2) facts that can be easily verified and do not differ from one source to another (as "Quebec is the largest province in Canada); 3) well-known sayings and proverbs. Plagiarism is avoided by the use of direct or indirect quotation that indicates the "borrowing", and parenthetic notes which enable your reader to locate your original source in a list of Works Cited (bibliography). Such attribution of sources does not weaken the reader's impression of the originality of your work, nor does it suggest that the student is "letting others do the work." For routine assignments your teacher will be impressed that you took the paper seriously enough to research beyond what first came to mind and showed the scholarly discipline to acknowledge your sources. For term papers and research essays such attributions are both expected and required. In such assignments "[y]our contribution consists of imposing your own order on your materials and drawing an original conclusion from them. Documentation allows your reader to see the materials you used to reach your conclusions, to check your interpretations of sources, to place your work in a tradition of inquiry, and to locate further information on your topic" (Campbell, Ballou, and Slade 65). The following columns, adapted from Gibaldi and Achtert (22-25), demonstrate several types of plagiarism and how these may be corrected. ORIGINAL SOURCE The major concerns of Dickinson's poetry early and late, her "flood subjects,” may be defined as the seasons and nature, death and a problematic afterlife, the kinds and phases of love, and poetry as the divine art.

PLAGIARIZED The chief subjects of Emily Dickinson's poetry include nature and the seasons, death and the afterlife, the various types and stages of love, and poetry itself as divine art. (repeats more or else verbatim someone else's sentence)

CORRECTED Gibson and Williams suggest that the chief subjects of Emily Dickinson's poetry include nature, death, love, and poetry as a divine art (906).

- 7 - - 7 -

ORIGINAL SOURCE What should we be doing? Research and training in the whole field of restructuring the world as an "ecotopia" (eco- from oikos, household; -topia from topos, place, with implication of "eutopia" - "good place") will be the goal.

PLAGIARIZED Humankind should attempt to create what we might call an "ecotopia." (writer borrowed a specific term [ecotopia] without acknowledgement)

CORRECTED Humankind should attempt to create what E. N. Anderson Jr. has called an "ecotopia" (275).

ORIGINAL SOURCE Humanity faces a quantum leap forward. It faces the deepest social upheaval and creative restructuring of all time. Without clearly recognizing it, we are engaged in building a remarkable civilization from the ground up. This is the meaning of the Third Wave. Until now the human race has undergone two great waves of change, each one largely obliterating earlier cultures or civilizations and replacing them with ways of life inconceivable to those who came before. The First Wave of change - the agricultural revolution - took thousands of years to play itself out. The Second Wave - the rise of industrial civilization - took a mere hundred years. Today history is even more accelerative, and it is likely that Third Wave will sweep across history and complete itself in a few decades.

PLAGIARIZED There have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The agricultural revolution determined the course of history for thousands of years; the industrial civilization lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades. (writer summarizes another's line of thinking without giving that person credit; the omission of the "Third Wave" term does not alleviate the plagiarism)

CORRECTED According to Alvin Toffler, there have been two revolutionary periods of change in history: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. The former determined the course of history for thousands of years - the latter lasted about a century. We are now on the threshold of a new period of revolutionary change, but this one may last for only a few decades (10).

- 8 - - 8 -

4. Indicating Titles of Works Punctuation for a title depends on the nature of the source material. Some titles should be italicized; others should be put in quotation marks; some are neither italicized nor put in quotation marks. Note that the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. recommends that italics rather than underlining be used. The following types of works should be italicized in your text wherever they appear: Books: Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud Pamphlets: Regional Dances of Mexico Journals: Critical Inquiry Newspapers: Los Angeles Times Magazines: Atlantic Monthly Long Poems: The Faerie Queen Full Length Plays: Hamlet Films: Field of Dreams Television programs: Wall Street Week

Ballets: Nutcracker Record albums, tapes, or CDs: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Paintings: View of Toledo Sculptures: Pieta Musical compositions: Pastoral Symphony (When identified by name [rather than by key

or type of work]) Legal cases: Truax v. Corrigan Names of vehicles: H.M.S. Mauretania; space shuttle Atlantis

Put in quotation marks the titles of the following types of works: Articles in a journal: "The Father and the Bride in Shakespeare" Articles in a magazine: "The Sporting Scene" Articles in an encyclopaedia: "Huntington, Collis Porter" Articles in a compilation: "The Schizophrenic and Language" Short stories: "The Magic Barrel" Short poems: "Fern Hill"

Songs: "I Dream of Jeannie" Chapters in books: "Emergence of the Polis" Lectures: "Resume Writing and Effective Interviewing" Unpublished dissertations: "The Ambiente of Latin America in Five Novels by Graham

Greene"

- 9 - - 9 -

Titles that appear without italicizing or quotation marks. The titles of sacred works, series, editions, and societies and words referring to the divisions of a book are neither italicized nor put in quotation marks. Sacred writings: Holy Bible. Mark. New Testament. Koran. Series: New Accents. The Brain. Approaches to Teaching Masterpieces of World

Literature. Editions: Library of America. Norton Critical Edition.

Societies: American Psychological Association. Divisions of a book: foreword; preface; introduction; appendix; glossary;

chapter; act; volume; scene.

Titles that appear within other titles. Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" ("Kubla Khan" is a short poem included here as part of the title of a book.) "A Reading of Coleridge's 'Kubla Khan'" ("Kubla Khan" is a short poem mentioned in the title of an article.)

Virginia Woolf's The Waves (The Waves is a novel mentioned in the title of a book of literary criticism, but because double italics are not possible, the novel's title is shown without any italics.) "A Principle of Unity in Between The Acts" (Between The Acts is a novel mentioned in the title of an article)

5. Correct Use of Quotations Quotations in routine essays or research papers are of two types: indirect (paraphrased or summarized) and direct (verbatim). To avoid plagiarism both types require documentation through parenthetical references and "Works Cited" entries. Choose indirect quotation whenever you do not have a compelling reason for quoting word-for-word; this method calls less attention to itself and concentrates the reader's attention on the development of your argument. Direct quotation is more appropriate when you need to provide an authority, preserve the integrity of the source author's original wording, or ensure the accuracy of your borrowing from the source.

5.1 Indirect Quotation (as Paraphrase or Summary) Indirect quotation restates an original source in your own words and sentence structure. The restatement of a paraphrase employs roughly the same number of words as the original; a summary provides a significant condensation. If you find that you cannot avoid using a phrase from the original, place the words in quotation marks. Either method should represent the source accurately and completely, avoiding distortion through imprecise or mistaken restatement, altered emphasis, or significant omissions.

- 10 - - 10 -

Even when you have restated a passage completely in your own words, you must indicate that you encountered the information in your reading. This is accomplished by a parenthetical reference that directs the reader to your list of "Works Cited.” Consider the following example:

I have said that science is impossible. By this I do not mean that the faith on which science depends is religious in nature or involves the acceptance of any of the dogmas of the ordinary religious creeds, yet without faith that nature is subject to law there can be no science. No amount of demonstration can ever prove that nature is subject to law. (Norbert Wiener. The Human Use Of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society. New York: Avon, 1967. 262-63.) Science is impossible without faith that nature is subject to law. (plagiarism - borrowed wording without quotation marks or documentation) Faith makes science possible. This does not mean that science rests on religious faith or the acceptance of religious dogmas, but without the faith that nature functions according to laws, science cannot exist. (plagiarism - imitated sentence structure) The belief that nature functions in accordance with laws makes science possible (Wiener 262-63). (Documentation is used to give credit for the idea even though the passage has been restated.) Science depends on faith, not religious faith, but the faith that "nature is subject to law" (Wiener 262-63). (A summary with a phrase quoted to preserve the tone of the original - note how the sentence period follows the parenthetic reference.)

5.2 Direct Quotation of Prose While quotations are common and often effective in research papers, use them selectively. Quote only words, phrases, lines, and passages that are particularly interesting, vivid, unusual, or apt, and keep all quotations as brief as possible. Over-quotation can bore your readers and might lead them to conclude that you are neither an original thinker nor a skilful writer. In general, a quotation should correspond exactly to its source in spelling, capitalization, and interior punctuation. If you change the original in any way, clearly indicate the alteration according to principles outlined on the next few pages.

- 11 - - 11 -

5.2.1 The Embedded Style and Methods of Introduction If a prose quotation runs no more than four typed lines and requires no special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into your text.

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (35).

Remember, though, that you need not always reproduce complete sentences. Sometimes you may want to quote just a word or phrase as part of your sentence. At any rate if a quotation ending a sentence requires a parenthetical reference, place the sentence period after the reference.

For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both "the best of times" and "the worst of times" (35).

You may place a quotation at the beginning, middle, or end of your sentence or, for the sake of variety or better style, divide it by your own words.

"He was obeyed," writes Conrad of the company manager in Heart of Darkness, "yet he inspired neither love nor fear, nor even respect" (87).

