saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

eldar mamisTvaliSvili

mefe svimon I

meomris biblioTeka #13

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecamete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lirma devdariani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

svimon I saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamorCeuli mefeTagania. mis

saxelTan dakavSirebulia XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTveli

xalxis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZolis araerTi saintereso

epizodi. igi uaRresad popularuli iyo dasavleT evropaSi da mis

Sesaxeb bevric daiwera.

svimon I, qarTlis gmiri mefe luarsab I-is (1534-1556) vaJi iyo.

qarTveli istorikosis mixedviT, `luarsab mefe mamacobazed naqebia

yovels saqarTvelos mefeTa da TavadTa zedan ZveliT axlebamdisin.

TavaT kargi sardari iyo da merme gulovani, uxvi da uSurveli,

msmevel-mWmeveli, samarTliani, yma-morCili. omSi koxta da uSiSari,

Tanac magari qristiani~. aseTi mama zrdida ufliswul svimons.

svimon mefis dabadebis ori gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs: 1531 da

1537 weli. gamefebisas (1556 w.) svimoni 19 wlisa da jerac

ucolSvilo iyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTveloSi vaJis

qorwinebis asakad, rogorc wesi, 18 weli iyo miCneuli da ufliswuls

ucolod didxans ar dastovebdnen, amitom misi dabadebis wlad unda

miviCnioT 1537. svimoni 1559 wels daqorwinda kaxTa mefe levanis*

asulze, nestandarejanze.

svimon I-ma mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. yizilbaSebTan** brZolaSi

daiRupa mamamisi luarsab I. Sah-Tamazma ganizraxa, Seupovari luarsabis

sikvdilis Semdeg mainc, daemorCilebina qarTlis samefo, romelic

kavkasiaSi iranis yvela mowinaaRmdegis dasayrdens warmoadgenda.

axalgazrda qarTlis mefem, rogorc Cans, sworad Seafasa arsebuli

mdgomareoba da Tavisi samefos gadarCenis mizniT, osmalebTan dakavSireba

scada. imave dros svimoni iaraRiT ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. italiuri

wyaros mixedviT, 1557 wlis dekemberSi sparselebi saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, magram ar Cans, konkretulad, sad SeiWrnen

yizilbaSebi. amis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba hasan rumlus* erTi cnoba,

saidanac vigebT, rom yizilbaSi sardlebi Sahverdi sulTan ziad oRli

da suleiman beg baiaTi qarTlSi SeiWrnen. mtris simravlisa Tu

moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo, svimon mefem mTebs Seafara Tavi.

`Raziebma** goris, suramisa da sabaraTianos velaieTi** daarbies,

soflebi da mxareebi aaoxres. yanebi da xeebi mwife xiliT Zirianad

amoglijes [miwidan] da gamarjvebulni uamravi nadavliT ganjaSi*

dabrundnen~.

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom sakuTari

ZaliT yizilbaSebis mogeriebas ver SeZlebdnen. osmaleTi mxolod

bundovan dapirebas iZleoda. realuri daxmareba arsaidan Canda. amitom

maT ganizraxes, iranis sapirispirod iseTi Zala gamoeZebnaT, romelic

Sahs aiZulebda, SeeCerebina an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seesustebina

iranis agresia qarTuli samefoebis mimarT. qarTvelma diplomatebma aseT

3

Zalad ruseTi miiCnies da kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis politikaSi

misi Cabma scades.

XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis mefe ivane IV-m* did warmatebas

miaRwia. man daipyro jer yazanis (1552 w.), Semdeg astraxanis (1556 w.)

saxanoebi. faqtiurad, mTeli volgispireTi kaspiis zRvamde moskovis

samefos xelSi aRmoCnda. man Crdilo kavkasiaSic moikida fexi.

qarTvelebi cdilobdnen kontaqti daemyarebinaT gaZlierebul moskovis

saxelmwifosTan.

1557 wels moskovSi Cavida yabardos gavleniani mTavrebis elCoba da

ivane IV-s yirimis saxanosa* da osmaleTisagan dasacavad mfarveloba

sTxoves. Cans, qarTvelebi Tvals adevnebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli

mTavrebis moskovTan urTierTobis dawyebas da am saqmeSi xelsac

uwyobdnen. kavkasiaSi da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mesame Zalis, Tanac

marTlmadidebeli qristianulis gamoCena, maTi varaudiT, gaadvilebda

yizilbaSebTan da osmalebTan brZolas. albaT, qarTlis mefisagan

uflebamosilni iyvnen yabardos mTavarTa elCebi, rodesac ivane IV-s

ganucxades, rom CvenTan erTad aris saqarTvelos mTavari da mTeli

saqarTvelo da moskovis mTavarma mis mimarTac mowyaleba gamoiCinoso.

kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis gantkicebisaTvis farTe asparezi

iSleboda. amitom iyo, rom, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, yabardos mTavrebi

saqarTvelos mbrZaneblebTan, TavianT samxreT mezoblebTan erTad

wyvetdnen aseT sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxs.

sainteresoa, ratom cdilobdnen qarTveli politikosebi TavianTi

survili moskovis mefisaTvis sxvaTa piriT ecnobebinaT da ratom ar

agzavnidnen sakuTar warmomadgenlebs?

qarTveli politikosebi frTxilobdnen. isini darwmunebuli ar

iyvnen Seswevda Tu ara ruseTs Zala, aqtiurad Careuliyo kavkasiis

saqmeebSi. vai Tu moskovTan urTierToba unayofo aRmoCeniliyo,

daxmareba ver SeZleboda da yizilbaSebi kidev ufro gaRizianebuliyvnen.

am sakiTxis awon-dawonisas, mxedvelobaSi imasac miiRebdnen, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis aseTi moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCeboda osmaleTic (osmaleTi

xom mtrulad Sexvda moskovis saxelmwifos warmatebebs volgispireTSi),

romelic, qarTlsa da kaxeTs Tavs mfarvelad aCvenebda da yizilbaSebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aqezebda. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi

jerjerobiT niadagis mosinjviT kmayofildebodnen.

Sah Tamazi (1524-1576) darwmunda, rom osmaleTi saqarTveloSi

iranis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, magram sulTani zavis darRvevas ar

fiqrobda. osmaleTis amgvari orWofuli mdgomareobiT isargebla Sah

Tamazma da daiwyo saqarTveloze ucilobeli batonobisaTvis brZola.

1559 w. osmaleTSi dinastiuri brZola gaCaRda: sulTani suleimani

da ufliswuli selimi (SemdegSi selim II, 1566-1574) ufliswul

baiazids ebrZodnen. am brZolaSi aqtiurobdnen qarTvelebic, savarudoa,

4

qarTlis samefodan, radgan mefe svimoni suleimanis politikiT

ukmayofilo iyo. svimonma, mravalgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, yizilbaSebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sulTnisgan daxmareba ver miiRo. ufliswuli

baiazidi ki cnobili iyo Tavisi daudegari xasiTiT da, savaraudo iyo,

rom gamefebis Semdeg, igi maT Soris dadebul amasiis zavs daarRvevda.

svimon mefem, maSindeli mravali damkvirveblis msgavsad, baiazidis

SesaZleblobebi sworad ver Seafasa da mas dauWira mxari. baiazids

qarTvelebis mxridan daxmarebis imedi hqonda. sulTanma baiazidis

dasaSineblad da misTvis qarTvelTagan daxmarebis gamoricxvis mizniT,

jari mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da saqarTveloze galaSqreba brZana.

svimon I da misi TanamebrZolebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen yizilbaSebs

arc qarTlis SigniT da arc mis gareT. rogorc epoqis Tanamedrove

evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefos brZolas garkveuli

mniSvneloba hqonda maSindeli axlo aRmosavleTis did politikaSi.

svimon mefis mTavari amocana Tbilisis gaTavisufleba iyo,

TbilisSi yizilbaSTa garnizoni idga. magram amis ganxorcieleba, sxva

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis daxmarebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli Canda.

qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba gaumjobesda 1559 wels, roca svimon I

kaxTa mefe levanis asulze daqorwinda. es faqti aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi ori qarTuli samefos antisparsuli koaliciis Seqmnas

mianiSnebda.

svimon I iaraRiT xelSi ebrZoda yizilbaSebs, mefe levani ki,

oficialurad Sahis vasalad iTvleboda. albaT, kaxeTis mefe levans

gulisxmobda romis papisa da veneciis respublikis elCi Sah Tamazis

karze, vinCenco deli alesandri, roca ambobda, rom Sahze

`damokidebulia erTi qristiani mefe, qarTvelebis batoni, mas

yovelwliurad uxdis ociaTas dukats**. misi saxelmwifo kaspiis zRvis

maxlobladaa. es mefe osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevavSi Sahs unda emsaxuros

aTi aTasi axalgazrda da mamaci cxenosniT~. rogor mZime tvirTad awva

kaxeTis samefos sefianTa saxelmwifosadmi morCileba, kargad Cans

isqander munSis* Txzulebidan. marTalia, isqanderi XVI s. 80-iani

wlebis dasawyisisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobaze laparakobs, magram

kaxeTis yizilbaSebisadmi damokidebulebaSi imave saukunis 50-iani

wlebidan bevri araferi Seicvleboda.

mefe levans Sahisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda. garda

zemoaRniSnuli mZime gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisa, rac qveynis

ekonomikur mdgomareobas aqveiTebda, Sah Tamazi Tavisi politikuri

zegavleniTac aSfoTebda kaxeTis samefo kars.

1554 w. osmalebis azerbaijanSi SeWrisas, levan mefis erTi vaJi,

romelic Sahs axlda, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa. kaxTa mefes,

albaT, safuZveli hqonda, rom Tavisi Svili Sah Tamazis mier

`udanaSaulod moklulad~ CaeTvala.

5

levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros

(1556 w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi amis gamo Surs

iZiebda. SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels, Tavisi vaJi

iese didi saCuqrebiT yazvins gagzavna. igi Sahma gaamahmadiana 1559 wels

da levan mefis taxtis mociled amzadebda, magram iesem Sahs imedi ver

gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva scada, magram

Seipyres da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi Casves.

isic unda iTqvas, rom kaxeTis samefom XVI s. 60-ian wlebSi Sahis

`wyalobiT~ teritoriuli danaklisic ganicada. yizilbaSebma kxeTis

samefos Camoaciles md. samuris zemo welze waxuris qristianuli

qveyana, romlis mflobeli Sahis mfarvelobis qveS gamocxadda. Sah

Tamazma kargad icoda, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda kaxeTisaTvis

dasaxelebul olqs. albaT, amitom afrTxilebda Sahi 1562 wels kaxeTis

mefes, rom waxuris batoni aravin Seawuxoso.

amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, kaxeTis samefoc iseve

ukmayofilo iyo iranisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo. am ori qarTuli

samefos erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ganpirobebuli iyo garTulebuli

sagareo viTarebiT.

iv. javaxiSvilma levan I-sa da svimon I-is damoyvreba dadebiTad

Seafasa: `kaxT batonis leon mefis siZobam svimon mefes saSualeba misca,

aramc Tu mtris Semosevisagan kaxeTis mxriT uzrunvelyofiliyo,

aramed Tavisi ganzraxvis (Tbilisis gaTavisufleba _ e.m.)

gansaxorcieleblad maSveli jaric mieRo~.

svimon mefe didi omisaTvis emzadeboda. isqander munSisa da hasan

rumlus gadmocemiT, svimon mefes mravali damxmare razmi miuvida.

kaxTa mefem, misTvis Cveuli sifrTxiliT, piradad ki ar miiRo

monawileoba qarTlis samefos mier yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg dawyebul

omSi, aramed Tavisi ufrosi vaJi giorgi gagzavna kaxelTa razmiT.

sWiroebis SemTxvevaSi levan mefes saSualeba eqneboda, Sahis winaSe

Tavi gaemarTlebina.

rogorc sparseli istorikosi isqander munSi werda, svimoni

„mamis^wesisamebr, urCobisa da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga da cxraas

samocda rva (1560/1561) wels Tbilisis dasapyrobad Tavisi samyofeli

adgilidan (gori – e. m.) daiZra“. 1561 w. 6 aprils muxaTgverdTan

brZolaSi svimon mefe damarcxda. am brZolaSi daiRupa, mis

dasaxmareblad mosuli colisZma, kaxeTis ufliswuli giorgi.

niSandoblivia, rom isqander munSis ver gaurkvevia giorgi `mamis

nebarTviT Tu TviTneburad~ mivida svimon mefis dasaxmareblad.

gancdil marcxsa da moyvris daRupvas isic daemata, rom svimon mefes

Tavisi Zma, ufliswuli daviTi (SemdgomSi daud-xani) ganudga da

qarTlis taxtis dapyroba isurva. daviTma am miznis miRweva

sparselebis daxmarebiT moindoma. 1562 wels is yazvinSi* Cavida, islami

6

aRiara da Sah-Tamazis „Svilis“ wodebuleba miiRo. isqander munSis

gadmocemiT, „samoTxeSi damkvidrebulma Sahma mas miualersa, wvrTna,

Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia da Tbilisis velaieTi da is

adgilebi, romlebic maRali divanis** gamgeblobaSi iyo, mas uwyalobes...“

Zvelma qarTvelma istorikosebma mkacri Sefaseba misces daud-xanis

Ralats: „xolo iyo urwmesi Zma mefisa svimonisi, saxeliT daviT, da

Semoswyra Zmasa Tvssa svimons, da warvida Sah-Tamaz yaenis karsa, yaeni

yazmins iyo... didad pativ-ces da Svilobis rayami** uboZes... da cota

xans ukan hgmo RmerTi da gaTaTrda, da uwodes saxelad daudxan... da

qalaqisa da somxiT*-sabaraTianos mefoba misces, da rayamSi SvilobiT

Caweres, da mestumre Tan gaatanes, da didis pativiTa da morWmiT

gaistumres.~

farsadan gorgijaniZe* ramdenime damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis, rogorc

daviTis, ise misi Tanmxlebebisadmi Sahis karze mopyrobis Sesaxeb:

`yaeni yazvins iyo, roca batonisSvili daviTis mosvla moaxsenes. am

ambavma yaeni didad gaaxara da karis didebulebi miageba. daviTis amalaSi

baraTaSvilebi Warbobdnen.~

sainteresoa, rom isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahma daviTi `Svilobis

wodebis pativiT gamoarCia~. `Svilis~ wodebis miniWeba niSnavda, rom

daviTi Sahis moxele gaxda `xanis~ (daud-xani) saxelwodebiT, e. i.

daviTi Sahis moxele da ara qarTlis mefe gaxda. qarTul wyaroebSi,

kerZod, qarTlis cxovrebaSi weria, rom Sah-Tamazma daviTs Tavisi Zma

uwoda. amasve aRniSnavs isqander munSi, romlis cnobasac unda

emyarebodes beri egnataSvili*. Tavisi SinaarsiT `Zmoba~ `Svilobisagan~

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba samoxeleo aparatis ierarqiaSi. `Zmoba~

`Svilobaze~ maRla idga.

Cvens istoriografiaSi kargadaa Seswavlili svimon I-sa da dauT-

xanis erTmaneTTan brZola. svimoni ar scnobda Sahis marionetis uflebas

qvemo qarTlsa da Tbilisze da yizilbaSebs ebrZoda yvelgan. daud-xanis

yizilbaSebTan mimxroba arc sulTnis karisaTvis iyo misaRebi. daud-xanis

gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, Sahis poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

ganmtkicdeboda. sulTani Sahis `kuTvnili saqarTveloebis~ saqmeebSi

aqtiurad ar ereoda, magram, rogorc wyaroebidan ikveTeba, sulTnis

agentura yvelafers akeTebda, raTa qarTlis mefes yizilbaSebisa da maTi

momxre Tavadebis winaaRmdeg brZola ar Seenelebina.

svimoni ar scnobda daud-xanis da yizilbaSebis uflebas qarTlSi

da brZolas ganagrZobda. rogorc farsadan gorgijaniZe ityoda: „mefe

svimon [daviTs] ar exsneboda da arc awynarebda, somxiT-sabaraTianos

arbevda da qalaqis aRebas cdilobda“.

svimon mefem 1567-1568 wlebSi diRomTan da samadlosTan brZolebSi

daud-xani daamarcxa, magram Tbilisis gaTavisufleba mainc ver SeZlo,

radgan daud-xans mezobeli yizilbaSuri saxanoebi exmarebodnen.