Introductions to quotations should be varied and tailored to indicate accurately the content and context of the source. As well, the introduction to a direct quotation should provide a smooth transition between your writing and the quotation. In the following two examples notice how the writer's choice of introductory verb colours one's perception of the quotation:

George Orwell, the English political activist, complains that "Dickens' criticism of society is almost exclusively moral" (Orwell 51). (The introductory word complains and the characterization of Orwell's career as political suggest that Orwell condemns Dickens’s neglect of political analyses and solutions.) George Orwell, the English essayist and novelist, explains that "Dickens criticism of society is almost exclusively moral" (Orwell 51). (The introductory word explains and the characterization of Orwell's career as literary suggest that Orwell analyzes Dickens' attitude toward society with the empathy of a writer rather than as a critic of his politics.)

Inexperienced writers tend to use such phrases "as seen in the following quotation" by way of introducing embedded quotations; obviously the appearance of the first quotation mark makes this phrase unnecessary. The verb "said" also tends to be overused, especially when one considers the variety of other methods of introduction:

- 12 - - 12 -

Jean-Jacques Rousseau admits, "I felt before I thought" (19). "I felt before I thought," Rousseau explains (19). "It is not alone by the rapidity, or extent of the conquest," Edward Gibbon observes, "that we should estimate the greatness of Rome" (25). Gibbon concludes that "it is not by the rapidity, or extent of the conquest, that we should estimate the greatness of Rome" (25). In his history of the Civil War, Bruce Catton describes Colonel Solomon J. Meredith as "a breezy giant of man" (225). According to Catton, Colonel Solomon J. Meredith was "a breezy giant of a man" (225). Theodore Roosevelt is the president who advised that leaders "speak softly and carry a big stick." (When considered as a well-known saying, this quotation does not require a parenthetical reference.)

In fact, as the following list shows, there are dozens of verbs suitable for introducing embedded quotations; those indicated in bold type are the most neutral and the most frequently used.

acknowledges acquiesces adds addresses admits advises advocates affirms agrees alleges announces answers argues articulates asks assents asserts assures attests avows begs boasts brags

calls charges chides claims commands comments complains concedes concludes concurs confesses confides contends contests continues contradicts counsels counters debates decides declares decrees demands

denies denounces describes dictates directs discloses divulges elaborates enjoins entreats enunciates equivocates exclaims exhorts explains grants holds hesitates hints imparts implores indicates infers

informs inquires insinuates insists interjects interrogates intimates laments lectures lies maintains mentions narrates notes objects observes orders petitions pleads points out preaches proclaims pronounces

proposes protests proves queries questions quibbles quips quotes rants reads reasons rebuts recites recognizes recounts refutes regrets reiterates rejoins relates remarks reminds remonstrates

repeats replies reports reprimands requests responds reveals rules states stipulates suggests supplicates supposes swears talks testifies thinks tells translates urges utters vows warns

- 13 - - 13 -

5.2.2 The Set-Off Style If a quotation runs to more than four typed lines, set if off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting ten spaces from the left margin, and typing it single-spaced, without adding quotation marks. A colon generally introduces a quotation displayed in this way, though sometimes the context may require a different punctuation mark or none at all. If you are quoting only a single paragraph, or part of one, do not indent the first line more than the rest. When adding a parenthetical reference to a prose quotation set off from the text, skip two spaces after the quotation and give the reference.

At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize

the horror of their actions:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. And in the middle of them, with filthy body, matted hair, and unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence . . . . (Golding 186)

In quoting two or more paragraphs, indent the first line of each paragraph an additional three spaces. If, however, the first sentence quoted does not begin a paragraph in the source, do not indent it the additional three spaces. Indent only the first lines of the successive paragraphs.

5.3 Direct Quotation of Poetry If you quote a single line of verse or part of a line, put it in quotation marks within your text. You may also incorporate two or three lines in this way, using a slash with a space on each side ( / ) to separate them. (In the following examples, note that verse plays are cited by division and line rather than by page numbers; Julius Caesar 5.5.74, for instance, refers to act 5, scene 5, line 74 of the play.)

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Antony says of Brutus: "This was the noblest Roman of them all" (5.5.74). "Friends, Romans, countrymen," begins Antony's famous speech, "lend me your ears; / I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him" (3.2.80-81).

- 14 - - 14 -

Verse quotations of more than three lines should begin on a new line. Unless the quotation involves unusual spacing, indent each line ten spaces from the left margin and single-space between lines, adding no quotation marks that do not appear in the original.

Elizabeth Bishop's "In The Waiting Room" is rich in evocative detail: It was winter. It got dark early. The waiting room was full of grown-up people, arctics and overcoats, lamps and magazines. (6-10)

If the lines quoted are so long that a ten-space indentation would make the page look unbalanced, you may indent fewer than ten spaces from the margin. If the spatial arrangement of the original, including indentation and spacing within and between lines, is unusual (as in the poems of E. E. Cummings) reproduce it as accurately as possible. A quotation that begins in the middle of the line of verse should be reproduced in that way and not shifted to the indented left margin.

Jaques in As You Like It is given the speech that many think contains a

glimpse of Shakespeare's conception of drama:

All the world's a stage And all the men and women mere players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. (2.7.147-51)

Jaques then proceeds to enumerate and analyze these ages.

5.4 Use of Ellipsis to Indicate Omissions When you wish to omit a word, phrase, sentence, or paragraph from a quoted passage, you must use ellipsis points, or spaced periods, to indicate your quotation does not completely reproduce the original. For an ellipsis within a sentence, use three periods with a space before and after each one ( . . . ).

- 15 - - 15 -

The following examples illustrate the various uses of ellipsis.

Original Text Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers. (From Barbara W. Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century, 1978; New York: Ballantine, 1979, 101-2.)

Quoted with ellipsis in the middle

In seeking causes for plagues in the Middle Ages, as Barbara W. Tuchman writes, "Medical thinking . . . stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carriers" (101-2).

Quoted with ellipsis at the end

In seeking causes for plagues in the Middle Ages, as Barbara W. Tuchman writes, "Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease . . ." (101-2).

Four periods can also indicate the omission of a whole sentence or more, or even of a paragraph or more. Remember, however, that grammatically complete sentences must both precede and follow the four periods. The omission of words and phrases from quotations of poetry follows the same rules as those for prose, with one exception: when omitting a line or more use a row of spaced periods to replace what has been left out. This line of spaced periods should be about the same the length as that of a complete line in the poem.

5.5 Use of Square Brackets to Indicate Alterations Occasionally, you may decide that a quotation will be unclear or confusing to your reader unless you provide supplementary information. Such additions are accomplished by putting them in square brackets within the quotation or by explaining them in parentheses after the quotations, as in the following examples.

The title of the student's paper was "My Interpretation of 'Imitations of Immorality' [sic]." (the word sic is inserted that the error in the title appeared in the original student's paper; the actual title is "Intimations of Immortality".) Why, she would hang on him [Hamlet's father] As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on. . . . (In this quotation from Hamlet, the pronoun "him" is clarified through the use of square brackets.) Lincoln specifically advocated a government "for the people" [emphasis added.] (the italicizing of "for" might be confusing without the inclusion of the "emphasis added" comment within square brackets.)

- 16 - - 16 -

6. Documenting Sources: Use of Parenthetical References The list of works cited at the end of your paper plays an important role in your acknowledgement of sources, but it does not in itself provide sufficient documentation. You must indicate exactly what you have derived from each source and exactly where in that work you found the material. The most practical way to supply this information is to insert brief parenthetical acknowledgements in your paper wherever you incorporate another's words, facts, or ideas. Usually the author's last name and a page reference are enough to identify the source and the specific location from which you have borrowed material.

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

The parenthetical reference indicates that the information on the monochord comes from page 197 of the book by Marcuse included in the alphabetically arranged list of works cited that follows the text. Keep parenthetical references as brief as clarity and accuracy permit. If you are citing an entire work, for example, rather than a specific part of it, the author's name in the text may be the only documentation required. If you include an author's name in your sentence, you need not repeat it in the parenthetical page citation that follows. Study the examples listed below to familiarize yourself with the conventions of parenthetical references.

Citing An Entire Work

But Dan W. Brock has offered another view. (no parenthetical reference needed because you're referring to the whole work and there is only one work by Dan W. Brock in your list of works cited) Seller's Ethnic Theatre in the United States includes many examples of this influence. (Even if Seller has two works in your Works Cited, naming the title in your text is specific enough that no parenthetical reference is needed.) Kurosawa's Rashomon was one of the first Japanese films to attract a Western audience. (Kurosawa made only one film entitled Rashomon, and you're referring to the entire work so no parenthetical reference is needed.) Edens et al have a useful collection of essays on teaching Shakespeare. (Edens plus three or more other authors have one book in your list of works cited, and you're referring to the whole thing.)

- 17 - - 17 -

Citing Part Of A Book Or Article

Daiches is useful on the Restoration (538-89), as he is on other periods. (There is only one book by Daiches in your list of works cited, and you're referring to one section of that book.) Kenneth Clark raises some interesting questions concerning artistic "masterpieces" (1-5, 12-13). (Here you're referring to two separate sections of the single Clark book on your list.) Another particularly appealing passage is the opening of Garcia Marquez' story "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" (105). (Refers to the opening page of just one story; remember that titles of short stories are never italicized.) As Katharina M. Wilson has written, "Intended or not, the echoes of Tertullian's exhortations in the Utopia provide yet another level of ambiguity to More's ironic commentary on social and moral conditions both in sixteenth-century Europe and in Nowhere-Land" (73). (Author is identified, followed by direct quotation and page number. Note the punctuation that ends the sentence.) A 1983 report found "a decline in the academic quality of students choosing teaching as a career" (Hook 10). (Even if Hook had two articles listed in your works cited, the 1983 date would be clear enough to avoid your including the title in your text.)