7

qarTlis samefos brZola svimonis meTaurobiT mosvenebas ar aZlevda

iranis Sahs, romelmac iranis sagareo politikis am problemis erTxel

da samudamod gadawyveta ganizraxa. 1569 wels Sahma Saqisa* da yarabaRis

laSqars Tavi mouyara ganjaSi, saSamxlos razmebi daiqirava da qarTls

Seusia. qarTlis mefes uRalata aznaurma kaxaber yorRanaSvilma da

mters megzuroba gauwia. algeTis xeobaSi farcxisTan qarTvelTa

laSqarma Seutia aTjer met mters da gaaqcia. mefe daedevna gaqceulT,

mcire razmiT sakmaod gaSorda ZiriTad laSqars da mtris garemocvaSi

aRmoCnda. moRalate yorRanaSvilma, romelic piradad icnobda mefes,

yizilbaSebs masze miuTiTa. am dros erT-erTma moRalatem mefes Subi

hkra da cxenidan Camoagdo. mteri miesia TavganwirulTa mcire gunds,

svimonis TanamebrZolebi amowyvita, mefe ki daatyveva. svimon mefe

yazvinSi gagzavnes. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTls daud-xani ganagebda.

Sah Tamazma yvelaferi scada svimon mefis gamuslimanebisaTvis,

magram sawadels ver miaRwia da igi alamuTis uZlieres cixeSi*

gamoamwyvdia.

im masalebidan, romelSic aisaxa svimon I-is pirovneba da misi

saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva italieli (venecieli) jovani

Tomazo minadois* TxzulebaSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romlebSic sakmaod

dawvrilebiT, Tumca qarTuli da sparsuli wyaroebisagan

gansxvavebulad da sruliad axali cnobebis damatebiT, gadmocemuli aqvs

svimon mefis cxovrebis saintreso momentebi.

ai, rogor aRgviwers minadoi svimonsa da daviTs Soris Camovardnil

uTanxmoebas, daviTis gamahmadianebas, yizilbaSebis mier svimonis

datyvevebas, mis urTierTobas ismail-mirzasTan... minadoi, rodesac

laparakobs yarsisa* da Tbilisis damakavSirebeli gzis Sesaxeb,

aRniSnavs: „aqedan Tu gavyvebiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, movxvdebiT

ufro somxeTSi, vidre iveriaSi, gansvenebuli luarsabis miwebze, axla

rom ekuTvniT or Zmas _ daviTsa da svimons, fizikurad da sulierad

Rirseul memkvidreebs mamis saxelis da samflobeloebisa, Tumca Semdeg

maT uxeSi laqa miicxes sarwmunoebis gamocvliT da SeibRales qebis

Rirsi saxeli. gansakuTrebiT es exeba svimons, romelmac samxedro saqmis

codniT, poeziaSi gacnobilma*1 da Tavisi filosofiuri ganaTlebiT

Tamazis Svilis [ismailis] wyaloba da masTan siaxlove daimsaxura

*1 minadois naTqvami, rom svimoni poezias icnobda, dasturdeba osmalo

istorikosis mustafa na’ima-s (1655-1715) erTi cnobiT. ufro metic, na’imas mixedviT, svimoni sakmaod kargi poeti yofila. is daxelovnebula robaiebis** TxzvaSi. na’ima-s moyvanili aqvs svimon mefis mier iedikuleSi patimrobisas gamoTqmuli erTi robai, romelSic mefe Tavis uiRblo ganvlil cxovrebaze mosTqvams: `gamanadgura bedma, romelsac vemduri;

amisaTvis damcireba ganmvicade xalxis TvalSi, Tumca [saqme] wamivida Zlier cudad (mZimed), madloba gamCens, [rom axla mdgomareoba] Semimsubuqda.”

8

iranSi tyved yofnis dros, romlis Sesaxebac vilaparakebT. magram

rogori gmiri unda iyos adamiani, rom SesZlos SeinarCunos

brwyinvaleba da ar Caqres im codvebiT dacemis Semdeg, orivem rom

Caidines, rac gaxda mizezi imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani darCa qonebas,

samflobelos da pativs moklebuli. maT dakarges qristes uwmindes

saxelTan urTierTobis ufleba.

luarsabma, anderZiT, samefoSi Tavis memkvidred svimoni daniSna

mxolod imitom ki ara, rom is wlovanebiT ufrosi iyo, aramed imis

gamoc, rom ufro Rirseuli iyo Tavis am Zma daviTze. es ukanaskneli

ver urigdeboda aseT gadawyvetilebas, swyuroda dideba da batonoba, ar

miaCnda svimoni memkvidred da cdilobda igi qveynidan ganedevna, iaraRiT

mieRwia imisTvis, rac mamis survilma ar arguna... roca svimoni

darwmunda Zmis borot ganzraxvaSi, raki ver xedavda winaaRmdegobis

daZlevis sxva saSualebas, [Sah] Tamazs mouTxro saqmis viTareba da

Sewevna da dacva sTxova. Tamazma uyuradRebod ar datova [svimonis

Txovna] da gadawyvita svimonisaTvis esiamovnebina. man 4 aTasi cxenosani

gagzavna da maTs meTaurs ubrZana, daviTi cocxali Seepyro da iranSi

moeyvana. Tu is sarwmuneobis Secvlaze ar daTanxmda, maSin [svimons]

scnoben Tavisi samflobeloebis uflebebSi, rogorc aRiarebul

qveSevrdoms da ara rogorc Tavisufal moxarkes. Tu igi amaze

daTanxmda, maSin svimoni gadaayeneT, sarwmunoebis gamocvlas nu

daaZalebT da mis adgilas daviTi dasviTo. xolo Tu ki svimonic

mzadyofnas gamosTqvams Tavis ZmasaviT, maSin is Tavis uflebaSi

datoveT, daviTi ki yazvins wamoiyvaneTo. meTauri saqarTveloSi wavida,

daviTi swrafad Seipyro, iaraRic ki ar gamouyenebia, moTxovna wauyena

Tamazis saxeliT. is maSinve daTanxmda: sarwmunoeba gamoicvala, wminda

naTloba windacveTiT** Secvala, Tavisi Tavi cru winaswarmetyvel

muhameds usindisod miarTva nebayoflobiT saCuqrad da uaryo

(saTqmeladac ki SemaZrwunebelia) qveynis mxsneli. Semdeg sparseli

meTauri svimonTan mivida, uTxra, rom mis dasaxmareblad movida da

dapatimrebuli hyavs misi mteri, magram svimons qveynis mfarveli Tamazis

imedi nu eqneba, Tu sarwmuneobas ar gamoicvlis. ase rom igi unda

gaxdes imave winaswarmetyvelisa da kanonis msaxuri, romelsac

emsaxureba da emorCileba Sah Tamazi. Tu igi ase ar moiqceva, maSin mis

adgils misi Zma daikavebs, romelmac maSinve miiRo es winadadeba. svimoni

mwared atirda Zmis dacemaze da Zveleburi didi simtkiciT qristes

uwmindesi saxelisadmi erTguli darCa. man daTmo amqveyniuri samefo,

rom ar daekarga ciuri samefo da gaxda Sahis patimari... sabralo

svimoni waiyvanes TamazTan, romelic didxans uCiCinebda mas, mieRo

sparsuli wesebi. man ar uaryo mSobliuri sarwmunoeba da gagzavnes

kahkahes cixeSi*, sadac gadasaxlebaSi cxovrobda Tamazis Svili ismaili,

romelic, rogorc iTqva, [SemdegSi] Sahi gaxda. [svimonma] irCia droebiT

9

cixeSi cxovreba, vidre gamoecvala Tavisi odindeli qristes

sarwmunoeba (Tumca cxovrobda masSi rogorc sqizmatikosi**). svimonis

es Tavgadasavali Wkuis saswavlebeli unda iyos imisaTvis, Tu ra

saxifaToa dasaxmareblad an dasacavad mosuli ucxoelis Careva sakuTar

saqmeSi“.

1577 wlis bolos sulTanma murad III-m (1574-1595) iranis

winaaRmdeg omis dawyeba gadawyvita. 1578 wlis 2 ianvars man jaris

sardloba miando lala mustafa faSas da arzrumis gziT galaSqreba

ubrZana. anonimi venecielis* TqmiT, sardals daevala `Sirvanis* samefo

da sparseTis megobari qarTvelebis provinciebi daepyro~.

osmalebma swrafad daipyres samcxis umniSvnelovanesi cixe-

simagreebi. samcxis aTabagis da yvela didebulis mier osmalebisadmi

morCilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, lala mustafa faSa qarTlis samefos

dasamorCileblad wavida.

qarTveli xalxi maSinve aRsdga SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. mtris simravle pirdapir Sebmis saSualebas ar iZleoda,

amitom partizanuli brZola gaCaRda. osmalTa jars fexdafex misdevda

qarTvelTa razmebi da did zians ayenebda. minadois da don xuan

sparselis mixedviT, partizanuli brZolis meTaurebi iyvnen imereTis

mefe giorgis (1564-1585) vaJi iusufi, daud-xani da aleqsandre II kaxTa

mefe. maT TavianT mamulebSi Sekribes jari da sadac moixelTebdnen,

musrs avlebdnen mters.

iranis morCili daud-xani xedavda, rom Tbilisis dacvas ver

SeZlebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom is kargad gamagrebuli iyo. Semdgomi

brZolis gagrZelebisa da Tavisi jaris gadarCenis mizniT, man mTeli

SeiaraReba waiRo da qalaqi datova. lala faSas ki imedi hqonda, rom

daviTsa da mis jars TbilisSi moimwyvdevda da mospobda.

Sahis karze gasagebi iyo, rom daud-xans osmalebisadmi

winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari ar Seswevda da Sah muhamed xodabandam

ganizraxa qarTlis taxtze svimon mefe daebrunebina. igi Sah Tamazs

alamuTis anu kahkahes cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli hyavda 1569-1576 wlebSi.

Tomazo minadoi gadmogvcems: „kahkahaSi tusaRad yofnis dros svimons

axlo urTierToba hqonda Tamazis Svil ismailTan, romelic misma

xsenebulma mamam iq gadaasaxla da maTi [svimonisa da ismailis] megobroba

nel-nela mtkice savaldebulo siyvarulSi ganmtkicda. ase rom

ramdenadac ismails uyvarda svimonis cxovrebis wesebi, imdenad svimoni

ismailis sulis sidiadis aRtacebuli pativismcemeli xdeboda da am

araCveulebrivma urTierT siyvarulma [svimoni] bolos miiyvana iqamde,

rom svimoni Tavis sarwmunoebaSi ver gamagrda da Tavisi megobris

barbarosul crurwmenaSi gadavida. gamuslimanebul svimons sulTan-

mahmud-xani daarqves. romelma mizezebma warmoSves svimonis sulSi es

mosabruni, religiurad Zalian ganaTlebulis da Zalian mtkicesi,

10

romelsac ukve Sewiruli hqonda qoneba da Tavisufleba, raTa

SeenarCunebina berZnuli rjuli, es Zneli asaxsnelia. magram samma

mZlavrma biZgma gansazRvra es gardatexa: gamudmebulma patimrobam,

romlidanac Tavis daRweva albaT ar SeiZleboda Tu qristianad

darCeboda; megobroba ismailTan, megobroba, vityvi, romelsac SeuZlia

Secvalos adamianis bunebac, aramcTu mokvdavis rwmena; umaRlesi pativi,

romelsac mas yoveldRe hpirdeboda ismaili misi taxtze asvlisas.

aseTnair ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, roca SahTamazi gardaicvala da ismaili

didi zeimiT miiyvanes yazvinSi, sadac aseve sazeimod gamoacxades Tavisi

mamis mTeli samflobeloebis mefed. imaT Soris vinc Zvirfasni darCnen

xsenebuli mefis mexsierebaSi, Tavisi RirsebebiT darCa svimoni, xolo

ismailis naadrevma da moulodnelma sikvdilma is moitana, rom svimoni

darCa yovelgvari warCinebis gareSe da mxolod imiTi iyo kmayofili,

rom didad sasixarulo Tavisufleba moipova. ismailis sikvdiliT svimoni sagonebelSi Cavarda da TavisTvis

fiqrobda: ra iqneboda misTvis ukeTesi, yazvinSi darCeniliyo da moecada

axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis, Tu gamgzavrebuliyo da dabruneboda

mitovebul sarwmunoebas da qveyanas. bolos, bevri fiqris Semdeg man

gadawyvita da umjobesad miiCnia, xelsayreli da ukeTesi

uSiSroebisaTvis dalodeboda axal xelmwifes da misi dacvisa da

mfarvelobis qveS gamoenaxa saSualeba Tavisi warTmeuli Rirsebis

dasabruneblad, vidre gaqceuliyo yovelgvari mxardaWeris gareSe,

Sejaxeboda mtrulad ganwyobili Zmis winaaRmdegobas da naadrevad

daRupuliyo. amgvarad, man arCia darCeniliyo yazvinSi, imeds amyarebda

imaze, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvla, sworad rom vTqvaT, [mahmadianuri]

rwmenis aRiareba, gamovlili patimroba da Tavisuflebis dabruneba,

mamaci [kacis] saxeli, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali mefis winaSe

erTgulebisa da morCilebis gamoCeniT is pastivsa da Rirsebas

daimsaxurebda, Tu ki mudmivi da mtkice mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi

[osmalebis winaaRmdeg] omis gaZRolas mas miandobdnen.

amgvarad, rodesac mahmadi gamefda da darwmunda Tbilisis

dakargvaSi, [svimonma] sTxova neba mieca Sahis mfarvelobis qveS

dabrunebuliyo Tavis cudad dacul qveyanaSi. [svimoni] saswrafod

gaigzavna saqarTveloSi, Turqebis jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad...“

svimon mefis daud-xanTan dapirispirebis, sparselTagan misi

datyvevebisa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ambavs don xuan de persia*

mokled, magram ZiriTadSi iseve gadmogvcems, rogorc Tomazo minadoi.

misi TqmiT, sparselebSi didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia osmaleTis mier

wamowyebulma omma. „aseTi mdgomareoba rom iyo, kidev erTi ram moxda

ramac yvela sparsels imedi gaucrua. daud-xani, mas Semdeg rac

gamahmadianda, sparseTis momxre iyo. axla mas gadaudga da SemTxveva

mieca Tu ara maSinve [sulTan] muradTan gaiqca. meorec: daviTis Zma

11

svimonic, romelic datyvevebuli iyo da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

qristianad iTvleboda, cudi sazogadoebis zemoqmedebiT da sxva

borotmoqmed tusaRTa gavleniT, iseT garemoebaSi Caayenes, rom

iZulebuli gaxda uareyo da eRalata qristianobisaTvis, da uRalata

kidec. Sahma mas Tavisufleba uboZa da xanis tituliT Tavis

samflobelos daubrunda.

svimonma sworad Seafasa Tavisi da qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba da

axal Sahs sTxova samSobloSi gaeSva. mxolod amis Semdeg unda

momxdariyo Sah-xudabandes dedis, SalikaSvilis qalis da svimon mefis

Sexvedra, razec beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs.

rac Seexeba svimon mefis mier islamis miRebas, razec Zveli

qarTveli da ucxoeli istorikosebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, moCvenebiTi

iyo. samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave svimonma islami uaryo da kvlav

qristianoba aRiara. man kargad icoda, rom osmaleTTan omis gamo,

irans seriozuli problemebi hqonda amierkavkasiaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki,

qarTlis samefoSi. mefes isic kargad esmoda, Sahis kari mis mimarT

pretenziebis da ukmayofilebis gamomJRavnebas moerideboda, radgan igi

saqarTveloSi mis Semcvlels ver moZebnida.

svimon mefe osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis meTauri gaxda im dros,

rodesac maT mTeli amierkavkasia dapyrobili hqondaT. svimon mefe musrs

avlebda osmalebs, sadac ki miswvdeboda. gansakuTrebiT mZime

mdgomareobaSi iyvnen cixe-qalaqebSi Cayenebuli osmalTa garnizonebi,

romlebsac sursaT-sanovagiT momaragebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.