Citing Multi- Volume Works

Daiches is as useful on the Restoration (2: 538-89) as he is on Anglo-Saxon literature (1: 3-30). (The convention is to list volume number, then a colon, a space, and the page numbers.) Interest in Afro-American literature in the 1960s and 1970s inevitably led to "a significant reassessment of the aesthetic and humanistic achievements of black writers" (Inge, Duke, and Bryer 1: v). (This is a reference to a book or article by three authors - to page "v" [in the preface?] of volume 1).

- 18 - - 18 -

Citing A Work Listed By Title

The nine grades of mandarins were "distinguished by the colour of the button on the hats of office" ("Mandarin"). (Encyclopaedia articles are usually anonymous and if less than a page in length, require only the first word of the title in parenthetical reference. In your list of works cited, the article "Mandarin" would be alphabetized within your authors whose last names begin with "M".) According to the Handbook of Korea, much Korean sculpture is associated with Buddhism (241-247). (Because there is no specific author listed on the publisher's page of this book, it must appear by title both in reference and in your list of works cited.) Computerworld devoted a thoughtful editorial to the issue of government and technology ("An Uneasy Silence"), and one hopes that such public discussion will continue in the future. (Computerworld did not list the author of this editorial, which was less than a page in length. In your list of works cited, its entry would be: "An Uneasy Silence." Editorial. Computerworld 28 Mar. 1983: 54.)

Citing A Work By A Corporate Author

In 1963 the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa predicted that Africa would evolve into an industrially advanced economy within fifty years (79-86). (Because corporate authors tend to have "long names" which are not easily shortened for parenthetic reference, it is usually preferable to list such authors in the text of your work.)

Citing Two Or More Works By The Same Author

To cite one of two or more works by the same author(s), put a comma after the last name(s) of the author(s) and add the title of the work (if brief), or a shortened version, and the relevant page reference. Borroff finds Stevens "dominated by two powerful and contending temperamental strains" (Wallace Stevens 2). (Because the author is identified in the text, his name need not appear in the parenthetical reference.) The Gawain Poet has been called a "master of juxtaposition" (Borroff, Sir Gawain viii) and has been praised for other poetic achievements. (Here the full complement of author, title, and page number is needed because you have two works by the same author in your list of works cited.)

- 19 - - 19 -

Citing Indirect Sources

Whenever possible you should take material from the original source, not a second-hand one. If you must quote or paraphrase a quotation from another book, put the abbreviation qtd. in ("quoted in") before the indirect source you cite in your parenthetical reference. Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an "extraordinary man" (qtd. in Boswell 2: 450). The remarks of Bernard Segni and Lionardo Salviati demonstrate that they were not faithful disciples of Aristotle (qtd. in Weinberg 1: 616-17).

Citing Literary Works

In citing classic verse plays and poems, omit page numbers altogether and cite by division(s) (e.g., act, scene, canto, book, part, and line(s) with periods separating the various numbers. For example, Iliad 9.19 refers to book 9, line 19, of Homer's Iliad. Chaucer urges one of his "litel boks" to kiss "the steppes, where as thow seest pace / Virgile, Ovide, Omer, Lucan, and Stace" (Troilus 5.1791-92), using a figure much imitated by later English poets. (This acknowledgement refers to Chaucer's long poem Troilus and Cressida, book 5, lines 1791-92.)

Citing More Than One Work In A Single Reference

If you wish to include two or more works in a single parenthetical reference, cite each work as you normally would in a reference, but use semi-colons to separate the citations. (Frye 42; Bree 101-33) (National Committee 25-35; Brody C5) (Potter et al., vol. 1; Boyle 96-125) (Wellek and Warren; Booth, Critical Understanding 45-52)

- 20 - - 20 -

7. Documenting Sources: Preparing the List of Works Cited The MLA style of documentation demands that you acknowledge your sources by keying citations in the text of your essay to a list of research materials that appears at the end of your paper. The "Works Cited" section of your paper should list all the works that you have cited in your text. You should draft this list in advance, recording the works you plan to mention so that you will know what information to give in parenthetical references as you write. The list of works cited appears at the end of your essay. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. Type the page number in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top, and centre the title Works Cited one inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. For further details of margins and spacing, see the sample Works Cited list on p. 32 of this manual.

7.1 Book Entries An entry in a list of works cited characteristically has three main divisions - author, title, and publication information - each followed by a period and two spaces. Sometimes, however, other facts are required, and a period and two spaces follow each additional item of information.

Porter, Katherine Anne. "Flowering Judas." Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Maynard Mack et al. 5th ed. Vol. 2. New York:

Norton, 1986. 1698-1709. 2 vols. While the above is a very complicated entry, it does illustrate how entry information should be arranged in the following order: 1. Author's name 2. Title of a part of the book 3. Title of the book 4. Name of the editor, translator, or compiler 5. Edition used 6. Number(s) of the volume(s) used

7. Name of the series 8. Place of publication, name of the publisher, and

date of publication 9. Page numbers 10. Supplementary bibliographic information

- 21 - - 21 -

The following sample entries demonstrate these principles of organization.

Book By A Single Author

Fairbanks, Carol. Prairie Women: Images in American and Canadian

Fiction. New Haven: Yale UP, 1986.

The general pattern for book entries is author's name (reversed for alphabetizing); title (including subtitle); and publication information (city, publisher, most recent date).

Le Carre, John [David Cornwell]. The Little Drummer Girl. New York:

Knopf, 1983.

Notice how square brackets may be used to indicate an author's real name.

Anthology Or Compilation

Allen, Robert C., ed. Channels of Discourse: Television and

Contemporary Criticism. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1987.

Nichols, Fred J., ed. and trans. An Anthology of Neo-Latin Poetry.

New Haven: Yale UP, 1979.

The abbreviation for "editor" is placed before the period that ends the author section of the entry.

Two Or More Books By The Same Author

Borroff, Marie. Language and the Past: Verbal Artistry in Frost,

Stevens, and Moore. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1979.

If you have used more than one work by the same author, it is not necessary to retype the author's name with each entry. Three hyphens followed by a period and two spaces indicate repetition of author name.

---, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. New York: Norton, 1967.

Here, Borroff is identified as the translator of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.

---, ed. Wallace Stevens: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood

Cliffs: Prentice, 1963.

Book By Two Or More Persons

Berry, Jason, Jonathan Foose, and Tad Jones. Up from the Cradle of

Jazz: New Orleans Music since World War II. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1986.

For a book with three authors, list the first one reversed for alphabetizing and the rest in standard name order.

Hyde, Margaret O., and Elizabeth Held Forsyth. Suicide: The Hidden

Epidemic. Rev. ed. New York: Watts, 1986.

Notice the placement of "Revised edition" in this entry for a book by two authors.

Edens, Walter, et al., eds. Teaching Shakespeare. Princeton: Princeton

UP, 1977.

If there are more than three authors, list the first one from the title page, followed by a comma, a space, and et al.

- 22 - - 22 -

Book By A Corporate Author

American Library Association. Intellectual Freedom Manual. 2nd

ed. Chicago: ALA, 1983.

When no individual writer is identified, cite the book by the corporate author even if the corporate author is also the publisher.

Anonymous Book

The Times Atlas of the World. Rev. ed. London: Times, 1984.

Title takes the place of author and is listed alphabetically; your parenthetical reference would be (Times Atlas 42).

One Work In An Anthology

Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. Black Theatre: A Twentieth-

Century Collection of the Work of Its Best Playwrights. Ed. Lindsay Patterson. New York: Dodd, 1971. 221-76.

Normally anthology items are poems and short stories, indicated by quotation marks around their titles, but A Raisin In The Sun was originally published as a play, and even in a collection its title should be italicized.

Lazard, Naomi. "In Answer To Your Query." The Norton Book of Light

Verse. Ed. Russell Baker. New York: Norton, 1986. 52-53.

This is a more typical anthology entry.

"A Witchcraft Story." The Hopi Way: Tales from a Vanishing Culture.

Comp. Mando Sevillano. Flagstaff: Northland, 1986. 33-42.

Here an anonymous tribal tale must be listed alphabetically by its title. Note that this anthology was "compiled" rather than edited.

Preface Or Introduction To A Book

Doctorow, E. L. Introduction. Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New

York: Bantam, 1982. v-xi.

This entry covers a quotation from Doctorow's introduction to Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie. Use the same format for quoting from prefaces, forewords, or afterwords.

Multivolume Work

Churchill, Winston S. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. 4

vols. New York: Dodd, 1956-58.

Use this format if you have used two or more volumes of a multivolume work.

Churchill, Winston S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd,

1957. Vol. 3 of A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. 4 vols. 1956-58.

Use this format if you are referring to just one volume of a multivolume work.

Mowry, George E. "The Progressive Party, 1912 and 1924." History

of U.S. Political Parties. Gen. ed. Arthur M. Schlesinger. Vol. 3. New York: Chelsea, 1973. 2541-669. 4 vols.

Use this model when citing a piece in a multivolume work, giving the page numbers after the publication information.

- 23 - - 23 -

Edition Of A Book

Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. N.

Robinson. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton, 1957.

Often when you are using the work of earlier writers [like Chaucer], the edition will indicate which version of the original text is being used. You should, as a matter of course, refer to the edition number when dealing with literary works when revision of original text has been indicated.

Translation Of A Book

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust. Trans. Walter Arndt. New

York: Norton, 1976.

Republished Book

New Jersey: A Guide To Its Past and Present. 1939. Rpt. as The WPA

Guide to 1930s New Jersey. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1986.

Here a 1939 work has been retitled and republished in 1986; begin your entry with the original title and date.

Walker, Alice. The Colour Purple. 1982. New York: Pocket, 1985.

You will often be using paperback reprints of books that originally appeared in hardcover; in such cases the original publication date should be shown.

Entry In A Reference Work

"Azimuthally Equidistant Projection." Webster's New Collegiate

Dictionary. 1983 ed.

Familiar reference books require minimal publication information; alphabetize by title unless the entry is credited to a particular author.

Chiappini, Luciano. "Este, House of." Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Macropaedia. 1974 ed.

Again, a familiar reference work, but this time with a signed article, so alphabetize by author's name.

Trainen, Isaac N., et al. "Religious Directives in Medical Ethics."

Encyclopaedia of Bioethics. Ed. Warren T. Reich. 4 vols. New York: Free, 1978.

Less familiar reference works require complete publication information.

Government Publications

Because government publications emanate from many sources, they present special problems in bibliographic citation. The rules are complex and many. Consult your teacher or Gibaldi and Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 113-15, in the reference section of our library.

Book In A Series

Koloski, Bernard ed. Approaches to Teaching Chopin's The

Awakening. Approaches to Teaching World Literature 16. New York: MLA, 1988.

The series title of a group of books should not be italicized. Note that because double italics are not possible, the novel's title The Awakening has been left non-italicized.

- 24 - - 24 -

Publisher's Imprints

Findlater, Jane, and Mary Findlater. Crossriggs. 1908. Introd. Paul

Binding. New York: Virago-Penguin, 1986.

Publishers often establish imprints to identify groups of books they publish. In citing a book published under an imprint, give the name of the imprint followed by a hyphen and the name of the publisher [Ace-Berkley, Camelot-Avon, Mentor-NAL].

Kozol, Jonathan. Illiterate America. New York: Anchor-Doubleday,

1985.

Book With A Title Within Its Title

Basinger, Jeanine. The It's a Wonderful Life Book. New York:

Knopf, 1986.

Titles that would normally be italicized can't be double italicized when they appear within other titles - It's A Wonderful Life is a film title.

Danzig, Allan, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of "The

Eve of St. Agnes." Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1971.

Titles of works that would normally be in quotation marks retain these when they are italicized as titles within titles; "The Eve of St. Agnes" is a poem.

Unpaged Book Or One Missing Publication Information

If the date can only be approximated, put it after a c., for circa "around" ([c. 1983]). If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the information you are supplying, add a question mark ([1983?]). If you cannot supply particular information, use the following abbreviations and placements: No place: N.p.: U of Gotham P, 1983. No publisher: New York: n.p., 1983. No date: New York: U of Gotham P, n.d. No pagination: New York: U of Gotham P, 1983. N. pag.

Multiple Publishers

Duff, J. Wight. A Literary History of Rome: From the Origins to the

Close of the Golden Age. Ed. A. M. Duff. 3rd ed. 1953. London: Benn; New York: Barnes, 1967.

Here is a venerable text that was first published in London in 1953, then picked up by an American publisher in 1967. Note the semi-colon separating publishers. In such cases you must list both publishers as shown.

7.2 Periodical Entries Periodicals are publications that appear regularly at fixed intervals. They include newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals. Periodical entries follow the same divisions of information detailed for book entries, but when additional information is required, it should appear in the following order: 1. Author's name 2. Title of the article 3. Name of the periodical 4. Series number or name

5. Volume number (scholarly journals) 6. Date of publication 7. Page numbers

- 25 - - 25 -

The following sample entries demonstrate these principles of organization:

Newspaper Article (Signed)

Fuerbringer, Jonathan. "Budgetary Rhythms." New York Times 20 Mar.

1987, late ed.: A8.

Give the newspaper name as it appears on the masthead, but omit any introductory articles - not The New York Times.

Greeley, Andrew. "Today's Morality Play: The Sitcom." Star-Ledger

[Newark, NJ] 17 May 1987, late ed.: 3A.

If the city is not included in the name of a locally published newspaper, add it in square brackets after the name.

Newspaper Article (Unsigned)

"Future Is A) Dim or B) Bright (Pick One)." USA Today 2 June 1983: 37.

Alphabetize unsigned articles by the first word in the title. Newspapers that are nationally published do not require the addition of city after the title. A parenthetical reference to this article might be ("Future").

Magazine Article

Walsh, John. "U.S.-Japan Study Aim Is Education Reform." Science 16

Jan. 1987: 274-75.

In citing a magazine published every week or every two weeks, give the complete date (beginning with the day and abbreviating the month). Omit the volume and issue numbers even if they are listed.

Lamb, Douglas H., and Glenn D. Reeder. "Reliving Golden Days."

Psychology Today June 1986: 22.

For monthly and bi-monthly magazines, give the month(s) and year. Omit the volume and issue numbers.

Article In A Scholarly Journal

Brock, Dan W. "The Value of Prolonging Human Life."

Philosophical Studies 50 (1986): 401-26.

For journals that are continuously paged within a year, you may omit the issue number and month. The volume number, year, and pages provide all the information that is needed.

Baum, Rosalie Murphy. "Alcoholism and Family Abuse in Maggie and The

Bluest Eye." Mosaic 19.3 (1986): 91-105.

For journals that begin each issue with page 1, you must include the issue number to identify the source. In the sample at left, "19.3" indicates volume 19, issue 3.

Bowering, George. "Baseball and the Canadian Imagination." Canadian

Literature 108 (1986): 115-24.

In citing a journal that uses only issue numbers, treat the issue number as you would a volume number.

- 26 - - 26 -

An Editorial Evans, Harold. "Free Speech and Free Air." Editorial. U.S. News and

World Report 11 May 1987: 82.

If the editorial you are using is unsigned, begin with the title and continue as for the entry on the left.

Anonymous Article

"Drunkproofing Automobiles." Time 6 Apr. 1987: 37.

If no author can be identified, begin the entry with the title and alphabetize by title.

Letter To The Editor

Levin, Harry. Letter. Partisan Review 47 (1980): 320.

If you were citing a letter that replied to the one on the left, you would note, "Reply to letter of Harry Levin."

A Review Anderson, Jack. Rev. of Don Quixote. American Ballet Theatre.

Metropolitan Opera House, New York. New York Times 30 May 1987, late ed.: 13.

This entry cites Jack Anderson's review of Don Quixote, performed by the American Ballet Theatre at the "Met". The date of the newspaper also serves to date the performance.

Hall, Lucia K. B. Rev. of God and the New Physics, by Paul Davies. Humanist

Nov.-Dec. 1986: 39.

Use this format to cite book reviews.

"The Cooling of an Admiration." Rev. of Pound/Joyce: The Letters of Ezra

Pound to James Joyce, ed. Forrest Read. Times Literary Supplement 6 Mar. 1969: 239-40.

Use this format when citing an unsigned book or performance review.

7.3 Citations of Electronic Sources from the Internet The Internet is a rich resource for research, but the same rules of acknowledging sources to avoid plagiarism apply to materials accessed by computer, even including one's own E-mail. A further caution: much material posted on the Internet is self-published and may not have received peer or editorial board scrutiny that is routine for professional publications. The information you are accessing may be out-of-date or merely erroneous. Whatever the format through which electronic information is accessed, use the following order to present your citation: 1. Author's last name, author's first name. 2. "Title of document." 3. Title of Complete work (if applicable). 4. Version or File Number (if applicable).

5. Document date or date of last revision (if different from access date). 6. Protocol and address, access path, or directories (date of access).

- 27 - - 27 -

Document within an information database

Dove, Rita. “Lady Freedom Among Us.” The Electronic Text Center. Ed. David Seaman. 1998. Alderman Lib., U of Virginia. 19 June 1998 http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html

“Buddhism.” Collier’s Online. Vers.97.2.2.2006. Collier’s Encyclopaedia. 15 Feb. 2008 http://www.ce.com:462.

Be sure to give the URL of the specific work or document rather than that of the overall database if they are different.

Part of an online book

Barsky, Robert F. Introduction. Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. By Barsky. Cambridge: MIT P, 1997. 8 May 1998 http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/chomsky/intro.html

Place the title or name of the part between the author’s name and the title of the book. Standard parts of the book (e.g. introduction) do not require quotation marks; the title of an article, however, would.

Article in an online scholarly journal or newspaper

Sohmer, Steve. “12 June 1599: Opening Day at Shakespeare’s Globe.” Early Modern Literary Studies. 3.1 (1997): 46 pars. 26 June 1998 http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/emls.html

Here the usual order is author’s name (if given); title of the work or its untitled material (e.g. review, letter); name of the periodical (italicized); volume number, issue number, date of publication; the number range or total number of pages, paragraphs or other section, if they are numbered; date of access and network address.