1578 wlis 26 noembers lala faSa, Saqisa da Sirvanis dapyrobis

Semdeg, TbilisSi dabrunda. osmalTa garnizoni SimSilisagan iseT

ukiduresobamde iyo misuli, rom ZaRlisa da katis xorciT ikvebeboda.

bevrisaTvis ki avadmyofobasac gaevlo musri. rogorc TviTmxilvel

minadois Seutyvia, osmalTa garnizoni aseT mdgomareobaSi imitom

aRmoCnda, rom jariskacebi qarTvelebis SiSiT ver bedavdnen qalaqidan

gasvlas da sursaT-sanovagis mopovebas.

lala faSa TbilisSi oTxi dRe darCa. man jari gausia Tbilisis

axlomdebare soflebs da saSinlad aiklo, garnizoni sursaTiT da

fuliT moamaraga. amis Semdeg is gorisken gaeSura. goris sanjaybegma**

lala faSas SesCivla, rom qarTlis mefe, Tbilisis adrindeli

mflobeli, romelic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sparseTSi tyveobaSi

iyo, axla Sahma gaaTavisufla. mas Tavi Sefarebuli aqvs maRal mTebSi,

saidanac did zians ayenebs Turqebsa da maT mokavSireebs. lala faSa

iZulebuli gaxda mTeli Tavisi jariT sami dRe gorTan gaCerebuliyo da

svimon mefis winaaRmdeg cxenosani razmebi gaegzavna, magram osmalebma

verc svimon mefes da verc mis razmebs ver miagnes. lala faSas gorSi

met xans darCena ar SeeZlo da arzrumisken ganagrZo gza. osmalTa

jaris ariergardi TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdida svimon mefis razmebis

12

Tavdasxmas. osmalebma qarTlSi didi zarali ganicades. svimon mefem

lala faSas 5 aTasze meti mebrZoli moukla, mostaca arkebuzerebiT**

datvirTuli mravali aqlemi, fuli, sursaT-sanovage da sxva. minadois

gadmocemiTac, Tbilisidan gasuli osmalTa laSqari qarTvelTa razmebis

mudmiv Tavdasxmebs ganicdida. minadois, naTqvamis sailustraciod,

oriode magaliTic mohyavs. misi monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom yvela am

razmebis moqmedebis koordinacias svimon mefe axdenda. svimon mefes

yizilbaSebic exmarebodnen.

1579 wlis dasawyisSi osmalTa jaris mTavarsardalma arzrumSi*

SemaSfoTebeli werili miiRo. Tbilisis beglarbegi** mehmed faSa

acnobebda, rom 40 aTasma yizilbaSma yaraxanis meTaurobiT, alya

Semoartyes qalaqs da Tu droze ar daexmarebodnen, garnizoni SimSiliT

daiRupeboda. werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseTive mdgomareoba iyo

gorSic, romelic svimonma alyaSi moaqcia.

lala faSam saswrafod gaagzavna ori aTasi mxedari Tbilisisa da

goris dasaxmareblad, magram didi Tovlis gamo, maT ver SeZles

daniSnulebis adgilamde misvla da iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan

dabrunebuliyvnen. lala faSam mxolod werilis gagzavna SeZlo,

romliTac gansacdelSi Cavardnilebs amxnevebda da mtkiced yofnisaken

mouwodebda.

bolos da bolos SimSilma da qarTvelebis sistematurma

Tavdasxmebma Tavisi gaitana da goris osmalTa garnizoni danebda. svimon

mefis brZanebiT, cixisTavis garda yvela daxoces, cixisTavi SikrikiviT

Semoses, uyurebo da ukudo jorze Sesves da lala faSasTan gagzavnes

momxdari ambis misatanad. svimonma cixe miwasTan gaaswora. Sida qarTlis

saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg, mefe yizilbaSTa dasaxmareblad gaeSura. mas

TbilisTan gautarebia mTeli ivnisis Tve.

lala faSa sagonebelSi Cavarda. man 1579 w. 1 ivliss sakmaod didi

jari gagzavna Tbilisis dasaxmareblad. jars mihqonda didZali sursaT-

sanovage. 3 ivliss lala faSam gaiara hasan-yala* da 10-Si yarsSi mivida,

iqve dabanakda da am qalaqis gamagrebas Seudga. mas gadawyvetili hqonda

yarsi saqarTvelosken mimavali gzis gasaRebad gadaeqcia. yarsidan

Tbilisisken mimavali gzis dacvas, iran-osmaleTis mTeli omis

ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, osmalebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

hqonda da isini arafers zogavdnen, raTa am gziT jaris gadayvana da

sursaTis gadatana Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebuliyo, magram osmalebma

es ver SeZles. qarTvelebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen gzad mimaval, Tu

cixeebSi Seketil osmalebs, ganuwyvetliv esxmodnen mtris aRals** (amis

amsaxveli cnobebi uxvadaa evropul da aRmosavlur werilobiT

wyaroebSi). osmalTa jarSi SimSiliT sikvdilis SemTxvevebi iSviaTi ar

iyo.

13

mustafa faSam Tbilisis garnizoni did gaWirvebaSi ixila, mxolod

700 mecixovne darCeniliyo. man garnizoni Seavso, Cerqez kasim-beis

meTaurobiT 500 kaci datova da 17 seqtembers yarsisaken gaeSura.

mcire xnis Semdeg, lala faSam Tbilisidan kvlav SemaSfoTebeli

cnoba miiRo. garnizoni uars ambobda iq darCenaze. gairkva, rom mustafa

faSas wasvlisTanave qarTvelebma Tbiliss kvlav alya Semoartyes, ramac

qalaqis damcvelebSi panika gamoiwvia. lala mustafa faSam gadawyvita

TbilisSi sursaTi kidev gaegzavna. man moamzada 2 aTasi iuqi** sanovage

da misi waReba daavala diarbaqiris* valis** da qurTebis begebs**, magram

dasaxelebulma moxeleebma uari Tqves davalebis Sesrulebaze. ra Tqma

unda, maTi uari gamowveuli iyo saqarTveloSi mosalodneli xifaTiT.

amis Semdeg, am amocanis Sesruleba lala faSam diarbaqiris beglarbegs

_ behrem faSas da didi vaziris mehmed sokolus vaJs, maraSis*

beglarbegs _ hasan faSas daavala. yarsidan wamosuli didi jaris

Sesaxeb qarTvelebma da yizilbaSebma 18 seqtembers Seityves. qarTvelebs

svimon mefe meTaurobda, yizilbaSebs _ ali yuli-xani. maTi 8 aTasamde

mebrZoli Tbilissa da dmaniss Soris gzas icavda, raTa osmalebisaTvis

Tbilisis daxmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT. isini aseve Tvalyurs

adevnebdnen SimSiliT Sewuxebuli osmalebis qalaqidan gamosvlas, raTa

maSinve gaenadgurebinaT.

mzveravebma svimon mefes da ali yuli-xans acnobes, rom osmaleTis

jari dmanisisaken miemarTeboda da maSinve mters dmanisis xeobaSi

Causafrdnen. mokavSireebma, Tavdapirvelad, seriozul warmatebas

miaRwies, mravali mteri gaanadgures da didi nadavlic xelT igdes.

magram mesame dRes, roca isini mters xelaxla Tavs daesxnen,

garemocvaSi aRmoCndnen da seriozuli zarali ganicades. osmalebma ali

yuli-xani daatyveves da seqtembris bolos Tbiliss daubrkoleblad

miaRwies, sadac saSineli mdgomareoba daxvdaT: `bevri momkvdariyo.

SimSilma isini im zomamde miiyvana, rom sWamdnen ara mxolod mdare

xarisxis cxenis xorcs, aramed cxenebisa da cxvrebis tyavebsa da

ZaRlebs~.

hasan faSam TbilisSi mdgomareoba moawesriga, garnizonis moTxovniT

Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa gadaayena da mis adgilas daniSna haji

beg ziad ahmad faSa. amis Semdeg igi imave dmanisis gziT yarsisaken

wavida. roca dmanisis xeobas miuaxlovda, mowinave razmebma acnobes, rom

svimon mefes Zlieri artileriiTa da sakmaod didi jariT xeobis yeli

gadauketia. hasan faSam SebrZoleba ver gabeda da ali yuli-xans

Tavisuflebis miniWebas dahpirda, Tu is uxifaTo gzas aswavlida.

yizilbaSi sardlis gamcemlobis wyalobiT, osmalTa jaris ZiriTadma

nawilma mSvidobianad daaRwia Tavi. svimon mefe mainc daewia mtris

ariergards da gaanadgura. man xelT igdo mravali tyve, cxenebi da

Tbilisidan wamoRebuli mTeli xazina.

14

Tvals rom gadavavlebT 1579 wels kavkasiaSi osmalebis saomar

operaciebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maT gaWirvebiT SeZles poziciebis

SenarCuneba. daiwyo zamTari da sulTnis karze darwmunebiT aravin

icoda, saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT amirkavkasiaSi osmalTa garnizonebi

SeZlebdnen Tu ara Tavis gatanas. qarTlis samefosa da aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis cecxli gizgizebda. amave

periodSi sabolood gamoikveTa svimon mefis, rogorc

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTauris roli. yovelive amis gamo,

sulTan murad mesamem 1580 wlis TebervalSi lala mustafa faSa

gadaayena da mesame veziri sinan faSa mTavarsardlad daniSna.

svimon mefes saqarTvelosa da saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi mtkice

dasayrdeni hqonda. osmaleTis mTavrobam gadawyvita qarTlSi

winaaRmdegobis Sesasusteblad da svimon mefis iranelebisagan

CamocilebisaTvis, mis mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo. niadagis mosinjva

daevala mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebels xusrev faSas. man

svimons werili gaugzavna, romelSic sakuTari mTavrobis saxeliT

bodiSs ixdida qarTlis samefos CamorTmevis gamo. simon mefe Tu

moiTxovda `wyalobis xelSekrulebas~ da daxmarebas aRmouCenda

TbilisSi mdgom osmaleTis jars, maSin mas qarTli `safadiSaho livas**~

saxiT gadaecemoda.

svimon mefe SeTavazebul pirobebze Tu daTanxmdeboda, maSin is

iqneboda ara qarTlis mefe, aramed osmaluri provinciis _ livis

moxele, faSa. ufro metic, TbilisSi darCeboda osmalTa garnizoni.

maSasadame, osmalebi qarTlSi 1578 wels gauqmebuli xelisuflebis

aRdgenas ar apirebdnen, magram mzad iyvnen svimoni ecnoT mis gamgeblad

`osmaluri wesisamebr~.

ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe amgvari pirobebiT osmalebs ver

Seurigdeboda da molaparakebis dawyebas azri ar hqonda.

1580 wlis 17 Tebervals sinan faSa stambolidan gavida da 8 maiss

arzrumSi mivida. iranSi fiqrobdnen, rom osmalTa jaris axali

mTavarsardali Setevis mimarTulebas Secvlida da Tavrizze wavidoda.

movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebisaTvis yizilbaSebma mzadeba daiwyes da

svimon mefis dasaxmareblad qarTlSi razmebi gagzavnes, raTa Tavrizisken

mimavali mtrisaTvis qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs erToblivad daertyaT.

mokavSireTa laSqari 13 aTas kacs Seadgenda. roca Sahis karze gaiges

sinan faSas arzrumSi misvlis Sesaxeb, maSinve svimons daukavSirdnen da

sTxoves, roca osmalebis yarsSi misvlas gaigebda (es niSnavda, rom

osmalebi saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad midiodnen), maSinve ganjaSi

mdgomi yizilbaSebisaTvis ecnobebina da isini mis dasaxmareblad gremze*

gavliT wavidodnen.

svimon mefem, SeTanxmebis mixedviT, yizilbaSebs acnoba, rom osmalebi

Tbilisisaken miemarTebodnen. yizilbaSebi, marTlac, movidnen da svimonis

15

jars SeuerTdnen. qarTlis mefem osmalebTan pirdapir Setakebas Tavi

aarida da musrs avlebda maT moalafe razmebs. sinan faSa ivlisis

bolos TbilisSi mivida.

Tbilisis garnizonma ukmayofileba gamoTqva Tbilisis faSis mimarT,

romelic meomarTa xelfasebs iTvisebda. sinan faSam igi gadaayena da mis

adgilas daniSna giorgi begi, romelic rogorc varaudoben, imerTis mefe

giorgis Svili unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg, sinan faSam Tbilisis

midamoebSi moTareSe qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg jari gagzavna

safetis sanjaybegisa da damaskis* ianiCrebis aRas meTaurobiT. svimon

mefe maT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa da ori aTasamde osmalo gawyvita.

faSas TbilisSi yofnis dros, osmalebma Seipyres iranis Sahis

jaSuSi, romelsac kaxTa mefe aleqsandresa da svimonisaTvis gadasacemi

werilebi aRmoaCnda. Sahi aleqsandres uTvlida, rom is Tavisi jariT

wasuliyo sinan faSas banakisaken, sadac TviTonac mividoda mTeli Tavisi

jariT, osmalebs alyaSi moaqcevdnen da gaanadgurebdnen. Sahi svimon

mefes avalebda daekavebina darubandis* viwro gasasvleli, raTa gaqceul

mters iq ver gaevlo.

sinan faSam rodesac werilebi gaxsna, moulodneli Tavdasxmis SiSma

Seipyro. ra Tqma unda, araa cnobili is, rac werilebSi ewera

sinamdviles Seefereboda Tu sabrZolo eSmakoba iyo. is ki cnobilia,

rom sinan faSam maSinve, SuaRamisas, banakis aSla da yarsisaken wasvla

brZana. osmalebs ise uCqariaT, rom TiTqmis mTeli artileria,

daaxloebiT 90 qvemexi, xelT ugdiaT qarTvelebs, romlebic uecrad

Tavs daesxnen aforiaqebul mters.

anonimi venecielis gadmocemas Sahis mier aleqsandre mefisaTvis

werilis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, adasturebs XVI saukunis Turqi istorikosi

mustafa ali.

kidev meti sinaTle Seaqvs am saintereso sakiTxis gasarkvevad

ibrahim feCevis. `swored am xanebSi gavarda xma, _ ambobs feCevi, _

gzadabneuli Sahi Tavisi samociaTasiani boroti laSqriT emzadeba Tavs

daeces [Cvens] jars da islamis jaris Zliereba Seaneloso... Sahs erTi

ori werili hqonda aleqsandre mefisaTvis gagzavnili. gaiZvera

reaÁTagans** werili rom mihqonda, ramdenime [Cveni] asqeri** Semoxvda win

da [werili] samefo banakSi waikiTxes. [werili] dakavSirebuli iyo

islamis laSqrisaTvis oinebis mowyobasTan~.

qarTlidan gaqceuli osmalebi dmanisTan dabanakdnen. bunebrivia,

sursaTi akldaT da maragis Sevsebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaZarcviT

fiqrobdnen, magram amis gakeTeba axla ioli ar iyo. patar-patara

rzmebis gagzavna maT srul ganadgurebas niSnavda. qarTvelTa jars

terorizirebuli hyavda osmalebi. gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 10

aTasi cxenosani banakidan saalafod gavida, magram TiTqmis arc erTi

aRar dabrunda.