An online government publication

United States. Dept. of Justice. Natl. Inst. Of Justice. Prosecuting Gangs: A National Assessment. By Claire Johnson, Barbara Webster, and Edward Connors. Feb. 1995. 29 June 1998 <http://www.ncjrs.org/pgang.txt>

For government publications, you should generally begin with the name of the issuing agency. See Gibaldi MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers for more detailed guidelines on documenting government publications.

E-Mail, Listserv, discussion forum posting, newsgroup message

Thomson, Barry. "Virtual Reality." Personal e-mail (25 Jan. 2005).

Holland, Norman. “Re: Colorless Green Ideas.” Online posting. 30 June 2008. Psyart. 1 June 2008 <http://web.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/psyart.html>

Rosemary. “Backcountry Skiing Questions.” Online posting. 20 May 2008. Skiing Forum. 2 June 2008. http://www2.gorp.com/forums/Index.sfm?SFApp=57&Message_ID=1968

Here is the usual order for online postings: Author’s name, title of posting, in quotation marks, Phrase “online posting.” Date of posting. Name of forum, Date of access, URL, in angle brackets.

- 28 - - 28 -

7.

Grey, Mike. “Re: What would Sir Edmund think of Everest Now?” Online posting. 20 June 2008. 27 June 2008 <new:rec.climbing>.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites

Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual Communities." Apr. 1994. Ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/ papers/deviance-chi94.txt (4 Dec. 1994).

To cite files available for downloading via ftp, give the author's name (if known), the full title of the paper in quotation marks, the document date if known and if different from the date accessed, and the address of the ftp site along with the full path to follow to find the paper, and the date of access.

Synchronous Communications (MOOs, MUDs, IRC, etc.)

Fine_Guest. Personal interview. telnet://world.sensemedia .net 1234 (12 Dec.1994).

WorldMOO Christmas Party. telnet world.sensemedia.net 1234 (24 Dec. 1994).

Give the name of the speaker(s) and type of communication (i.e., Personal Interview), the address if applicable and the date in parentheses.

Weblog Postings

MLA does not yet have any official rules for citing blog entries or comments. But as the technology becomes more widely used for academic discussions, you may find yourself referencing blogs more often. If you are drawing on a blog as a source, make sure that you consider the credibility of the weblog site and/or the author of the posting or comment. Also, check with your teacher to see what his or her stance is on incorporating evidence from blog entries. If you decide to use blogs, we suggest the following for how you would cite the blog entries and comments, depending on the author or sponsor of the weblog: Lawrence, Peter. “Acne: New Treatment Options.” Weblog entry. The Official Google Blog. 19 April 2008. Google, Inc. 23 April 2008 http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008_04_19_googleblog_archive.html.

7.4 Sample Entries: Other Sources

Computer Software

Rosenberg, Victor, et al. Pro-Cite. Vers. 1.3. Computer software.

Personal Bibliographic Software, 1987. IBM PC-DOS 2.0, 256 KB, disk.

Soldan, Theodore J., and James D. Spain. Population Growth.

Computer software. Conduit, 1984.

An entry for a commercially produced software program should contain the following information: the writer of the program; the title, italicized; the version of the program, preceded by vers.; the descriptive label Computer software; the distributor; and the year of publication. Put a period after each item except the distributor, which is followed by a comma. You may add optional information (as shown in the first sample), but separate these items with commas and conclude the entry with a period.

- 29 - - 29 -

Television And Radio Programs

"Agnes, the Indomitable de Mille." Narr. Agnes de Mille. Prod. Judy

Kinberg. Dir Merrill Brockway. Dance In America. Exec prod. Jack Venza. Great Performances. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 8 May 1987.

This very complete entry at the left demonstrates the information order for television and radio programs: the title of the program, italicized; the network (PBS); the local station on which you saw or heard the program and the city; and the broadcast date. Where appropriate, the title of the episode, in quotation marks, should precede the title of the program, and the title of the series should appear after the program. Other information (such as director, narrator, producer) may be included as shown in the first sample at left.

The First Americans. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. and prod. Craig Fisher.

NBC News Special. KNBC, Los Angeles. 21 Mar. 1968.

Records, Cassettes, and CD's

Beethoven, Ludwig van. Symphony no. 5 in C and Symphony no. 6 in F.

Cond. Vladimir Ashkenazy. Philharmonia Orch. London, LDR-72015, 1982.

Record titles should be italicized, but not titles of musical compositions identified only by form, number, and key.

Berlioz, Hector. Symphonie fantastique, op. 14. Cond. Herbert

von Karajan. Berlin Philharmonic. Deutsche Grammophon, 2530 597, 1975.

Here the record title rule applies; in fact, it is really only in classical music where you will find titles that are neither italicized nor placed in quotation marks.

Joel, Billy. The Stranger. Audiotape. Prod. Phil Ramone. CBS, WPCT-

34987, 1977.

A standard entry for a popular music cassette tape - if you were referring to the entire album. Any non-phonographic medium should be identified after the title as shown.

Stipe, Michael, lyrics. "Losing My Religion." Out of Time. Compact

disk. Prod. Scott Litt and R.E.M. R.E.M. Warner, CD 26496, 1991.

If you were discussing Michael Stipe's strange lyrics on one particular song from the Out of Time CD, this is the format you would use.

Frost, Robert. "The Road Not Taken." Robert Frost Reads His

Poetry. Caedmon, TC 1060, 1956.

Treat a recording of the spoken word as you would a musical recording, beginning with the writer or speaker.

- 30 - - 30 -

Films What Makes Rabbit Run? Dir. David Chesire and R. Eaton. Centre

Productions, 1985.

A film citation usually begins with the title, italicized, and includes the director, the distributor, and the year.

It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. With James Stewart, Donna

Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.

You may include other data that seems pertinent: information such as the writer, performers, and producer would follow the title as shown.

Coppola, Francis Ford, dir. Apocalypse Now. Zoetrope, 1979.

If your focus is on a particular director, begin your entry with the director's name. (A similar method would be used if you were writing a study of a specific actor's films.)

DVDs, Videotapes, and Slides,

Alzheimer's Disease. Videocassette. Prod. Hospital Satellite Network.

American Journal of Nursing, 1985. 28 min.

Follow the same format for videotapes as you would for films. You may add information as to format and length after the year.

Alcohol Use and Its Medical Consequences. Slide program. Dev.

Project Cork, Dartmouth Medical School. Milner-Fenwick, 1982.

46 slides.

In citing a filmstrip, slide program, or videotape, include the medium immediately after the title.

Perform- ances

Cats. By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Dir. Trevor Nunn. New London Theatre,

London. 11 May 1981. Based on T.S. Eliot's Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats.

An entry for a performance (play, opera, ballet, concert) usually begins with the title, contains information similar to that for a film, and concludes with the theatre and city, separated by a comma and followed by a period, and the date of the performance.

Hamlet. By William Shakespeare. Dir. John Gielgud. With Richard

Burton. Shubert Theatre, Boston. 4 Mar, 1964.

Clapton, Eric, lead guitar. Concert with Cream. Pacific Coliseum,

Vancouver. 4 May, 1969.

If you are citing the contribution of a particular individual, begin the entry with that person's name.

- 31 - - 31 -

Works of Art

Bernini, Gianlorenzo. Ecstasy of St. Teresa. Santa Maria della Vittoria,

Rome.

In citing a work of art, state the artist's name first. In general, italicize the title of a painting or sculpture. Name the institution housing the work (e.g., a museum), followed by a comma and the city.

Rembrandt van Rijn. Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer.

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Houdon, Jean-Antoine. Statue of Voltaire. Comedie Francaise, Paris.

Illus. 51 in Literature through Art: A New Approach to French Literature. By Helmut A. Hatzfeld. New York: Oxford UP, 1952.

If you use a photograph of the work, indicate not only the institution and city but also the complete publication information for the work in which the photograph appears.

Interviews Collins, William. Personal interview. 14 Apr. 2008.

Use this format if you conducted the interview yourself.

Lansbury, Angela. Interview. Off-Camera: Conversations with the

Makers of Prime-Time Television. By Richard Levinson and William Link. New York: Plume-NAL, 1986. 72-86.

The citation form for interviews depends on whether they were (1) published or recorded, (2) broadcast on radio or television, or (3) conducted by the researcher. The sample at left illustrates entry format for a published interview. For other formats see your teacher or consult Gibaldi and Achtert (151).

Maps and Charts

Canada. Map. Chicago: Rand, 1987. In general, treat a map or chart like an anonymous book, but add the appropriate descriptive label (Map, Chart).

Grammar and Punctuation. Chart. Grand Haven: School Zone, 1980.

Cartoons Booth, George. Cartoon. New Yorker 13 Apr. 2001: 25.

To cite a cartoon, state the cartoonist's name, the title of the cartoon (if any) in quotation marks, and the descriptive label Cartoon. Conclude with the usual publishing information.

Trudeau, Garry. "Doonesbury." Cartoon. Star-Ledger [Newark, NJ]

27 May 1987: 25.

- 32 - - 32 -

8. Notes as Endnotes Two kinds of notes may be used with parenthetical documentation: content notes offering the reader comment, explanation, or information that the text cannot accommodate; and bibliographic notes containing either several sources or evaluative comments on sources. At the high school level only content notes need concern us here. In providing this sort of supplementary information, place a superscript arabic numeral at the appropriate place in the text and write the note after a matching numeral in the Notes section that concludes your paper. The convention of placing notes as footnotes at the bottom of each text page has generally been superseded by endnotes in modern scholarship. Avoid essay-like notes, which divert the reader's attention from the primary text. In general, if you cannot fit comments into the text, omit them unless they are essential to justify or clarify what you have written. Two sample notes follow; notice how the conventions of indentation are the reverse of those for your Works Cited list.

1 The authorship of these lines has long been disputed, and difference of opinion remains though modern critics tend to accept them, as did Aristotle. Bernard Knox explains the scene as a solitary moment of self-discovery for Antigone: "She can at last identify the driving force behind her action, the private, irrational imperative . . . . It is her fanatical devotion to one particular family, her own, the doomed, incestuous, accursed house of Oedipus" (Knox 33). 2 For contrasting points of view, see National Committee, Brody C5, and Potter and Rawlins.

The above would appear in your Notes section double-spaced throughout. Considering the first endnote, one wonders whether this information might have appeared summarized in the text itself. The second note is an example of a further bibliographical reference. Notice that parenthetical references are still used within endnotes and cross-keyed to entries in your list of Works Cited.

9. Sample Pages p. 33 Title Page p. 34 Page of Text with MLA-style Parenthetical References p. 35 First Page of Works Cited List

--

9.1 Title Page If your teacher requests a title page, follow this format.

(5

Euthanasia:

(quadru

Beth

Profes

Englis

College

19 M

Title page for a research paper (optional) (1

| | | | | | | | | | |

inches) | | | | | | | |

Mercy or Murder?

ple space)

Ganter

sor Slade

h 1304 7

Composition

ay 2005 | | inch) |

33 - 33 -

|

- 34 - - 34 -

9.2 Text Page (1)

If no title page is required, follow this model that provides all necessary information at the outset of your paper. If you have provided at title page, begin the body of your essay one inch down from the top of the page omitting the titling information.

8½”

Double-space

11”

½” 1” Jospehson 1

Laura N. Josphepson

Professor Bennett

Humanities 2710

8 May 2006

Ellington’s Adventures in Music and Geography

In studying the influence of Latin American, African, and

Asian music on modern American composers, music historians tend to

discuss such figures as Aaron Copland, Georges Gershwin, Henry

Cowell, Alan Hovhaness, and John Cage (Brindle; Griffiths 104-39;

Hitchcock 173-98). They usually overlook duke Ellington, whom

Gunther Schuller rightly calls “one of America’s greatest composers”

(318), probably because they are familiar only with Ellington’s

popular pieces, like “Sophisticated Lady,” “Mood Indigo,” and

“Solitude.” Still little known are the many ambitious orchestral

suites Ellington composed, several of which, such as Black, Brown,

and Beige (originally entitled The African Suite). The Liberian

Suite, The Far East Suite, The Latin American Suite, and Afro-

Eurasian Eclipse, explore his impressions of the people, places,

and music of other countries.

Not all music critics, however, have ignored Ellington’s

excursions into longer musical forms. In the 1950s, for example,

while Ellington was still alive, Raymond Horricks compared him with

Ravel, Delius, and Debussy:

The continually enquiring mind of Ellington [. . .]

has sought to extend steadily the imaginative

boundaries of the musical form on which it subsists.

[. . .] Ellington since the mid 1930s has been

engaged upon extending both the imagery and the formal

construction of written jazz. (122-23)

1” Ellington’s earliest attempts to move beyond the three-minute limit 1”

1”

Indent 1”

- 35 - - 35 -

9.3 Works Cited (sample first page)

8½”

11”

½“

Jospehson 15 1”

Works Cited

Brindle, Reginald Smith. “The Search Outwards: The Orient, Jazz,

Archaisms.” The New Music: the Avant-Garde since 1945.

New York: Oxford UP, 1975. 133-45.

Burnett, James. “Ellington’s Place as a Composer.” Gammond 141-55.

Ellington, Duke. Afro-Eurasian Eclipse. 1971. Fantasy, 1991.

---. Black, Brown, and Beige. 1945. RCA Bluebird, 1988.

---. The Far East Suite. LP. RCA, 1965.

---. The Latin American Suite. 1969. Fantasy. 1990.

---. The Liberian Suite. LP. Philips, 1947.

---. Music Is My Mistress. 1973. New York: Da Capo, 1976.

Gammond, Peter, ed. Duke Ellington: His Life and Music. 1958.

New York: Da Capo, 1977.

Griffiths, Paul. A Concise History of Avant-Garde Music: From

Debussy to Boulez. New York: Oxford UP, 1978.

Hasse, John Edward. Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke

Ellington. Fwd. Wynton Marsalis. New York: Simon, 1993.

Hitchcock, H. Wiley. Music in the United States: An Introduction.

2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice, 1974.

Horricks, Raymond. “The Orchestral Suites.” Gammond 122-31.

Rattenbury, Ken. Duke Ellington, Jazz Composer. New Haven: Yale

UP, 1990.

Schuller, Gunther. Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development.

New York: Oxford UP, 1968.

Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans: A History. 2nd ed.

New York: Orton, 1983.

Tucker, Mark. Ed. The Duke Ellington Reader. New York: Oxford UP,

1993.

1” ---. Ellington: The Early Years. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1991. 1”

1”

Indent ½”

Double-space

- 36 - - 36 -

Presenting Papers in the APA Style

Commonly used within the behavioural and social sciences, the APA style, often termed the author-date system, follows the conventions of the American Psychological Association. While the principles of page presentation, use of parenthetical references, and development of a Works Cited list, (titled as References) are similar to those detailed in the previous MLA-style pages, there are significant differences:

• Parenthetical references include the author’s last name, a comma, the work’s year of publication, another comma, and the page reference preceded by the abbreviation p. or pp.

• Within the Reference list, only the initials of the first and middle names are given; the

year of publication, in parentheses, follows the author’s name.

• When referring to any work that is not a journal within the References list, such as a book, article, or web page, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns; however, capitalize all major words in journal titles. The names of some publishers, such as university presses and associations, are spelled out; all lines after the first line of the entry should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.

• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline,

or put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

10. APA Presentation Requirements

10.1 Routine Assignments For routine assignments of less than 800 words, follow the MLA presentation requirements found on p. 2 of this handbook. For further reference, see the APA sample pages that follow.

10.2 Term Papers and Research Projects Major papers should be word-processed. Use a standard font, left justified only, and do not print on both sides of the page. Be sure to keep a copy of the submitted paper. Use only white 8.5 x 11" paper and make sure that the print is clean and dark.

- 37 - - 37 -

Except for page numbers, leave one-inch margins at the top and bottom and both sides of the text. Indent the first word of a paragraph one tab from the left margin. Indent set-off quotations two tabs from the left margin. Research papers must be double-spaced throughout, including the block quotations and list of works cited.

Most teachers prefer title pages for major papers. It should include the title of the paper, the student's name, the course and section, the instructor's name, and the date. Please see the sample title page on page 46 of the handbook for correct spacing and formatting. Number all pages consecutively throughout the manuscript in the upper-right corner, one-half inch from the top. Type your last name before the page number as a precaution in case of misplaced pages. (The usual APA format replaces the student’s name with a running header five spaces before each page number; this header is usually the first two or three words of the paper’s title. Your teacher will advise you whether the page number header should be in the last-name or title format.) Do not use the abbreviation p. before a page number or add a period, hyphen, or any other mark or symbol. Begin the text of each page one inch from the top. Proofread and correct your research paper carefully before submitting it. If you must make brief corrections, type them or write them neatly in ink directly above the lines involved, using carets (∧) to indicate where they go. Do not use the margins or write below a line. Binding of submitted papers should be limited to a paperclip or staple in the upper left corner. Plastic folders or duo-tangs should not be used; such devices create a nuisance for your instructors by making it impossible to write in the left margin. The list of references appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10, the References will begin on page 11. Centre the title References one inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with left margin, and if it runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines five spaces from the left margin. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. See the sample References page at the end of the handbook for an example of conventions and appearance. If your paper requires the use of numbered notes, treat these as footnotes or endnotes that appear after the References list. Conventions of content and appearance are explained on page 32 of this handbook.

11. Titles Replaced by Author-Date The APA style emphasizes author-date references within the body of your essay – titles are rarely used. If you feel you must use a title for clarity, see the MLA conventions on pp. 7-8 for guidance as to which titles require italics and which require quotation marks. Remember that in the APA style you capitalize only the first word of titles or books and articles and the first word after a colon.

12. Parenthetical References

- 38 - - 38 -

Place citations within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources. Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources. Two or more authors

When a book has a single author or two authors, cite their names and the date of publication whenever you refer to their work in the text. (Exception: within a given paragraph, do not include the date after the original citation unless you are citing other publications elsewhere in your paper by the same author(s).) Join two co-authors in the text with the word “and”, but within parentheses use an ampersand (&). Sample paragraph follows on p. 39.