16

osmalebi dmanisidan yarsSi mividnen 8 seqtembers. sinan faSam am

qalaqSi didi garnizoni da saWurveli datova. yarsSi mcire xniT

Sesvenebis Semdeg, 1580 wlis oqtombers, igi arzrumSi mivida.

arzrumSi jari did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda gaWianurebuli omis,

mudmivi xifaTisa da sursaT-sanovagis naklebobis gamo. omis damTavrebas

bolo ar uCanda. sinan faSas azriT, omis damTavreba aucilebeli iyo,

amitom man Sahsa da qarTlis mefes acnoba, Tu isini TavianT elCebs

stambolSi gagzavnidnen, zavis dadebis SesaZlebloba arsebobda.

sinan FfaSas cdam Sedegi gamoiRo da 1581 wlis 7 Tebervals

arzrumSi mividnen Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi. Sahis elCi nabuT-aRa

gamocdili diplomati iyo. is stambolSi adrec gaugzavniaT. sinan faSam

igi pativiT miiRo. iranis elCma sinan faSasTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom

`mSvidobianobis dasamyareblad ZalaSi unda darCes suleiman-xanis

[droindeli] xelSekrulebaSi daTqmuli zavi da mSvidoba“. igive iyo

naTqvami sulTnisaTvis gadasacem werilebSic.

rac Seexeba qarTlis mefis elCs, igi svimon I-saTvis Tavis

samflobeloebis memkvidreobiT gamgeblobaSi gadacemas moiTxovda,

samagierod osmalebs yovelwliuri xarkis saxiT 100 aTasi dukatis

gadaxdas hpirdeboda da Tavis vaJsac mZevlad aZlevda.

ar viciT Cavida Tu ara svimon mefis elCi stambolSi. savaraudoa,

sinan faSam igi uariT gaistumra, radgan amis Semdeg qarTveli elCi

aRar Cans. marTalia, 1582 wlis zafxulSi svimon mefis elCi ufliswul

mehmedisTvis (SemdegSi mehmed III, 1595-1603) misalocad stambolSi

Cavida, magram qarTlis mefis elCis am zeimSi monawileoba srulebiTac

ar niSnavda qarTlsa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakebis

gagrZelebas... zeimSi monawileoba miiRes mravali qveynis wargzavnilebma.

maT Soris iyvnen kaxeTis da samegrelos warmomadgenlebic.

svimon I, mTeli mondomebiTa da TavdadebiT ebrZoda osmalebs, magram

Sahma icoda, rom qarTvelTa Tavdadeba Sahis taxtis amaRlebisaTvis ki

ar xdeboda, aramed TavianTi qveynisa da samefos gadarCenisaTvis. Sahis

karze, albaT, imasac fiqrobdnen, rom viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi,

svimon mefis pozicia sruliad sxvanairi, iranisaTvis arasasurveli

gaxdeboda. amitom, vidre gvian ar iyo, saWirod CaTvales, svimon mefis

Sahis taxtTan mtkiced dakavSireba da gadawyvites svimonis asuli

colad SeerTo Sah xodabandas, `rom mis (svimonis – e. m.) mgobrobaze

guli savsebiT mSvidad hqonodaT~. svimon mefem Sahis winadadeba

garegnulad did bednierebad miiCnia, magram yvelafers akeTebda, raTa es

qorwineba ar Semdgariyo. svimon mefis amgvar moqmedebas isqander munSi

mxolod religiuri motiviT xsnis. iv. javaxiSvili ki savsebiT

samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom svimon mefes Sahis moTxovna mZevlad

gaxdomad miaCnda, riTac Sahs surda misTvis momavalSi politikuri

moqmedebis Tavisufleba SeezRuda, amitom igi ar Cqarobda Sahis

17

moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. erTxans yizilbaSebi momxdarma ambebma

daakaves da ganzraxuli qorwinebisaTvis ar ecalaT. SirvanSi yirimeli

TaTrebi SeiWrnen. yizilbaSebma maTi damarcxeba SeZles, Tumca osmalebis

gandevna ki ver moaxerxes. Sirvani kvlav osmalebs darCaT.

SirvanSi samxedro operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, Sahi darwmunda,

rom svimon mefe moTxovnas, Tavisi nebiT ar asrulebda, amitom

saqarTveloSi pirveli veziri mirza salmani 20 aTasi kaciT gaigzavna.

mas kaxeTis samefos sakiTxis mogvarebac daevala. aleqsandre II

iZulebuli Seiqmna, ganeaxlebina yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda da Tavisi

asulis ufliswul hamza-mirzasaTvis miTxovebaze daTanxmda.

isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahis yvela moTxovna svimon mefesac

daukmayofilebia. yizilbaSebma qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi erTmaneTTan

Seariges da jvarze daafices, rom Sahis erTgulni iqnebodnen. isini

erToblivad ibrZolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg, qarTvel

mefeebs mZevlebi gamoarTves, aleqsandres _ ufliswuli konstantine,

svimons _ ufliswuli luarsabi**.

marTali ar aris isqander munSi, TiTqos Sahs am dros (1582 w.)

konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad waeyvanos, radgan qarTuli da rusuli

wyaroebi savsebiT damajereblad gvamcnoben, rom konstantine

ufliswuli mZevlad Sah Tamazma waiyvana. konstantines iranSi mZevlad

wayvana moxda Sah Tamazis dros maSin, roca aleqsandre II-s ufliswuli

erekle osmaleTSi gaeqca. Sahma ieWva, rom es kaxTa mefis mier iyo

mowyobili da kaxeTis dalaSqvra ganizraxa, magram mefem SeZlo Sahis

risxvis Tavidan acileba. aleqsandrem Sahs ufliswuli konstantine

mdidruli ZRveniT gaugzavna da erekles Sesaxeb acnoba, rom `urCebiTa...

warvida xvanTqarTana~ _ ibodiSebda kaxTa mefe. Sah Tamazi dakmayofilda

aleqsandre mefis SenaTvaliT `da warvida samyofsa Tvissa, da Tan

wariyvana konstantine yrma mcire mZevlisa msgavsad~.

konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvana unda momxdariyo 1575

wlis bolos an 1576 wlis dasawyisSi.

roca qarTvelma mefeebma yizilbaSebis yvela moTxovna

daakmayofiles, axla TviTon moTxoves Sahis mfarvelobaSi myofi

TavianTi Zmebis, aleqsandrem _ ieses (isa-xani), simonma _ daviTis (daud-

xani) saqarTveloSi dabruneba da piroba dades, rom `Zmebs Cinebulad

moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar Caidendnen da orive... TavianT Zmebs

garkveul adgils miuCendnen, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT da arseboba ar

gaZnelebodaT~. gasagebia aleqsandresa da svimonis survili Sahis

xelidan daexsnaT maT sawinaaRmdego qmedebebisaTvis gamiznuli Zmebi.

isqander munSi Semdeg qarTvel mefeebs usayvedurebs, rom arc erTma

piroba ar Seasrula, `orive maTi daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi

sikvdilis ambavi mTel qveyanas gaagebines~.

18

marTali ar aris isqander munSi, rodesac daud-xanis sikvdilis

Sesaxeb laparakobs, (isa-xanze, amis Semdeg, marTlac araferi viciT).

daud-xani kidev karga xans asparezze Cans. igi osmalebs miemxro.

1581 wlis agvistos bolos arzrumidan wasuli mehmed faSa

axalqalaqSi manuCar faSas* Sexvda da sTxova, rom osmalTa laSqari

Tbilisisken waeyvana. osmalTa jars gorTan svimon mefe elodeboda. mis

jarSi mravlad iyvnen qarTulad Cacmuli iranelebi.

mehmed faSam brZana, saswrafod gadasuliyvnen mdinare mtkvarze,

romlis meore napirze svimon mefe Tavisi jariT Casafrebuli iyo.

osmalebma sastiki marcxi ganicades. svimon mefis xelSi aRmoCnda mtris

mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili jaris nawilma Tbilisamde miaRwia.

TbilisSi, rogorc yovelTvis, didi gaWirveba iyo da xelcariel mehmed

faSas sxva araferi darCenoda rom jariskacebSi 30 aTasi dukati

Seegrovebina da kaxeTis mefesTan garnizonisaTvis puris, cxvrebisa da

sxva sanovagis Sesasyidad xalxi gaegzvna. verc Tbilisis faSam,

gamahmadianebulma qarTvelma iusufma, gaamarTla osmalTa imedebi. mehmed

faSam igi gadaayena da mis adgilze omar faSa daniSna.

am dros moxda osmalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ori qarTveli

meTauris svimon mefisa da aTabag manuCaris erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. es

kavSiri manuCaris svimon I-is asul eleneze daqorwinebiT ganmtkicda.

maT daaxloebas Sahis karze didi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen. yizilbaSebis

azriT, amis Semdeg iranis mdgomareoba amierkavkasiaSi mniSvnelovnad

gaumjobesdeboda. svimonisa da manuCaris kavSiri garkveul dromde

saidumlod rCeboda.

osmaleTis samcxeSi agresia mxolod qarTvelebisa da Sirvanelebis

damoukideblobas ar emuqreboda. igi kavkasiis sxva xalxebisTvisac

saSiSi iyo. rogorc ibrahim feCevi gadmogvcems, saSamxlosa da

daRestnis gamgeblebma kavSiri daamyares qarTvelebTan, raTa erToblivad

ebrZolaT osmalebis winaaRmdeg. kavkasiaSi antiosmalur koalicias

saTaveSi Caudga iranis Sahi, romelmac samokavSireo jaris sardlad

imamyuli-xani daniSna. stambolSi jerovnad Seafases amierkavkasiaSi

Seqmnili mdgomareoba da gadawyvites Crdilo kavkasiaze gavliT

gaegzavnaT laSqari, romelic darubandsa da baqoSi mdgom osmalTa

garnizonebs daexmareboda. amave dros, Tbilisis dasaxmareblad

gagzavnili osmalTa jari svimon mefem muxranis velze daamarcxa.

osmaleTis jaris darubandSi misvlam 1583 wlis gazafxulze, didi

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia Sahis karze. Sahma imamyuli-xanis meTaurobiT 50

aTasiani jari gagzavna. yizilbaSma sardalma maSinve qarTlisa da

kaxeTis mefeebs werilebi gaugzavna da isini laSqrobaSi monawileobis

misaRebad miiwvia. ar Cans, mividnen Tu ara qarTlelebi yizilbaSTa

dasaxmareblad.

19

amgvarad, osmalebis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna damyarebuli

iyo iaraRze, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobaze yovelTvis efeqturad ar

moqmedebda. sulTnis braZanebiT, manuCars daevala TbilisSi 30 aTasi

dukatis mitana. roca manuCari Tbiliss miuaxlovda, minadois TqmiT, mas

svimon mefe Sexvda da xanmokle TaTbiris Semdeg, manuCaris Tanmxlebi

osmalTa razmi amowyvites, xazina ki miiTvises.

ferhad faSam ganizraxa manuCaris samflobeloebze eyara javri,

magram manamde aucilebeli iyo Tbilisis damarcxeba. man am rTuli

amocanis Sesruleba daavala qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan brZolebSi

gamocdil hasan faSas. mas Caabara 40 aTasi dukati da 15 aTasi rCeuli

mebrZoli gaayola. dmanisis xeobaSi mimaval osmalebs Tavs daesxa

qarTvelTa 500 kaciani razmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime yizilbaSi

amirac iyo. qarTvelebma ara mxolod SeaCeres osmalTa winsvla, aramed,

daamarcxes kidec isini. jaris narCenebi, misive TqmiT, mxolod hasan

faSas simtkicem ixsna. gadarCenil jars, meore dRes mxolod

yizilbaSebi daesxnen Tavs, magram hasan faSam isini daamarcxa.

1584 wlis gazafxulze ferhad faSam miiRo sulTnis brZaneba

naxWevansa da Tavrizze SetevisaTvis momzadebis Sesaxeb. imave dros,

sulTnis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, saWiro iyo qarTvelebisagan Seviwroebuli

Tbilisis daxmareba.

Sahis kars mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia osmalebis samxedro

samzadisi da naxWevanis dasacavad Tavrizis maxloblad Tavi mouyara 30

aTasamde mebrZols. yizilbaSebis samzadisi ferhad faSas gegmas arRvevda.

man, amis Sesaxeb, saswrafod acnoba sulTans da Semdgom brZanebas

daeloda. sulTanma ukve icoda, rom svimon mefe da aTabagi manuCari

kvlav osmalebis winaaRmdeg aRsdgnen, sastikad aviwroebdnen Tbilisis

garnizons da Sahis daxmarebasac apirebdnen. gaiTvaliswina ra qarTlisa

da samcxis pozicia, sulTanma ferhad faSas ubrZana, `gadasdos yvela

saqme da Seudges dmanisze da loreze* gamavali gzebis mowesregebas~.

aseT viTarebaSi, osmalebis Semdgomi moqmedebisaTvis Tbiliss

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

ferhad faSam, jer lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni

da 200 qvemexi Caayena, cixisTavad ki daniSna berZeni ali faSa. sardalma

mas daavala, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi loredan 10 miliT daSorebuli

SaiTanyala* gaemagrebina. TviTon ferhad faSa mTeli jariT dmanisisaken

wavida. es umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagre qarTvelebis mier nangrevebad

iyo qceuli. ferhad faSam nacixaris adgilas, axali cixe aago. ferhad

faSam dmanisidan 20 aTasi rCeuli da saukeTesod SeiaraRebuli

mebrZoliT, Tbilisis dasaxmareblad ridvan faSa gagzavna. igi erT dReSi

TbilisSi mivida da garnizons saWiro daxmareba aRmouCina. maSin, roca

ridvan faSa TbilisTan idga, mis banakSi svimon mefis gadamterebuli Zma

daud-xani mivida da osmalebs samsaxuri SesTavaza. Tbilisis saqmeebis

20

mogvarebis Semdeg, ridvan faSa dmanisSi gabrunda da daud-xani Tan

waiyvana. svimon mefe, mstovrebis saSualebiT, Tvalyurs adevnebda

osmalTa jaris moZraobas. ridvan faSas banakSi Separuli svimon mefis

mstovrebi daud-xans daurwmunebia, rom osmalTa jari mcire iyo.

svimon mefes dauT-xanis motaceba ganuzraxavs. mstovrebis mier svimon

mefesTan mitanili cnoba ridvan faSas jaris raodenobis Sesaxeb, swori

ar iyo. sinamdvileSi mas bevrad meti jari hyavda. miuxedavad amisa,

ridvan faSas qarTvelebis SiSi hqonda da ferhad faSas damatebiT kidev

10 aTasi kaci sTxova. yalbi informaciiT waqezebuli simon mefe

manuCarTan da sxva oTx qarTvel didebulTan erTad, 4 aTasi mebrZoliT

osmalebs dauxvda. Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg 6 aTasi

osmalo idga, magram brZola gaCaRda Tu ara, borcvis ukan Casafrebuli

osmalTa mTavari Zala Tavs daatyda qarTvelebs. svimon mefes cxeni

moukles, magram igi sakuTarma simamacem ixsna. qarTvelebi sruli

ganadgurebisagan ferhad faSas mier ridvan faSas dasaxmareblad

gagzavnili 10 aTasiani jaris gamoCenam ixsna. osmalebma isini qarTvelTa

damxmare jarad miiCnies da daibnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da

brZolis vels gaecalnen. ridvan faSam ferhad faSas banakSi sakmaod

didi nadavli miitana, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mis mier miyvanili

daud-xani iyo. daud-xanis osmalTa banakSi misvla sainteresod aRwera

erTma osmalurma wyarom. iq naTqvamia: daud-xani ,,Tavisi xuTi begisa da

misi erTi mamaci Svilis TanxlebiT mis aRmatebuleba sardal ferhad-

faSasTan movida. aq mas sTxova, rom momeciT saSualeba mivaRwio

bednierebis zRurbls (stambols), radganac saqarTvelos gasaRebi me var

da maRali RmerTis wyalobiT misi aReba da dapyroba CemiT SeiZlebao~.

ferhad faSam gaiTvaliswina saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da

mizanSewonilad CaTvala daud-xani swrafad gaegzavna sulTnis karze.

daud-xani 20 kaciani amaliT stambolSi mivida da sulTans Tbilisis

beglarbegoba sTxova. samagierod, igi sulTans dahpirda, rom

darwmunebis, motyuebis an Zalis gamoyenebis gziT, qarTvelebs sulTnis

qveSevrdomebad gaxdida. daud-xanma erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT,

stambolSi Tavisi vaJi datova. man sulTans gaacno, agreTve, sefianTa

saxelmwifos savalalo mdgomareoba da Tavrizze Seteva urCia.

sulTans awyobda daud-xanis svimon mefesTan dapirispireba, amitom

misi yvela Txovna Seiwynara. mis Svilsa da amalas sapatio xalaTebi,

TviT daud-xans maraSis beglarbegoba da osmalebis mier qarTlSi

dapyrobilad svimonis samflobeloebic eboZa.

daud-xanis svimonTan dapirispirebiT sulTani saqarTveloSi

antiosmaluri Zalebis gaTiSvas fiqrobda. misi varaudiT daud-xansac

gamouCndeboda momxreebi, magram ganmeorda adrindeli mdgomareoba: daud-

xanma verc Sahs gaumarTla da verc sulTans. man dasayrdeni ver hpova

qarTlis Tavad-aznaurobaSi. osmalebis mxares misma gadasvlam, qarTlSi

21

saxalxo moZraoba ki ar Seasusta, aramed moxda TviT daud-xanis

izolacia.

Znelia imis Tqma, gaiziara Tu ara sulTanma daud-xanis rCeva,

osmalebs TavrizisTvis SeetiaT. erTi ram cxadia, rom osmalebma

laSqrobis mimarTuleba Secvales. 10 aprils osmalTa laSqari

didvaziris**, osman faSas meTaurobiT, arzrumisa da erevnis gavliT

Tavrizisken wavida. imave dros, saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan mdgom

jars ebrZana, daewyo Seteva saqarTveloze. meTaurebi iyvnen lores

beglarbegi hasan faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi ali faSa. maTTan erTad

iyo daud-xani, romelic umaRlesi mrCevlis movaleobas asrulebda.

saerTo SetevisaTvis samzadisisas, osmalebma daiwyes umTavresi

strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, maTi sursaT-sanovagiTa da samxedro

saWurvliT momarageba. osmalebi goris cixis gamagrebas gansakuTrebiT

cdilobdnen. goris cixeSi moiyara Tavi osmaleTis kavkasiis jaris

ZiriTadma Zalebma.

qarTvelTa warmatebuli moqmedeba did dabrkolebas uqmnida

saqarTvelos gareT dabanakebul osmalTa jarebs. es garemoeba aiZulebda

maT molaparakeba daewyoT qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan. hasan-kalaSi

mTavarsardalma miiRo iranis Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi,

romlebsac samSvidobo molaparakebis gamarTva evalebodaT.

molaparakebis dros Tavs iCens erTi gansakuTrebiT saintereso

momenti: iranisa da saqarTvelos delegaciebi molaparakebas cal-calke,

magram erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad awarmoebdnen. qarTlis samefos

elCobas saTaveSi edga `maRali Tanamdebobis saeklesio piri~, romelmac

osman faSas acnoba qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis survili `mSvidobisa da

keTilmezoblobis~ Sesaxeb. sulTnis kari gaWianurebuli omis

dasrulebis momxre iyo da osman faSas TviTonac survili gamouTqvams

saomari moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. igi ara marto qarTvelebis

moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis, aramed misi yvela mtrisagan dacvis imedsac

iZleoda. osman faSam, imis garantiad, rom qarTvelebi osmalebTan

urTierTobaSi mSvidobasa da keTilmezoblobas daicavdnen, svimon mefes

ori vaJis sulTnis karze mZevlad gagzavna mosTxova.

movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebidan irkveva, rom sazavo

molaparakeba, rogorc iranelebTan ise qarTvelebTan, uSedegod

damTavrda da saomari moqmedeba ganaxlda. osmalebma Tavrizis

mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva, magram yizilbaSebisa da qarTvelTa

winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da didi danaklisi ganicades. miuxedavad amisa,

1585 wlis seqtemberSi osmalebma Tavrizi mainc aiRes. amis Semdeg

yizilbaSebi, marTalia, brZolas ganagrZobdnen, magram maTi roli

kavkasiis frontze uaRresad Sesustda. am garemoebam osmalebis qarTl-

kaxeTis mimarT gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia.

22

svimon mefe erTaderTi iyo, osmalebis winaSe qedi rom ar moixara.

osmalebis mier Tavrizis aRebis miuxedavad, svimon mefe 1585 w. Tavs

daesxa lores da es umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti daipyro.

amave dros, qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen Tbiliss, gors, yarss da

osmalebis mier dapyrobil sxva mniSvnelovan cixe-qalaqebs da ise

Seaviwroves isini, rom osmalo jariskacebma dezertiroba daiwyes da

vinc axerxebda, arzrumSi garboda. es cnobebi erTxel kidev adastureben

svimon mefisa da qarTvelebis qedmouxrelobas, iranze osmalebis

warmatebuli Setevis Sedegsac.

iTqva, rom svimon mefe, manuCar aTabagi da Sahi dainteresebulni

iyvnen osmaleTTan zavis dadebiT, magram qarTvelebi da sparselebi

sazavo molaparakebis mimarT sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas iCendnen.

irani da osmaleTi molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos sakiTxis

ignorirebas axdenda, amitom qarTvelebma isargebles droebiTi simSvidiT

da svimon mefem mters axali dartyma miayena. 1586 wlis dasasruls man

Tbilisi aiRo, svimonma xelT igdo mravali zarbazani, daangrevina

osmalebis mier TbilisSi daarsebuli zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana,

ostatebi ki Sahs gaugzavna.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1587 wlis 22 ianvris

informacia stambolidan. masSi, svimon mefis mier TbilisTan mopovebuli

gamarjvebis aRniSvnasTan erTad naTqvamia, rom stambolSi `mividnen

Tbilisidan gaqceulni, romlebic hyvebodnen, Tu ra dRe ayara Turqebs

qarTvelebis mefe svimonma. svimonTan moskovidan movida 6 aTasi

karabineri. mas gadauketia uReltexilebi da cixe-simagreSi gamoketili

omar faSa Znel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, radgan yvela gza daxSuli

hqonda~.

svimon mefisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom Tavisi samefos sakiTxi TviTonve

unda moegvarebina. Zalian sainteresod gadmogvcems isqandr munSi svimon

mefis mdgomareobas osamalebTan zavis dadebis win: svimon mefe mudam

Seupovrad ebrZoda osmalebs, _ werda is _ magram sabolood Seafasa

Tavisi mokavSire iranis mdgomareoba da darwmunda, rom misgan

daxmarebis imedi aRar unda hqonoda. damoukideblad brZola ki ukve mis

Zalebs aRemateboda.

sulTanma svimon mefes usayvedura, rom mas xelSekruleba jer ar

daemtkicebina da qarTlis mefe ferhad faSasTvis micemul pirobas ukve

arRvevda. amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mesazRvre beglarbegebi werilobiT

acnobebdnen sulTans.

svimon mefem sazavo pirobebi jer ferhad faSasTan SeaTanxma, rac

faqtiurad, zavis dadebas niSnavda. Semdeg elCebi stambolSi gagzavna.

elCobas meTaurobdnen: mefis Zma vaxxtangi, misi erTi naTesavi da siauS

saakaZe, giorgi saakaZis mama. elCebi stambolSi Rirseulad miiRes.

rogorc `qarTlis mbrZaneblisadmi gacemuli uavgustoesi

23

xelSekrulebidan~ Cans, sulTani murad III friad uwonebda svimon mefes

osmaleTTan zavis dadebas: `Cems sabedniero samefo taxts yovelmxrivi

morCileba da gamgonoba gamoucxade, misi moxarjeoba bednierebis wyarod

miiCnie da zemoxsenebul sardals Seni wliuri xaraja gamougzavne da

amrigad erTgulad da gulwrfelad miendve da Semoafare Tavi Cems

uzenaes kars~.

sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi rjulis Seucvlelad

scnobda svimons qarTlis mefed da aRiarebda mis memkvidreobiT uflebas.

igi damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo Sinagan mmarTvelobaSi.

qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Sori sazavo xelSekruleba

arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT daido. qarTlis samefo orad gaiyo. is

cixe-qalaqebi, romlebic osmalebs dapyrobili hqondaT, maT xelSi darCa.

danarCen teritoriaze svimon mefis xelisufleba vrceldeboda.

xelismomweri mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebis sxvadasxvagvar

interpretacias axdendnen. teritoriuli zonebi xelSekrulebaSi

mtkiced dadgenili ar iyo. Zneli iyo imis garkveva, vis ekuTvnoda

osmalebis mier dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis irgvliv mdebare soflebi da

saxnav-saTesi miwebi. svimon mefes es ukanasknelni Tavis sakuTrebad

miaCnda da iqidan garkveul gadasaxads _ `uSurs~ iRebda, riTac

osmalebs adgilobrivi sursaTiT gamokvebis saSualebas uspobda da mZime

mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. murad III SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda imis gamoc,

rom qarTvelebi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen

`cixeebSi mimaval-momaval mis jariskacebs, sursaTisa da xazinis

damtareblebsa da gamvlel-gamomvlelebs~. qarTvelebis gagebiT, Tu

cixeebi osmalebs ekuTvnodaT, gzebi qarTvelebisa iyo. aseT viTarebaSi,

ra Tqma unda, mSvidoba didi xniT ver damyardeboda. marTalia,

`uavgustoes xelSekrulebaSi~ murad III svimon mefes dabejiTebiT

sTxovda, rom osmaleTis administraciasTan raime gaugebrobis

SemTxvevaSi, dauyovnebliv ecnobebina stambolSi da damnaSaveni

dauyovnebliv daisjebodnen, magram sinamdvileSi faruli da zogjer

daufaravi lokaluri brZolebi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda.

1587 wels moskovis elCebi kaxeTSi Camovidnen da 26 agvistos mefe

aleqsandres warudgnen. molaparakeba erT Tves gagrZelda. 28 seqtembers

xelSekruleba gaformda. aleqsandre II-m Tavis SvilebTan da

didebulebTan erTad, ruseTis mefis xeldebulebis fici miiRo. kaxeTis

mefem piroba dado, rom samudamod ruseTis erTguli iqneboda da

mfarvelis mimarT mtrul moqmedebas arasodes mimarTavda. ufro metic,

aleqsandre mefes Tavis memkvidreebTan erTad, moskovis saxelmwifos

yvela mtris winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola. aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavisi

jariT astraxanisa da Tergis voevodebs SeuerTdeboda. kaxeTis samefos

yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gadaxda daekisra. Tavis mxriv, mefe Tevdore

valdebulebas iRebda kaxeTis samefo yvela mtrisagan daecva. kaxeTis

24

samefos dacva Tergisa da astraxanis voevodebs (samxedro meTaurebs)

daevalaT. `xolo Samxalis winaaRmdeg gavagzavno Cemi laSqari da Cveni

saxelmwifodan Sens qveynamde mimavali gza gavwmindo,~ _ werda rusTa

mefe.

qarTveli politikosebis azriT, saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebel

saSamxlos gzaze garkveuli wesrigi maSin damyardeboda, roca iq

ruseTis jari Cadgeboda. doneli kazakebi, romlebic qarTvel da rus

elCebs acilebdnen xolme, Tergze Sediodnen da saSamxlos, yirimis

saxanos, osmaleTis imperiasa da am ukanasknelis yvela mokavSires did

sazrunavs uCendnen. kazakebis TareSiT, gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebuli iyo

osmaleTi, radgan Crdilo kavkasiis gziT (yirimi-darubandi) sargebloba,

faqtiurad, SeuZlebeli gaxda. dazaralebulni Ciodnen moskovis

mefesTan, raTa mas kazakebis `TviTneboba~ aRekveTa. magram osmaleTi,

yirimis saxano da saSamxlo yovelTvis erTsa da imave pasuxs iRebdnen:

Tergze gaqceuli qurdi kazakebi xelmwifis nebarTvis gareSe

cxovrobeno.

cnobili ar aris, kazakebs garkveuli gegma hqondaT Tu ara, an maT

moqmedebas vinmes saidumlo xeli warmarTavda Tu ara, roca osmaleTsa

da mis mokavSireebs ebrZodnen. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema arsebuli

wyaroebis safuZvelze, SeuZlebelia. cxadia, maTi moqmedeba mxolod

stiqiuri da nadavlis mopovebis surviliT ganpirobebuli ar iyo.

savaraudoa, rom kazakebsa da svimon mefes Soris kavSiri Tu ara,

garkveuli kontaqtebi mainc arsebobda. kazakebi Crdilo kavkasiis gzebs

uketavdnen amierkavkasiisaken mimaval osmalebs. amdenad, isini

saqarTvelos dacvasac xels uwyobdnen da, erTxans, svimon mefis

daxmarebac scades (gavixsenoT Tbilisidan ltolvili osmalebis mier

stambolSi Catanili ambavi, svimon mefes rusTa 6 aTasiani jari

exmarebao). amaze miuTiTebs, agreTve, rusi elCis semion zvenigorodskis

erTi cnoba, romelic 1586 wels ganekuTvneba. masSi naTqvamia, rom

Tergis Tavisufali kazakebi mcire xniT svimon mefesTan mividnen, magram

qarTlis mefem isini sam weliwadnaxevars TavisTan gaaCera da ukan

dabrunebis saSualebas ar aZlevdao.

maSasadame, kazakebi svimon mefesTan mividnen 1586 wels da

Tbilisidan gaqceul osmalebs stambolSi es ambavi unda CaetanaT. ra

Tqma unda, stambolSi Catanil cnobaSi uzustobebia: jer erTi,

daujerebelia, rom saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi kazaki gadmosuliyo. im

pirobebSi 600 kacis gadmosvlac ki didi ambavi iqneboda; da meorec, _

saeWvoa, kazakebi saqarTveloSi mefe Tevdores gamoegzvna. rogorc rusi

elCebis cnobebidan irkveva, moskovSi saerTod araferi icodnen qarTlis

samefoSi kazakebis yofnaze da rusma elCebma mxolod kaxeTSi Seityves

amis Taobaze. svimon mefisaTvis kazakTa razms imdenad praqtikuli

mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdenadac politikuri. mas kazakTa razmi

25

propagandisaTvis sWirdeboda: qveyana gaigebs (da marTlac gaiges) svimon

mefes rusT xelmwife exmarebao. amave mizniT sTxovda aleqsandre kaxTa

mefe moskovel elCebs kazakebi kaxeTSi daetovebinaT. am moments

maSindel kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur ambebSi didi mniSvneloba

hqonda. ruseTTan urTierTobis garTulebas osmalebi da misi

mokavSireebi eridebodnen.

qarTlidan kaxeTSi gadasuli kazakebi aleqsandre mefem saSamxlos

sazRvarze cixeebSi Caayena. albaT, am RonisZiebas garkveuli efeqti

hqonda, radgan kaxeTis mefes Semdeg zafxuls kazakebis isev im cixeebSi

dabruneba surda, magram rogorc maSindeli diplomatiuri

urTierTobidan Cans, moskovis mTavroba xalisiT ar ekideboda kaxeTis

mefis amgvar moTxovnebs.

kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan urTierTobis damyareba uaRresad

mniSvnelovani faqti iyo mTeli kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis

masStabiT. gasagebi unda gamxdariyo, rom amieridan is, visac moskovis

saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis garTuleba ar surda, kaxeTis samefos

mimarT mtrul aqciebs unda morideboda. osmaleTis mesveurebi, albaT,

bevrs wuxdnen im Secdomaze, rac kaxeTisadmi maT poziciaSi gamoxata da

ramac iq ruseTis gavlena gaaZliera. sulTnis karisaTvis gasagebi iyo,

rom Tu igi droulad ar gadawyvetda qarTlis sakiTxs, SeiZleboda iqac

analogiuri mdgomareoba gameorebuliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom moskovel

elCebs _ rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane poluxanovs

pirdapiri miTiTeba hqondaT, rom Tu aleqsandre mefis siZe an Zma

xelmwifisagan mfarvelobis survils gamoTqvamda, elCebs isini unda

waexalisebinaT, maT moskovSi TavianTi elCebi gaegzavnaT, mfarveloba

eTxovaT da rusTa xelmwife maT Txovnas Seiwynarebda.

moskovis mTavrobas mxedvelobaSi hyavda svimon mefe, romelic

aleqsandre II-is siZe, misi dis qmari iyo, an mefis Zma ufliswuli iese.

xelmwife mxolod im pirobiT daakmayofilebda erTis an meoris

survils, Tu mfarvelobis Txovnis periodisaTvis isini aleqsandre

mefesTan karg urTierTobaSi iqnebodnen.

svimon mefe realisti politikosi iyo. man icoda, rom arsebuli

mdgomareobis mixedviT, qarTlis samefosa da moskovis saxelmwifos

Soris xelSekruleba ver daideboda. svimoni miesalmeboda rusTa jaris

qarTlSi Semosvlas, magram saRi azri ukarnaxebda, rom ruseTidan

amgvari daxmarebis miReba ver moxerxdeboda. qarTlis samefo saomar

mdgomareobaSi iyo osmaleTis imperiasTan da svimons kargad esmoda, rom

ruseTis mier mfarvelobis sityvierad gamocxadebas fasi ar eqneboda: es

gamoiwvevda osmaleTis mxridan omis kidev ufro gaaqtiurebas. dadebiTad

arc Sahis kari Sexvdeboda svimon mefis aseT nabijs. albaT, ruseTis

mTavrobac iTvaliswinebda am mdgomareobas, magram igi iseTnairad

awyobda saqmes, viTomc moskovSi svimonTan daaxloebaze arc fiqrobdnen.