Three to five authors

When citing co-author groups of three to five authors, cite all names and the date in the initial citation, but only the first author followed by et al. and the date in subsequent citations.

No author If a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the title (omitting a beginning article), and capitalize each word of your shortened version. Place the short title in quotation marks if it is an article or chapter, or italicize it if it is a book or periodical. Substitute the short title for the name of the author. An article: (“Learned Helplessness,” 1985). The full title appears alphabetically in the reference list (without quotation marks) in the author position.

Multiple references

(Patel, 2006; see also Jones, 2007, Thomas, 2005).

Alphabetize multiple references within parentheses and separate author groups with a semicolon. You may separate a major reference from others by inserting “see also” before remaining references, which appear alphabetically.

Selecting one author from several

A large number of studies have shown that variations in brain waves are common (e.g. Smith, 2005; Hughes, 2004; Edison, 2001).

When selecting one or more authors to represent the work or findings of a large group of authors, inform the reader by including e.g. within the citation.

Citing secondary sources

(Wong, 2005, cited in Palmer, 2007)

OR

Wong (2005) formulated a theory about deviant behaviour (cited in Palmer, 2007).

Indicate in the text when you are citing from a secondary source in one of the following ways: place both authors in the same citation at the end of the sentence OR cite them separately within the sentence.

More than one article by the same author

(Wilmer, 2007a, 2007b)

When citing more than one article published by an author in the same year, repeat the year, but add a suffix to represent each article. Suffixes are assigned according to the alphabetical order of the first major word in each title and also appear in the reference list, where the author’s name is repeated for each article.

E-mail, chat groups, Facebook, blogs

These informal messages are cited as personal communications within your paper. Cite the source in parentheses, using the communicator’s full name and the date of the message: (Wiley Coyote, personal communication, April 30, 2008). While APA advises that personal communications be omitted from References, scholarly messages might provide a strong exception. See “Sample Entries of Electronic Citation.”

- 39 - - 39 -

The full range of parenthetical references is illustrated in the sample paragraphs on the next page. As well, more help is provided in the right-hand column in the References section that follows.

12.1 Sample Paragraphs Illustrating Parenthetical References The University of Wisconsin’s Student Writing Centre website provides sample paragraphs to illustrate the widest possible range of APA references; these paragraphs have been densely loaded with fabricated citations. Don’t try this in your own papers!

Children’s ability to understand the concept of health and principles of healthy behavior has

been found to develop in a systematic way (Eiser, Redpath, & Rogers, 1987). Piaget’s theories of

cognitions about children’s’ perceptions of the body and illnesses are widely cited in the literature

(e.g. Bibace & Walsh, 1984; Conover, 1986, in press; Dorn & Ryerson, 1984; Reichenbach, 1988).

The preschool child has cognitively developed to the preoperational stage, which involves both

concrete operations and magical thinking (Eiser et al., 1987). Two-year-olds use symbols to learn

(see discussion in Billingham, 1986), and children as young as 3 are able to engage in concrete

causal thinking (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1989). In addition, the preoperational

child develops beliefs about illness that are based on phenomena in his or her environment (for a

review, see “understanding Early Years, “ 1985). An awareness of concepts such as conation

develops later (S.L. Dykes, 1958/1987; see also A.T. Dykes, 1983); however, Piaget (1962) insisted

that gaining any conceptual knowledge depends on a child’s level of experience (cited in

Williamson, 1983).

Other theorists have argued that preschoolers may be capable of understanding more than

Piaget has given them credit for (R. D. Donnely, personal communication, November 10, 1990).

*For example, variations of the test Piaget designed have been used to identify specific abilities of

preschoolers (S.L. Dykes, 1958/1987). Results have failed to show that children of this age think

only egocentrically (see Table 2). It has also been hypothesized that in conversations about health,

young children “will consider the understanding of the person to whom they are speaking, e.g., 3-

year-olds vs. adult” (A.T. Dykes, 1983, p.44). This hypotheses was supported by Swift (1985) and

Palmer and Lewis (1987) who found that preschoolers were generally able to (a) to discriminate

between themselves and their environment and (b) to give concrete explanations for healthy

behaviors. *Nonrecoverable data (e.g., personal communication such as E-mail, memos, interview, lecture) are generally cited in text only and are not listed in references.

- 40 - - 40 -

13. The References List Type the word “References” at the top of a new page, centred and one inch down (one-half inch below your page number.) All entries should be double-spaced, and the first line of each entry should be indented five spaces. Sample entries follow.

13.1 Book Entries To Cite an Entire Work 1. Author, A.A. 2. (year). 3. Title of the book. 4. Location: Publisher.

To Cite A Chapter or Article 1. Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. 2. (year) 3. Title of chapter. 4. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), 5. Title of book (pp.xxx-xxx). 6. Location: Publisher.

13.1.1 Sample Entries for Books Basic Book Entry

Lawrence, J. R., & Stone, T.M. (2008). The changing clinical practice. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Book, with edition and editors.

Wong, P.L. & Smith, W.H. (Eds.). (2007) An introduction to organizational behaviour (5th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill.

For a book with just one author and an editor as well, give the author first and list the editor in parentheses after the title, as a translator would be treated.

A multi-volume edited book

Schmidt, J. (Eds.). (2002-2005) Psychology: a study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

In text, use the following parenthetical citation: (Schmidt, 2002-2005).

Encyclopaedia or dictionary

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (2006). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (9th ed., Vols. 1-21). London: Macmillan.

For major reference works with a large editorial board, you may list the name of the lead editor, followed by “et al.”

English translation of a book

La Pierre, P. —S. (2007). Existentialism in twentieth century French literature (F. S. Renoir & T. L. Sage, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1980)

In text, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation: (LaPierre, 1980/2007).

- 41 - - 41 -

13.1.2 Sample Entries for Chapter or Articles Within Books Basic chapter entry

Hart, C.D. (2006). The fuzzy logic model of perception. In J.L. Wong’s Cognition: conceptual issues (pp. 45-63). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

Encyclopaedia entry

Bergmann, P.G. (2006). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol.26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.

If an entry has no author, begin the reference with the entry title and publication date.

Translated article, edited book, republished

Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)

To identify translator, use “Trans.”, and place the translator’s name after the editor’s name. In text, this entry would appear as (Freud, 1923/1961).

13.2 Periodicals, Magazines, and Newspapers Periodicals are publications that appear regularly at fixed intervals. They include newspapers, magazines, and scholarly journals. Periodical entries follow the same divisions of information detailed for book entries, but when additional information is required, it should appear in the following order: 1. Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author C.C. 2. (year). 3. Title of the article

4. Title of periodical, xx. 5. Page numbers (184-194)

Basic Periodical Entry

Scott, D.J and Nicol, H.W. (2008). Responses to anomalous gestures by a language-trained dolphin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 234. 195-205.

Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source

Holt, J., Cooper, N., Nesbit, T., and Hall, P. (2007). Parallel-distributed-processing approaches to reading aloud. Psychological Review, 136. 641-682.

If the article refers to a related study, cite it in the text. The text reference would appear as “Coulter’s study (as cited in Holt, Cooper, Nesbit and Hall, 2007).

- 42 - - 42 -

Newspaper or magazine Article (Unsigned)

Future Is A) Dim or B) Bright (Pick One). (2007, June 12). USA Today B3-4.

Alphabetize unsigned articles by the first word in the title. Newspapers that are nationally published do not require the addition of city after the title. A parenthetical reference to this article might be ("Future").

Newspaper article, discontinuous pages

Schmidt, T. (2008, September 23). Obesity affects social status. The Globe and Mail, pp. L1, L3.

For journals which are continuously paged within a year, you may omit the issue number and month. The volume number, year, and pages provide all the information that is needed.

Magazine Article

Walsh, John. (2007, October 23). U.S.-Japan study aim Is education reform. Science, 262. 274-75.

Give the date shown on the publication - the month for monthlies and day for weeklies

Review of a book or movie

Baumeister, R.F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The Self-Knower: A hero under control]. Contemporary Psychology, 38. 466-467.

For movie review, replace “book” with “movie” and italicize the title of the movie.

13.3 References to Other Media Film, videotape, DVD or audiotape

Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schumacher, R. (Director). (1992). Heaven Can’t Wait [Film]. Orion Productions.

For media other than film, simply indicate the media type in square brackets after the title.

Work of art Bernini, Gianlorenzo. (1652) Ecstasy of St. Theresa. Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome.

Single episode from television series

Restak, R. (1989). Depression and mood (D. Sage, Director). In J. Sameth (Producer), The mind. New York, WNET.

Usually, one places the name of the scriptwriter in the author position and uses this name for the in-text citation as (Restak, R., 1989).

Recording by artist other than writer

Scott, D.J. (2008). No time for good-bye [Recorded by H. Nicol, R. Fresema and C. Stevens]. On The other side of yesterday [CD]. New Haven, CT: Folk Legacy Recordings. (2007).

Your in-text citation would appear as “No Time for Good-bye” (Scott. 2008, track 5).

- 43 - - 43 -

Computer program or language

Tanner, R.J. (1998). The Interactive Tester (Version 7.0) [Computer software]. Richmond, CA: Gortek Services.