26

qarTlidan elCebi moskovSi Tu Cavidodnen da raime garigeba mainc

moxdeboda, ruseTis xelmwifes Tavis gamarTlebis saSualeba yovelTvis

eqneboda: qarTvelebma TviTon gvTxoves da Cvenc `qristianobis

siyvarulis gamo~ vcdilobT riTime davexmaroTo, magram sinamdvileSi es

`daxmareba~ svimon mefes Tavisi qveynis dacvis saqmes ver gauadvilebda.

ruseTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg oms araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daiwyebda.

svimon mefe iTvaliswinebda ra saerTaSoriso viTarebas da imasac,

vis rogori urTierToba hqonda osmaleTTan da Sesabamisad, daxmarebis

miReba saidan ufro mosalodneli iyo, umjobesad CaTvala dasavleT

evropisaTvis miemarTa. am mizniT, man 1587 wels romis papsa da espaneTis

mefesTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad despanebi gagzavna. svimonis erT-erTi

didebuli ierusalimze gavliT romis papTan unda wasuliyo, xolo

espaneTis mefesTan, ki konstantinopolze gavliT, vinme somexi vaWari

aleqsandre konstantinopolis gziT, romelsac `eqvsi Sekvra qarTuli

abreSumi~ mihqonda mefisaTvis misarTmevad. qarTvelma didebulma

adresatamde ver miaRwia. is osmalebma Seipyres papisaTvis gankuTvnili

werilebiTa da saCuqrebiT. meore elCis, aleqsandres misia, ufro

warmatebuli iyo, igi romSi mivida. radgan mas romidan ukan,

saqarTveloSi dabruneba hqonda ganzraxuli, igi espaneTis mefis elCs

graf de olivaress Sexvda da mas gaando svimonis winadadebebi. kerZod,

qarTlis mefe mzad iyo papisa da espaneTis mefis vasali gamxdariyo,

magram amave dros, yovelTvis iranis erTgul mokavSired darCeniliyo.

simon mefe iniciativiT gamodioda, espaneTs kavSiri daemyarebina samive

qarTul samefosTan. Znelia imis dadgena, simon I, imereTisa da kaxeTis

mefeebTan SeTanxmebiT gamodioda aseTi iniciativiT, Tu es yvelaferi

qarTvel mefeTa Soris misi pirvelobis demonstrireba iyo. svimon mefes

rom pirvelobis pretenzia marTlac hqonda, kargad gamoCnda 1588 wels

imereTis samefos dapyrobis mis warumatebel mcdelobaSi.

svimon mefis werilSi DCamoyalibebulma winadadebebma gamocdili

espaneli diplomati grafi de olivaresi (don enrike de gusmani),

aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZlebobiT, marTlac daainteresa.

osmaleTis imperia xifaTs uqmnida portugalielTa (portugalia am

dros espaneTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda) dasaxlebebs

aRmosavleT afrikasa da hormuzze. grafma de olivaresma 1588 wlis 5

Tebervals Tavis mefes, filipe II-s miswera: `me mgonia SevZleb

davarwmuno papi, rac SeiZleba male dados kavSiri qristianul (qarTvel

– e.m.) mefeebTan, raTa isini gaerTiandnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg im (e. i.

kavkasiis, e. m.) mxridan; rom aqedan gamodis aseve kavSiri sparseTTanac,

romelsac mxars vuWerdiT aqamdec; rom yovelive es ukeT rom gakeTdes,

saWiroa gaigzavnos kaci im despanTan erTad an misi wasvlis Semdeg,

raTa damyardes kavSiri simonTan, aleqsandresTan da baSiaCukTan*

Turqebis winaaRmdeg da aseve, raTa Tqvenma udidebulesobam gagzavnos

27

kaci amave mizniT Tavis disSvilTan, poloneTis mefesTan da moskovis

mefesTan, raTa isini SeuerTdnen maT da Seqmnan didi Zala TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg; aseve, gaigzavnos misionerebi, rogorc simoni ioTxovs, raTa

maT xalxs aswavlon qristianuli suliskveTebiT~.

grafma de olivaresma Tavisi mosazreba aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris

SeZenis SesaZleblobaze, gaacno kardinal sankta severinas da isini im

daskvnamde mividnen, rom kargi iqneboda svimon mefesTan ori despani

gaegzavnaT, _ erTi konstantinopolze gavliT, meore poloneTisa da

moskovis gavliT, romelic iqaur mefeebsac moelaparakeboda.

olivaresma audienciis dros papi marTlac daarwmuna, rom aucilebeli

iyo svimon mefis mxardaWera. amis Semdeg, man Tavisi mosazrebani

werilobiT Camoayaliba da Tavis mefes gaugzavna. magram papsa da

espaneTis samefo kars saqarTvelos dasaxmareblad an masTan

diplomatiuri urTierTobis dasamyareblad qmediTi nabiji ar

gadaudgamT.

svimon mefe osmaleTis uzarmazar imperiasTan pirispir kvlav marto

rCeboda. osmalebs gacnobierebuli hqondaT, rogor seriozul rols

TamaSobda qarTlis samefo iran-osmaleTis omSi, amitom masTan morigeba

gadawyvites. 1588 wels qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris

zavi daido.

qarTlis samefos omidan gamosvlam, iranis damarcxeba daaCqara. irani

osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis gamoyenebas Seecada. jer kidev 1587 wels

moskovSi iranis Sahis _ mohamed hodabandas elCi andi-begi Cavida,

romelic daxmarebis sanacvlod osmalebis mier dapyrobil baqosa da

darubands sTavazobda. ruseTi aseTi ekonmikuri da strategiuli

mniSvnelobis punqtebis xelSi Cagdebis perspeqtivis mimarT gulgrili

ver darCeboda. 1588 wels moskovis mTavrobam gadawyvita Tergisa da

astraxanis jarebi iranis dasaxmareblad gaegzavna, samagierod

yizilbaSebi, baqosa da darubands, ganTavisuflebisTanave, ruseTs

gadascemdnen. moskovis mTavrobam Tavisi elCi, aseTi pirobiT, iranSi

gaagzavna, magram iranSi momxdarma sasaxlis karis gadatrialebam da Sah

abasis gamefebam, molaparakeba CaSla.

moskovis mefis mfarvelobaSi kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam da saSamxlo-

daRestnis xelyofisagan mis dasacavad Crdilo kavkasiaSi simagreebis

Cadgmis cdam irani SeaSfoTa. aRmosavleT sqarTvelos samefoebi Sahs

Tvis vasalebad miaCnda. Sahis karisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo

kaxeT-ruseTis kavSiris Sekvra da maTi erToblivi brZola Samxlis

winaaRmdeg. ruseTi Tu saSamxlos daipyrobda, maSin is uSualod

daamyarebda kavSirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan, magram irani, jer-

jerobiT amas ver gaaprotestebda, vidre misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri

osmaleTi iyo.

28

osmaleTi avstriasTan omisaTvis emzadeboda da irans zavi SesTavaza.

Sah abasi zavis dadebas ar Cqarobda da cdilobda ruseTTan da

osmaleTTan molaparakeba, orive maTganze zewolisaTvis gamoeyenebina.

ruseTi iran-osmaleTis dazavebis winaaRmdegi iyo. iran-osmaleTs Soris

arsebuli winaaRmdegoba ruseTs kavkasiaSi winsvlaSi xels uwyobda...

Tavis mxriv, osmaleTi, cdilobda ar dadebuliyo xelSekruleba iransa

da ruseTs Soris, radgan maTi SeTanxmeba, Tavisi arsiT, antiosmaluri

iqneboda. aseTi ramis daSveba osmaleTis diplomatias ar SeeZlo da Sahs

zogierTi dapyrobili teritoriis dabrunebas Sepirda. Sah abasma,

sxvadasxva sagareo faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyvita ruseTTan

diplomatiuri urTierToba gaegrZelebina. man Tvisi mamis mier

ruseTisaTvis SeTavazebuli proeqti Secvala da Tavis elCebs _ butak-

begs da andi-begs 1589 wels sul sxva proeqti gaatana moskovSi. axali

SeTanxmebis mixedviT, ruseTis jarebi baqosa da darubands unda

Semodgomodnen, xolo irani, Tvis mxriv, SirvanSi SeiWreboda.

mokavSireebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi kaspiis zRvis Crdilo

sanapiroze gabatondeboda, irani ki, samxreT-dasavleTze. amgvarad, Sah

abasis axali proeqtiT, ruseTs osmaleTTan omi unda daewyo da baqo da

darubandi Tvisi ZalebiT daepyro.

rogorc irkveva, evropis saxelmwifoebi, antiosmaluri ligis

Sesaqmnelad mxolod aleqsandre II-sTan ar urTierTobdnen. isini

gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen, osmalebis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi

mebrZolis, qarTlis mefe svimon I-is ligaSi CabmiT. rogorc Cans, svimon

mefis kontaqtebi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldeboda ruseTis gverdis

avliT. cnobilia, rom transilvaniis* mmarTveli zigmund batori

qarTvelebisa da Cerqezebis antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb kargad

iyo informirebuli Tavisi diplomatis _ matiaS kisis saSualebiT. isic

savaraudoa, rom evropeli diplomatebisa da saidumlo agentebis

saSualebiT warmoebda saqarTvelos samefoebsa da evropis

saxelmwifoebs Soris miwer-mowera. 1595 wlis 29 apriliT

daTariRebul, pap klementi VIII-is instruqciaSi, romelic mis

warmomadgenels kumuloviCs moskovSi gaegzavna, naTqvamia, rom is

valdebulia wavides CerqezeTSi da iqidan kavSiri daamyaros

amierkavkasiis mefeebTan. cnobili ar aris kumuloviCma SesZlo Tu ara

am davalebis Sesruleba, magram SiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom misi an

misi msgavsi diplomat-agentebis saSualebiT moxda svimon mefis evropis

saxelmwifoebTan dakavSireba. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli venecieli

diplomatis, alesandro malipieros 1596 wlis relaciaSi. igi ambobs,

rom qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli urTierToba aqvT espaneTis mefesTan,

romelTanac werilebs agzavnian ormuzsa da sxva adgilebze gamavali

gzebiT~.

29

antiosmalurad ganwyobili yvela saxelmwifosaTvis naTeli iyo, rom

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis Serigeba met warmatebas moitanda. magram

ismoda kiTxva: visi iniciativiT unda momxdariyo Serigeba _ ruseTisa

Tu iranis. amas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. Tu reseTis diplomatia

gaimarjvebda, maSin svimon mefec SeiZleboda ruseTis mefis

mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo. ra Tqma unda, iranis Sahic cdilobda

aleqsandre II Tavis mxares gadaeyvana. aleqsande mefes, rogorc adre

iTqva, saqarTvelos gaerTianeba surda Tavisi meTaurobiT. am amocanis

gadawyvetas igi saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

SeyvaniT fiqrobda.

moskovis mefe svimon pirvelTan uSualo urTirTobis damyarebisaken

miiswrafoda da mas qarTlis mefesTan aleqsandres Suamavloba ar

akmayofilebda. igi aleqsandres sTxovda, rom roca Seni elCebi moskovSi

wamovlen, maT wamohyvnen svimon mefis elCebic, raTa misTvisac dadgindes

mfarvelobis is pirobebi, rogoric kaxeTis mefes aqvso. saeWvoa,

aleqsandre mefes moswoneboda moskovis xelmwifis aseTi didi interesi

qarTlis samefos mimarT da igi Seecdeboda qarTlis ruseTTan

daaxloeba ar momxdariyo.

ibadeba kiTxva: ratom TviTon ar cdilobda svimon mefe ruseTTan

dakavSirebas?

svimon I iran-osmaleTis omis dros da mis Semdegac, sicocxlis

bolomde, proiranuli orientaciisa iyo. mas, osmaleTTan samkvdro-

sasicocxlo omis viTarebaSi, rodesac yizilbaSebTan erTad osmalebis

winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, saSualeba ar hqonda, SahisaTvis miuRebeli sagareo

politika gaetarebina, ra Tqma unda, svimonisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili

Sahis ganwyobileba kaxeTis mefis ruseTTan urTierTobis gamo. man

kargad icoda agreTve, aleqsandres im rTuli diplomatiuri TamaSis

Sesaxeb, romelsac igi SahTan da moskovis xelmwifesTan antiosmaluri

ligis SeqmnisaTvis da Tavisi saboloo miznis, saqarTvelos

gaerTianebisaTvis awarmoebda, amitom erideboda svimon I moskovTan

kontaqts. igi evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis drosac, Sahis

miTiTebiT moqmedebda. swored Sahis moTxovniT unda yofiliyo, rom

svimon mefe evropaSi gagzavnil werilebSi ruseTs ar axsenebs, yvelgan

laparakia mxolod qarTl-kaxeT-iranis koaliciis Camoyalibebaze.

marTalia, werilebSi arsad naTqvami ar aris koaliciis romelime wevris

wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb, magram adresatebisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom samTa

kavSirSi irani pirveli unda yofiliyo. amgvarad, Sah abasi evropel

partniorebs warudgenda koalicias masSi ruseTis monawileobis gareSe,

maSin, roca imave partniorebTan miwer-mowerisa da molaparakebis dros,

ruseTi aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri Zalebis damrazmvelad gamodioda. es

ki niSnavda imas, rom ruseTi, Sahis azriT, ar unda Careuliyo kavkasiisa

da axlo aRmosavleTis saqmeebSi, rom es regionebi iranis gavlenis

30

sfero iyo. rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, `Sah-abasi osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg sul sxva koalicias razmavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan

omSi ruseTis beladoba amierkavkasiaSi, Sah-abass gamoricxulad miaCnda~.

iranis elCis, andi-begis molaparakeba moskovSi, sinamdvileSi miznad

isaxavda kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis Seferxebas. Sahma am molaparakebas

antiosmaluri xasiaTi misca, magram mizani sxva hqonda. Sahs mxolod

Samxalis ruseTis gavlenis qveS moxvedra ar aSinebda. mas,

gansakuTrebiT rusTa jaris Semdgomi winsvla daRestanSi da kaxeTis

samefos ruseTTan kavSiri afiqrebda. imisaTvis, raTa kaspiispireTSi

ruseTis SeWra SeCerebuliyo, Sahs aucileblad miaCnda rusi xelmwifisa

da kaxeTis mefis SamxalTan Serigeba, Tundac amisaTvis aucilebeli

yofiliyo ruseTis suverenitetis cnoba saSamxloze da Samxalis vaJis

moskovSi mZevlad gagzavna. Sahi am miznis misaRwevad mzad iyo rusT

xelmwifes darubandis an baqos gadacemas dapireboda. rogorc Cans,

andi begma davalebas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli

gamosvla saSamxlos winaaRmdeg mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg, 1604-1605

wlebSi, moxda.

manamde ki, ruseT-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi qarTlis

sakiTxi garkveuli simwvaviT unda mdgariyo. ori metoqe, sabolood,

kompromisul SeTanxmebaze wavida: erToblivad emoqmedaT qarTl-kaxeTis

Sesarigeblad. am sakiTxis mogvareba daevalaT stambolSi myof moskovisa

da iranis elCebs. rodesac osmalebma maTTvis micemuli davalebis

Sesaxeb gaiges, isini daapatimres, `radgan Turqebs aSinebdaT kavSiri

moskovsa, sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, mimarTuli osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg~.

rogorc adre iTqva, romis papi saqarTvelo-iranis antiosmalur

koaliciaSi Cabmis organizebas moskovs sTxovda. moRweulia Tevdore

ivanes Zis pasuxi romis papis klementi VIII-is elC kumuloviCisadmi:

`Sen gvTxove, rom migvewera sparseTisa da saqarTvelos mefeebisaTvis

TurqeTTan omis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT... gasul wels Cven mivwereT

sparseTis mefes, ar daedo zavi TurqeTTan... Cven axlac gavgzavniT

masTan delegacias, raTa vacnoboT yvalaferi razec Cven SevTanxmdiT.

Cven momavalSic mivmarTavT saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandres, raTa mWidro

kavSiri iqonios sparseTis mefesTan~. moyvanili amonaridis mixedviT,

erTi SexedviT, ise Cans, TiTqos ruseT-saqarTvelo-iranis mZlavri

antiosmaluri liga Seiqmna. marTalia, irans osmaleTTan omis dawyebis

SemTxvevaSi ruseTi, espaneTi da saqarTvelo qvemexebis miwodebas

hpirdeboda, magram es mxolod dapireba iyo da sxva araferi. saWiro iyo

iranis waqezeba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg da am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo

(kaxeTis samefo) misTvis misaRebi ruseTis sagareo politikuri kursis

xelSemwyobad gamodioda. bolos da bolos, svimon I da aleqsandre II

Serigdnen. venecieli diplomati alesandro malipiero 1596 wlis

31

TebervalSi senatSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli

mefeebis Serigeba iranis Sahis avtoritetis wyalobiT moxda. amiT

faqtiurad Camoyalibda samTa liga qarTl-kaxeT-iranis SemadgenlobiT.

svimon I espaneTSi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTSi

Seqmnil ligis wevrebs Soris winaT uTanxmoeba arsebobda (svimon mefe

gulisxmobda qarTl-kaxeTsa da kaxeT-irans Soris uTanxmoebas), magram

Serigdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis, agreTve

ierusalimisa da yvela qristianis osmalTa batonobisagan

gaTavisuflebisaTvis.

aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas sulTnis mkacri

reaqcia mohyva. igi gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas `veragi gaiZvera,

intrigani, viTarca mela~ svimon I-is mimarT gamoxatavda. Sah abasisaTvis

gagzavnil werilSi murad III werda: svimoni `ramdenime wlis

ganmavlobaSi udrtvinvelad Cveni moxarke iyo, rogorc ki aRgviTqva

morCileba, Cven vubrZaneT mesazRvreebs, rom im sazizRari da urwmuno

qveynisaTvis xeli ar exloT. amitom Cvenma jarebma datoves misi qveyana,

gadaketes yovelgvari gza areulobisa da omisa da icavdnen [simonis]

qveyanas sxvebisagan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini (qarTvelebi _ e.m.) ar

daafaseben im did wyalobas, romelic maT (maT osmalebma _ e.m.)

qarTvelebis mimarT gamoiCines, fics gatexaven, misi [simonis] gvami

gvelebisa da WianWvelebis lukma gaxdeba~.

savaraudoa, rom aleqsandre II am koaliciis miznebs mTlad ar

iziarebda da arc misi ganxorcielebisaTvis iCenda gulmodginebas.

ruseTis gamoTiSvas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omidan, kaxeli politikosebi

ver daeTanxmebodnen, magram iZulebulni iyvnen garkveul dromde

gaCumebuliyvnen. isic unda iTqvas, rom jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris

(SeiZleba arc arsebobda) kaxeTis mefis werili, romelic svimon mefis

da Sah abasis werilebTan erTad evropaSi iyo gagzavnili. savaraudoa,

rom aleqsandre II daTanxmda (an ki daTanxmda?) zemoxsenebuli

werilebis avtorebs, misi saxeliTac mieweraT evropis saxelmwifoTa

meTaurebisaTvis. marTali ar unda iyos julfeli* Tu eCmiaZineli*

diplomatis, Sah abasis elCis, ter iakobis naTqvami, TiTqos mas Tan

hqonda mefe aleqsandres werilebic evropis mefe-mTavrebisaTvis

gadasacemad. ter iakobi Sah abasis gamocdili diplomati iyo da, ra

Tqma unda, kaxTa mefis ganwyobilebaze sityvasac ar daZravda.

Sahsa da kaxeTis mefes Soris rom kvlav daZabuli viTareba iyo,

amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi momentic. Sahma aleqsandre mefesTan miRweuli

SeTanxmebis ganmtkiceba da kaxeTis sabolood Tavis mxareze gadayvana

1596 wels saqorwino kavSiriT scada. man Tavisi elCi didi saCuqrebiT

gagzavna kaxeTis mefesTan da mas Tavis sacoled asuli sTxova.

aleqsandres gansjiT, Sahs mZevlis warTmeva undoda da ara danaTesaveba.

amitom man moxerxebulad uTxra uari – Cemi asuli samegrelos

32

mTavarzea daniSnulio. aleqsandrem yizilbaS elCebs pasuxTan erTad,

saCuqrebic gaatana. male Sahma namdvili zraxvebi gamoamJRavna. 1597

wels aleqsandres Sah abasma kaxeTis aklebis muqariT aleqsandres

mosTxova Tavisi naTesavebidan yvelaze saukeToso qalwuli misTvis

sacoled gaegzavna. amjerad, mefe iZulebuli gaxda Sahis moTxovna

daekmayofilebina da Tavis colis Zmis (amilaxoris**) asuli gaugzavna.

svimon I 1595 wlidan aqtiurad Caeba antiosmaluri koaliciis

Seqmnis saqmeSi, rac sakmaod kargad aisaxa maSindel diplomatiur

mimowerasa da sabuTebSi. am mxriv, seriozul interess imsaxurebs

transilvaniis mTavris zigmund batoris dakavSireba svimon mefesTan

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis sawarmoeblad. 1595 wlis 25

ianvars, praRaSi, imperator rudolfsa da zigmund bators Soris daido

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelSekruleba. imave wlis 20 da 30

ivniss dadebuli xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, valaxeTis* voevoda

mixaim da moldaveTis mTavarma Stefan rezvanma scnes zigmund batoris

uzenaesoba. amgvarad, Camoyalibda Zlieri antiosmaluri koalicia,

romelmac, Tavdapirvelad samxedro warmatebasac miaRwia.

zigmund batori iTvaliswinebda ra osmaleTis imperiis samxedro

Zlierebas, aucileblad miaCnda misi Zalebis nawilobriv aRmosavleTSi

dakaveba. batorim kargad icoda svimon mefis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, mas werili gaugzavna da mouwoda daewyoT

brZola, svimons _ aRmosavleTidan, bators _ dasavleTidan. svimon I

espaneTis mefes swerda: `me mogwereT werili Cvensa da Tqvens

udidebulesobas Soris aliansis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, raTa Tqven

udidebulesobas CvenTvis ecnobebina Tavisi survili. CvenTvis cnobilia

transilvaniis imperatoris survili da Cven didad gvwams, rom igi

dapirebis erTguli darCeba da dagvexmareba... amave mizniT mivwereT

werili wminda mamas (e.i. romis papis _ e.m.) da germaniis imperators~.

svimoni iqve aRniSnavs Sahis im gulmodginebis Sesaxeb, rasac igi

qristiani mefeebis dasaxmareblad iCens.

ar vici, zigmund batoris werilma, Tu kidev sxva ramem gaaqtiura

svimon mefe, magram faqtia, rom 1596 wels man ramdenime werili

gaagzavna: 6 maiss veneciis respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos, imperator

rudolfs da romis paps. agvistos 14 da 25 ricxvebSi ki espaneTis mefe

filipe II-s. werilebi waiRo mama iakobma. rogorc varaudoben, mama

iakobi erovnebiT somexi ter-akof marqariani, warmoSobiT julfidan

iyo, magram cxovrobda eCmiaZinSi; iqidan igi svimon mefem gamoiZaxa da

diplomatiuri davaleba misca: mas daevala antiosmaluri koaliciis

Sekvra, romlis iniciatorad aRmosavleTSi svimoni da Sah abasi,

dasavleTSi ki, romis papi klement VIII gamodiodnen.

svimon mefem ter-iakobi 1596 wlis maisis dasawyisSi iranSi

gaagzavna da 6 maiss berZnulad dawerili werilebi gaatana. igi jer

33

iranis sataxto qalaq yazvinSi mivida, osmaleTis imperiis teritoria

tripolamde* gaiara, am navsadguridan ki gemiT gaemgzavra, da jer

kviprosze, Semdeg ki veneciaSi mivida. veneciidan is papTan ki ar wavida,

aramed imperatorTan da 1597 wlis 10 ivliss ukve venaSi iyo. venaSi

is maSinve avstriis erchercogma** maqsimilianem miiRo. 17 ivliss ter-

iakobma imperator rudolfs Sah abasisa da mefe svimonis werilebi

gadasca.

unda avRniSnoT, rom Cveni azriT, ter-iakobis mier evropaSi

gancxadebuli, rom antiosmaluri koaliciis aqtiuri wevri kaxeTis

samefoc iqneboda, ar asaxavda realobas. adre ukve iTqva, rom

aleqsandre kaxTa mefis gegmaSi ar Sedioda antiosmaluri koaliciis

imgvarad gamarTva, rogorc iransa da qarTls esaxeboda. naTqvamis

dasturad isic gamogvadgeba, rom ter-iakobis gancxadebis miuxedavad,

TiTqos mas Tan hqonda aleqsandre II-is werilebi, jerjerobiT isini

mikvleuli ar aris da, savaraudoa, werilebi arc arsebobda. aleqsandre

mefis ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb pap klementi VIII-sac scodnia, amitom

sTxovda igi moskovis xelmwifes, rom gavlena moexdina aleqsandreze.

mefe Tevdore ivanes Ze, Tavis mxriv, paps acnobebda, rom `vapireb

qarTvel mefes, aleqsandres, vurCio, isic iseve moiqces da sparseTis

SahTan erTad imoqmedos~. safiqralia, rom aleqsandrem pozicia ar

Seicvala.

1597 w. 20 ivniss ter-iakobi veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos winaSe

warsdga da svimon mefis werili gadasca. `svimoni, RmrTis SewevniT,

xelmwife qarTlisa da mTeli iberiisa~ veneciis mTavrobas sTxovs,

Seewion mama iakobs, raTa man Tavisi misia Seasrulos: uxifaTod

miaRwios romamde da paps Sexvdes. werili dawerili iyo berZnulad da

mas svimon mefe berZnuladve awerda xels. veneciis mTavroba yovelTvis

did interess iCenda osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebis antiosmaluri

saqmianobisadmi. amjeradac, veneciaSi saWirod CaTvales, gaegoT ter-

iakobis papTan vizitis mizani. amis garkveva daevala marko otobanos. 21

ivniss dainiSna sabWos sxdoma. sxdomis dawyebamde marko otobano da

ter-iakobi erTmaneTs araoficialurad Sexvdnen. maTi Tarjimani iyo

andria negroni, romelmac svimon mefis berZnulad dawerili werili

italiurad Targmna. marko otobanom ter-iakobTan saubris angariSi

Seadgina, romelSic naTqvamia: `brZenTa sabWom me, marko otobanos,

sabWos umdables mdivans, damavala, Sevxvedrodi mama iakobs,

saqarTvelos mefis elCs romSi da gamomekvlia misi davalebis motivis

Sesaxeb. vidre umaRlesi sabWo Seikribeboda mama iakobisaTvis

ormocdaaTi dukatis saCuqrad gadasacemad, visargeble SemTxveviT,

mivuaxlovdi mas (Tarjimnad memsaxureboda negroni) da vTxove, moeTxro

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb... eqvsi Tvea, rac man sparseTis dedaqalaqi

yazvini datova. igi mefem papTan gagzavna elCad. gamgzavrebisas iranis

34

Sahma daavala mas enaxa saqarTvelos mefeebi _ aleqsandre da svimoni,

romlebsac Sexvda iekrbriSi, yazvinidan ori dRis savalze. maTac aseve

gadasces papisaTvis da romSi myofi imperatoris elCisaTvis gankuTvnili

werilebi. mefeTa werilebis garda, mas Tan hqonda qarTlisa da kaxeTis

patriarqebis werilebi. mama iakobs sxvadasxva dros SahTan, saqarTvlos

patriarqebTan da mefeebTan mihqonda papis, kardinal santa severinas da

imperatoris werilebi. xSirad es werilebi dawerili iyo italiur

enaze, ris gamoc maTi wakiTxva uWirdaT saqarTveloSi. axla mTxoves,

gadameca misi uwmindesobisaTvis, rom, Tu momavalSic moisurvebda

miweras, miewera sparsulad. maT daavales, agreTve, rom papma Seaxsenos

evropel qristianebs, rom maT gaaerTianon TavianTi Zalebi mtris

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. svimon mefe, rogorc ter-iakobs uTqvams,

maSin 65 wlisa yofila, misi vaJi ki 25 wlisa. svimons iakobi

axasiaTebs, rogorc mamac samxedro pirovnebas, misi vaJic, miuxedavad

axalgazrdobisa, ukve cnobili pirovneba yofila.

ter-iakobs qarTvelTa samxedro potencialzec uTqvams mokled:

qarTvelebs 40 aTasi qveiTi da meTofeTa nawilebi hyavT. radgan maTi

qveyana mTagoriania, amitom maT kavaleria ara hyavT*. iranis Sahs didad

gauWirdeboda qarTvelebi rom ar icavdneno.

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mama iakobs uTqvams: `saqarTvelodan

vanis mimarTulebiT gaviare vanis* provincia. Tan maxlda svimon mefis

saidumlo agenti. alepoSi veneciis pativcemul konsuls gadaveci simon

mefis werili. konsulma momca fuli, puri da yvelaferi, rac

mWirdeboda gem `nanaTi~ mogzaurobis dros. bolos, saxmeleTo

mogzaurobisas movxvdi qalaq zanSi*, sadac veneciis keTilSobilma

mmarTvelma Tavazianad SemomTavaza puri, fuli da tansacmeli, rac

damWirdeboda romisaken mogzaurobis dros~.

1597 wlis 10 ivliss mama iakobi venaSi Cavida. meore dRes igi

erchercogma maqsimilianma miiRo. 17 ivliss iakobi praRaSia. man

imperatoris kariskacebs Sah abasisa da svimon mefis werilebi gadasca.

Sahi da qarTveli mefe imperators sTxovdnen gaeZlierebina omi

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mama iakobma gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad iqve

ganacxada, rom iranis Sahi molaparakebas awarmoebs osmaleTis

sulTanTan da stambolSi Tavis elCsac agzavnis, romelsac Sahma

seriozuli davaleba misca: elCs unda Seegrovebina samxedro

mniSvnelobis cnobebi da `unda gaerkvia sulTnis zraxvebi iranis Sahisa

da saqarTvelos mefis mimarT~. ase rom, imperatori Tu iranis elCis

stambolSi Casvlas Seityobda, mas unda scodnoda, rom irani sazavo

molaparakebas ki ar iwyebda, aramed es elCoba dazvervis mizniT iyo

gagzavnili.

aRmosavleTis ligis wevrebi rom sulTanTan Serigebas ar

fiqrobdnen da masTan gamwvavebuli urTierToba hqondaT, ter-iakobs amis

35

sabuTad svimon mefis magaliTi moyavda. sulTans mefe svimonTan

saidumlo mkvleli miugzavnia, magram is mefes amoucvnia osmaleTis

elCis mravalricxovan amalaSi. am ambis mowme TviT ter-iakobi yofila.

iakobisave wyalobiT, praRaSi cnobili gaxda, rom iranis Sahi da

saqarTvelos mefeebi, ruseTis xelmwifesTan erTad, osmalebis

winaaRmdeg gamosvlisaTvis emzadebodnen. amis gamo, ter-iakobs

imperatorisaTvis unda eTxova daerazma germaniis mTeli Zalebi, kavSiri

daemyarebina espaneTis mefesTan, veneciis doJTan da italiis mTavrebTan

da osmaleTis gasanadgureblad erToblivad gamosuliyvnen. iakobma

imperatoris kariskacebs isic acnoba, rogor sTxova Sahma saqarTvelos

mefes sacoled erTi asuli, rasac Sahi did politikur mniSvnelobas

aniWebda. garda amisa, daumata ter-iakobma, Sahis karze mravali

qarTveli imyofeba, romlebic did gavlenas axdenen Sahis sagareo

politikaze, kerZod, osmaleTTan mimdinare omebze. Sahs ganzraxuli aqvs

daibrunos Tavrizi da osmalebis mier dapyrobili sxva adgilebi. Sahi

maSin daiwyebs oms, roca darwmundeba, rom imperatorma rudolfma

dapireba Seasrula da evropaSi didi armia Sekriba. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi TavdacviTi omiT dakmayofildeba, maSin Sahic Tavs

Seikavebs, qarTvelebic SeteviTi omisadmi interess dakargaven da amiT

mxolod evropelebi dazaraldebiano.