Do not italicize the names of software, programs, or languages. If no author is provided, use the name of the software in place of the author.

13.4 References to Electronic and Internet Sources While APA conventions have not been fully updated to embrace the accessing of electronic information, the following pattern will cover any fine-tuning in the future. Organize reference material as follows: 1. Author’s Last name, Initial(s) 2. Date of publication or “No Date” if

unavailable 3. Title of work / article [# of paragraphs]

4. Title of complete work 5. [Form] 6. Available: Specify path or URL [date of

access]

Online journal article

Johnson, L. (2006, March). The preschool child as observer [11 paragraphs]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science [online serial], 35. Available: http://www.Cycor.ca/Psych/cjbs/2006/ful_johnson.html [2007, April 15].

In text this entry would be cited as (Johnson, 2006).

Online article in a newspaper

Connor, G. (2006, Oct. 7). Have blackberry, will track each blip in the market [13 paragraphs New York Times on the Web [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/06/10/biztech/articles/06tick.html [2008, July 19].

If this article appeared with no by-line (author), it would be cited in text as (Have blackberry, 2006) and the title would replace Connor in your alphabetized References list.

Websites, professional and personal

Walker, J. (1996). APA-style citations of electronic sources. <http://www.cas.usf.edu/englsi/walker/ apa.html [2001, April 12].

Homer, T. (2005, Aug. 27). Homepage.http://members.aol.com/-thomer2/ [2002, Oct.9].

The use of angle brackets is becoming the norm for URL citation.

- 44 - - 44 -

Personal or professional

E-mail

Coyote, W. coyote@roadrunner.org (2007, May 12). Re: Acme products. [Personal email]. [2006, June 6].

These informal messages are cited as personal communications within your paper. Cite the source in parentheses, using the communicator’s full name and the date of the message: (Wiley Coyote, personal communication, June 6, 2006). If you choose to cite it in your reference section, see format to the left.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites

Bruckman, Amy. (1994, Apr. 5) Approaches to Managing Deviant Behaviour in Virtual Communities.

<Ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/ papers/deviance-chi94.txt> [1994, Dec. 4].

To cite files available for downloading via ftp, give the author's name (if known), the document date in brackets, the full title of the paper the document date if known the address of the ftp site along with the full path to follow to find the paper, and the date of access in square brackets.

Electronic books

Author, A.A. (date of publication). The Definitive Book about Something. Retrieved December 11, 2008 from http://digital.library.nyu.edu/information/author/taytay/taytay.html

Chapter / section of a Web document or Online Book Chapter

Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.

Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site.

Online Book Reviews

Author, B.B. (2008, April 25). Really important information [Review of the book The Definitive Book about Something]. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/books/review/author-t.html?pagewanted=2

Cite information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. In brackets, write ”Review of the book” and give the title of the reviewed work. Provide the web address after the words “Retrieved from,” if the review is freely available to anyone.

Synchronous Communications (MOOs, MUDs, IRC, etc.)

Fine_Guest. (2007 Dec. 17). Personal interview. telnet://world.sensemedia .net 1234 [2008, March 12]. WorldMOO Christmas Party. telnet world.sensemedia.net 1234 [1994, Dec. 17].

Give the name of the speaker(s), the date in parentheses. and type of communication (i.e., Personal Interview), the date retrieved and the URL.

- 45 - - 45 -

Online Encyclopaedias and Dictionaries

Buddhism. (n.d.) In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved December 24, 2008, from http://www.britannica.com

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. (2007). [Graph illustration the SORCE Spectral Plot May 8 2008]. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http://lasp.colorado.edu/cgi-bin/ion-p?page=input_data_for_spectra.ion

Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information.

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

Smith, C. (Interviewer) & Cross, R. (Interviewee). Oral History 5 [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from British Columbia Provincial Museum Oral Histories Project Web site:http://www.11.bcpm/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.html

If an interview is not retrievable in audio or print form, cite the interview only in the text (not in the reference list) and provide the month, day, and year in the text. If an audio file or transcript is available online, specify the medium in brackets (e.g. [Interview transcript, Interview audio file]).

Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

Author, A.A. (2009, January 12). Understanding digital kids [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00078.html Dec. 17].

Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in on-line communities (e.g. newsgroups or forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name. Place identifiers like post or message numbers, if available, in brackets. If available, provide the URL where the message is archived (e.g. “Message posted to . . . archived at . . .”).

Weblog Postings

APA does not yet have any official rules for citing blog entries or comments. But as the technology becomes more widely used for academic discussions, you may find yourself referencing blogs more often. If you are drawing on a blog as a source, make sure that you consider the credibility of the weblog site and/or the author of the posting or comment. Also, check with your teacher to see what his or her stance is on incorporating evidence from blog entries. If you decide to use blogs, we suggest the following for how you would cite the blog entries and comments, depending on the author or sponsor of the weblog: Jones, B. D. (2007, May 21). New inventions in the cyber world of toys [Msg 27]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00027.html

- 46 - - 46 -

14.0 Sample Pages in APA Style 14.1 Sample Title Page

Individual Differences 1

Running head: INDIVDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BIMODAL PROCESSES

Individual Differences in

Bimodal Processing and Text Recall

Bruce R. Dunn

University of West Florida

Byline and affiliation, 1.06

Title, 1.06

Page Headers Running head, 4.15

Title page, 4.15

- 47 - - 47 -

14.2 Sample Title Page

Individual Differences 3

Individual Differences in

Bimodal Processing and Text Recall

A growing body of research has indicated that variations in

the electrical activity from the brain, as recorded by an

electroencephalograph (EEG), particularly the amount of alpha

activity, can be used to identify a person’s manner of processing

information, that is, a person’s cognitive style (e.g. Davidson &

Schwartz, 1977; Doctor & Bloom, 1977; Ornstein & Galin, 1976).

Much of this research is influenced by what has been termed the

bimodal theory of cognitive processing (Deikman, 1971, 1976; Dunn,

in press; Ornstein, 1973, 1977). Bimodal theory contends that the

mode or type of conscious processing (i.e., analytic or hoi

Influences the form the

Memory. In the analytic

Logical and sequential

Parallel or intuitive a

(e.g., Galin, 1974) be:

The left cerebral hem

See the two modes as un

tween the two hemisphere

However, agree that the

(1971, 1975), for example

Introduction, 1.08 First page of text, 4.17

Individual Differences 4

Dunn, (in press; Dunn, Gould, & Singer, 1981) has

argued that cognitive style difference occur because

individuals weight thee two modes differently when

processing stimuli. Research (e.g., Dunn et al., 1981)

has indicated that processing style can be determined by

the amount of alpha activity (8-13 Hz) measured from the

cerebral cortex of the brain. People whose occupations

require great analytical skill produce less alpha

activity than those whose occupations do not require such

analytical skill (Doktor & Bloom, 1977; Ornstein & Galin,

1976). Furthermore, those persons described as analytic

so described because they produce lower levels of alpha

activity than those described as holistic, recall lists

of words and highly structured text in a more categorical

or logical order than do their holistic counterparts

(Dunn et al., 1981; Hymes, Dunn, Gould & Harris, 1977).

There is one major caveat to these theoretical

vies. Although some researchers (e.g. Doktor & Bloom,

1977) have recorded EEG activity while participants

Explaining abbreviations, 3.21

Latin abbreviations, 3.24

Two or more citations in parens, 3.99

Theories not capped, 3.14; underlining to show italics, 3.19

Typist: Start all paragraphs with a 5- to 7-space indent.

Work by multiple authors, 3.95

Subsequent citation, 3.95

Italics, 3.19, Table 5

Citations in parens, 3.95

- 48 - - 48 -

14.3 Sample Reference Page

Constructing references inAPA style, 3.105-3.117,

Appendix 3-A

Individual Differences 15

References

American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical

principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American

Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611.

Brown, H., & Milstead, J. (1968). Patterns in

poetry: An introductory anthology. Glenview, IL: Scott,

Foresman.

Cohen, G. (1975). Hemisphere differences in the

effects of cuing in visual recognition tasks. Journal of

Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,

1. 366-373.

Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1977). The

influence of musical training on patterns of EEG asymmetry

during musical and non-musical self-generation tasks.

Psychophysiology, 14, 50-60.

Deikman, A. J. (19

of General Psychiatry,

mystic experience. In P

A. J. Deikman, & C. T.

ness (pp. 57-58). New York

Doktor, R., & Bloom, D.

lateralization of cognitive

determined by EEG alpha

385-387.

Dunn, B. R. (in press)

Typing references, 4.18

Individual Differences 16

memory from text. In V. M. Rentel, S. Corson, &

G. R. Dunn (Eds.), Psychophysiological aspects of

reading. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.

Dunn, B.R., Gould, J. E., & Singer, M.

(1981). Cognitive style differences in expository

prose recall (Tech. Rep. No. 210). Urbana-

Champaign: University of Illinois, Center for the

Study of Language Processing. (ERIC Document

Reproduction Service No. ED 205 922)

Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis

of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C

Thomas.

Eysenck, M. W. (1976). Extraversion, verbal

learning, and memory. Psychological Bulletin, 83.

75-90.

Eysenck, M. W. (1977). Human Memory:

Theory, research, and individual differences.

Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press.