praRidan gagzavnil moxsenebaSi veneciis elCi werda, rom mama iakobi

imperatorma miiRo. iakobma imperators gadasca Sahisa da qarTveli

mefeebis werilebi. man audienciis dros ganacxada, rom Tan hqonda

papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebic, romlebic misTvis unda gadaeca

piradad Sexvedris dros. svimon mefis mier papisaTvis gagzavnil werils

m. TamaraSvilma* miakvlia. werilSi papis xotbis Sesxmaa da zogadad

aRniSnulia im ganuwyveteli da xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, romelsac

qarTlis mefe osmalebis winaaRmdeg awarmoebda. svimoni iqve dasZens:

`vidre pirSi suli midgia, xels ar aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~.

werilidan ar Cans, papisagan svimon mefe konkretulad ras iTxovda. mas,

amis Sesaxeb, ter-iakobisaTvis sityvierad dauabarebia. `Cveni gulis

yvela natvras mRvdeli ter-iakobi moaxsenebs Tqvens siwmindesa,~ _

werda svimon mefe.

ter-iakobi 1597 w. 20 seqtembramde praRaSi darCa, Semdeg romisken

gaeSura. misi papTan Sexvedridan mxolod is viciT, rom kaTolikuri

samyaros meTaurma moiwona iran-saqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa

saqmianoba antiosmaluri ligis SeqmnisaTvis. imave dros, man elCs

ganucxada, rom imisaTvis, raTa praqtikulad momxdariyo dasavleTis

saxelmwifoebis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg darazmva, Sahs Tavisi elCebi

unda gaegzavna espaneTisa da safrangeTis mefeebTan, italiisa da

germaniis mTavrebTan. Sahs isic unda SeeTvala dasaxelebuli mefe-

mTavrebisaTvis, rom mas, Tavis mxriv, kavSiri hqonda qarTlis mefe

36

svimonTan da ruseTis mefesTan da rom isini jaris gamoyvanas Sehpirdnen.

papma ter-iakobs gulaxdilad uTxra, rom misi gavlena qristian mefeTa

karze susti iyo da ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu iranisa da saqarTvelos

mefeebi TavianT elCebs uSualod evropis mefeTa karze gaagzavnidnen.

evropis saxelmwifoebis raime ideisaTvis SekavSireba maSin

SeuZlebeli iyo. evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris gadaulaxavi

winaaRmdegobebi (religiur-ideologiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri,

teritoriuli) arsebobda. espaneTi xan iaraRiT, xan diplomatiuri

saSualebebiT ebrZoda inglissa da safrangeTs, germaniis protestant

mTavrebs da jer kidev ar dasrulebuliyo misi brZola niderlandebis

respublikasTan. dramatuli iyo italiis respublikebisa da samTavroebis

urTierTSorisi urTierToba, ar iyo Tanxmoba aRmosavleT evropaSic.

habsburgebs* mudmivi teritoriuli dava hqonda Tavis aRmosavlel

mezoblebTan.

evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris seriozuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobda

osmaleTis sakiTxis gamo, es umTavresad gamowveuli iyo osmaleTis

samflobeloebTan vaWrobiTa da iq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-

saqaravno gzebiT sargeblobisaTvis brZoliT. sargeblobda ra

sulTnisagan miniWebuli savaWro privilegiebiT (kapitulaciebi),

safrangeTi yovelTvis Tavs ikavebda antiosmaluri politikis

gatarebisagan. safrangeTis aseT pozicias osmaleTis mTavroba didad

afasebda.

aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebisaTvis gasagebi iyo,

rom evropidan raime seriozuli daxmarebis imediT yofna ar

SeiZleboda. Sah abasi aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavida. 1597 wels man

sastikad daamarcxa ozbegebi (uzbekebi) da qurTebi, romlebic osmaleTis

mokavSireebad gamovidnen. Sahi osmaleTTan momavali omisaTvis zurgs

imagrebda da did warmatebasac miaRwia. amave dros, Sah abasi `realurad

afasebda aRmosavleTis ligas. man ufro gaacxovela svimon mefesTan

urTierToba, xolo alaqsandre mefeze, axlac ruseTisaken rom

iyureboda, zemoqmedeba gaaZliera. 1598 wels svimon mefem, Sah abasTan

SeTanxmebiT, osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla. es ukve 1595 wlis SeTanxmebis

garkveuli nawilis realizaciis dasawyiss niSnavda. marTali ar iyo

moskovis elCi aTanase vlasievi, roca imperator rudolf II-is karze

ikvexnida: svimon mefem osmaleTTan brZola mefe boris godunovis*

brZanebiT daiwyoo.

sainteresoa, Sahs ras miscemda mxolod qarTlis samefos mier

dawyebuli brZola maSin, roca yizilbaSebi garkveul dromde Tavs

ikavebdnen osmaleTTan omis dawyebaze. savaraudoa, Sah abass, Wkvian

politikoss, svimonis mier dawyebuli brZola Semdegi miznebisaTvis

sWirdeboda: 1) moesinja osmalTa Zalebi; 2) evropis

saxelmwifoebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom aRmosavleTis koaliciam moqmedeba

37

daiwyo; 3) qristiani mefe svimonis mier, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis

dawyebas SeiZleboda STabeWdileba moexdina evropis saxelmwifoTa

meTaurebze da imaTac samxedro moqmedeba daewyoT.

svimon mefem omis dasawyebad SemTxveviT ar SearCia 1598 weli. am

dros osmaleTs mniSvnelovnad garTulebuli saSinao mdgomareoba hqonda.

mimdinareobda saxalxo ajanyebebi. svimon mefem mokle droSi

mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia. man, pirvel rigSi, Tbilisis

gaTavisufleba ganizraxa da 45 dRe mis misadgomebTan dahyo, magram

warumateblad. vaxuSti batoniSvilis* mixedviT ki, am dros Tbilisi

qarTvelebs epyraT. `svimon... aRiRo cixe loreca da daipyra TviT,

movida tfiliss da daezava rostoms imerTa mefesa*~. qarTlis cxovreba

ki gvamcnobs, rom svimonma `kualad daipyra cixe lorisa, Semoiqca da

movida Tvisad saxlad~; `daipyra lore da warmovida gamarjvebuli

saxid Tvisad~. rodesac evropul cnobas da qarTul cnobebs vadarebT

vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvams, Cans, rom Tbilisi kvlav osmalebs

ekavaT.

1599 wlis 18 aprils stambolidan miRebuli informaciis

safuZvelze, imave wlis 21 maiss fugeris* gazeTi werda: `svimonma,

saqarTvelos Zlierma xelmwifem da mbrZanebelma, iranis SahTan

dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, daiwyo brZola erTi mniSvnelovani

cixe-simagris winaaRmdeg, romelic kargad iyo aRWurvili qvemexebiT. igi

ferhad faSam aago da ukanaskneli omis dros iranis winaaRmdeg

iyenebda~. vfiqrob, laparakia svimon mefis mier taSiris* umniSvnelovanes

strategiul punqtze lores cixe-simagreze. zemoT minadois gadmocemas

gavecaniT, rom ferhad faSam lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani

garnizoni da 200 qvemexi Caayena.

sainteresoa, rom evropeli damkvirveblebi svimon mefis warmatebebs

ukavSirebdnen osmaleTSi dawyebul saxalxo ajanyebebs, kerZod, husein

faSas ajanyebas. 1599 wlis 15 oqtombris cnobiT, `svimoni, saqarTvelos

mbrZanebeli, srul mxardaWeras iRebda husein faSisagan, romelmac

svimonTan moavlina warCinebulTa delegacia da didZali fuli

gamougzavna Tavisi gamosaxulebiT~.

svimon mefesa da ajanyebul anatolielebs Soris kavSirze miuTiTebs

sxva wyaroc, romelSic naTqvania, rom, rodesac datyvevebuli svimoni

arzrumSi Caiyvanes, iq droebiT gaaCeres, radganac anatoliaSi*

osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa xelmZRvanelma yara iazijim

(1599-1603) gadawyvita, svimon mefe tyveobidan gamoexsna. man Tavis

TanamebrZolebs ubrZana, svimoni moenaxaT, mcvelebisaTvis moetacaT da

masTan mieyvanaT. amasve aRniSnavs somexi istorikosi araqel davriJeci*.

somexi istorikosis sityviT ki, gzad mimavali svimoni sulTnis

winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma arzrumis mmarTvelma iaziCma Seipyro.

38

anatoliaSi mimdinare ajanyebebma svimon mefes moqmedeba gauadvila.

Sahma maSinve Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba da qarTlis mefe arzrumis

dasapyrobad waaqeza. italiuri Jurnalistikis fuZemdebeli bernardino

bekari 1599 wels werda, rom `arc aziaSi midis Turqebis saqme kargad.

saqarTvelos mefe svimoni 20 aTasi arkebuzeriT da 5 aTasi mxedriT

SeiWra arzrumis mxareSi, sadac yvelaferi cecxlsa da maxvils misca,

daipyro oTxi qalaqi da xelT igdo mravali qvemexi~. imave wlis 8

oqtombers fugeris gazeTi werda: `svimon mefes SeeZlo didi

warmatebisaTvis mieRwia da osmalTa teritoriebi aziaSi daepyro, radgan

adgilobrivi faSis mier gamogzavnil samxedro nawilebs svimonis

winaaRmdeg brZola ar surdaT~.

zemomoyvanili cnobebis garda, sxva raime sabuTi, svimon mefis

anatoliel ajanyebulebTan urTierTobis an arzrumze misi Tavdasxmis

Sesaxeb, ar gagvaCnia.

lores dapyrobis Semdeg, svimon mefem osmalebisagan Zlier

gamagrebul gors Seutia. cixeSi osmalebTan erTad gamuslimanebuli

mesxebic imyofebodnen. alya cxra Tves gagrZelda. mecixovneni sursaTis

naklebobas ganicdidnen, magram cixidan gamosvlas ver bedavdnen.

gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 500 osmalo cixidan gamovida,

axlomaxlo soflebi moarbia da didZali sursaTi da pirutyvi iSova,

magram maT cixeSi Sesvla veRar moaswres. batoniSvilma goCam 500

gamorCeuli mebrZoliT gza gadauWra da mravali amowyvita. am

warmatebis Semdeg svimon mefem kidev ufro gaamkacra alya, magram goris

aReba mainc ver SeZlo. maSin man cbierebas mimarTa: 1599 wlis

didmarxvis dReebSi mefem alya moxsna da gors gaecala. osmalebma

icodnen, rom qristianebi didmarxvis dReebSi omsa da SuRls

moeridebodnen da sifxizle moadunes.

mefem farsadan ciciSvilsa da sulxan TurmaniZes daavala, TavianT

mamulebSi kibeebi daemzadebinaT da laSqaric mzadyofnaSi hyolodaT.

dasaxelebulma Tavadebma mefis brZaneba Seasrules da daTqmul dros

cixes frTxilad mieparnen. cixeSi dabanakebulma osmalebma jaris

miaxloeba maSin gaiges, roca igi ukve qalaqSi Sesuliyo da egreT

wodebul CaxruxaZis saydarsac ascileboda. roca osmalebma gangaSi

atexes, qarTvelebi kibeebiT ukve cixeSi gadasuliyvnen da SigniT

ibrZodnen. osmalebi da mesxebi dilamde winaaRmdegobas ganagrZobdnen.

roca darwmundnen, rom brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda, mefes

`uvneblobas Semoexvewnes da zogni mesxni igive cixeSi oqonis xats

Seexvewnes da mefes saficari sTxoves~. mefem Tavisi Zmis _ vaxtangis

xeliT, Sewyalebis sigeli gaugzavna. ufro metic, `yvelas cxeni da

saxarjo misces da sagzali da jari Tan gaatanes rom gzaze aravin ar

awyinos rame~. cixeSi naSovni nadavlis erTi nawili mefem Tavis

39

mebrZolebs dauriga, xolo is rac sulTnis qonebad iTvleboda, Tavis

Zmas vaxtangs ubrZana samefo sakuTrebad gadaeqcia.

goris gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, gaTavisuflda mTeli qarTli.

qarTlsa da samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba daiwyo. sulTnis

karze saTanadod Seafases saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da

sagangebo zomebi gaatares: saswrafod Catarda mobilizacia da

saqarTveloSi didi jari gamogzavnes jafar-faSas meTaurobiT. svimonma

Tavisi ojaxi goridan mejvrisxevSi gadaiyvana, ufliswuli giorgi didi

jariT gorSi datova da misi dacva daavala. TviT mefe, jaris

Sesagroveblad sabaraTianoSi wavida, magram Segroveba ver moaswro,

farcxisTan damarcxda da osmalebma daatyveves. beri egnataSvilis

mixedviT, mefe gasca kaxaber yorRanaSvilma, romelic Semdeg

sabaraTianos amirspasalarma, svimon mefis erTgulma saCino baraTaSvilma

Seipyro da geliyaris kldidan gadaagdo. kldidanan dagorebuli

yorRanaSvili Turme mReroda: `yorRanas-Ze qarafinda, xeli hkres da

gadafrinda.~

somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis mixedviT, svimoni tyveobaSi

aRmoCnda Semdegnairad: `im mxares sadac simoni imyofeboda, Turqebs

sruliadac ar hqondaT eWvi, rom simoni iq iqneboda: nadavlis wadiliT

Turqebis laSqars gamoeyo erTi razmi da im mxares gaemarTa. maT

dainaxes erTi qarTveli, Seipyres igi, cota win wavidnen, simonis razmi

dainaxes da tyves hkiTxes misi vinaoba. rodesac misgan gaiges, rom

TviTon simoni iyo, Tavzardacemuli mahmadianebi ukan gabrundnen da

saCqarod swrafmrbeni cxeniT kaci afrines banakSi da es ambavi

mTavarsardal jafars Seatyobines. mas Zlier gauxarda da bevri mamaci

vaJkaci gaamxneva da gagzavna. isinic wavidnen, Seipyres simoni da masTan

miiyvanes. simons misvlisTanave Sesaxvedrad win miegeba jafari. Semdeg

[Turqebma] TavianT enaze xmamaRla RaRadiT adides ufali~.

radgan jafar faSas moaxsenes, rom gorSi mdgomi giorgi

ufliswuli mamis gaTavisuflebas Seecdebao, osmalebi aiyarnen da

svimonic Tan waiyvanes. jafarma maSinve kaci afrina stambolSi da

sulTans svimonis datyveveba acnoba. meore dRes, naSuadRevs, roca

svimon mefis datyvevebis ambavi gorSi movida, batoniSvili giorgi

cxenosanTa razmiT osmalebs daedevna, magram amaod.

datyveveba im patara qarTuli samefos mefisa, romelic 12 wlis

ganmavlobaSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda TiTqmis mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis

dampyrobel osmalebs, sulTanma udides warmatebad CaTvala da brZana

mTeli saxelmwifos qalaqebSi quCebi moerToT da sami dRis

ganmavlobaSi yvela lxenas miscemoda. sulTanma isic brZana, rom svimoni

masTan mieyvanaT.

40

1600 wlis 21 ivniss svimon mefe stambolSi Caiyvanes da iedi

kules* cixeSi moaTavses.

batoniSvili giorgis da Sah abas I-is cdam, daexsnaT svimon mefe

tyveobidan, Sedegi ar gamoiRo: `qarTvelT dauwyes xonTqars xvewna da

mefis svimonis gamoSveba eajnes (exvewes _ e.m.). mravali Zvirfasi Tval-

margaliti da gaugzavnes da giorgi mefis Svili daviT mZevlad

mihgvares, rom svimon wamoiyvanon~. SemdegSi saqarTveloSi xma

gavrcelda giorgi X-is ufrosi vaJis daviTis dakargvis Sesaxeb.

daviTi, erTi franguli wyaros cnobiT, 1609 wels 14 wlisa iyo mas

axasiaTebs, rogorc Wkviansa da keTili bunebis axalgazrdas.

sainteresoa, rom svimon mefis daxsnisaTvis energiulad iRwvoda misi

meore SviliSvili, ulamazesi TinaTini, romelic sparsul da evropul

wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCara (gulCahras) saxeliT. gulCara, daviTis da

iyo. gulCaram, marTalia, svimon mefis gaTavisufleba ver SeZlo, magram

diplomatis didi niWi gamoamJRavna. gulCaras stambulSi aseTi

saqmianobis Sedegi iyo, rom erTi piroba sulTnis karma svimon mefes

iran-osmaleTs Soris dazavebis mogvareba daavala da mxolod amis

Semdeg hpirdeboda tyveobidan gaTavisuflebas. svimoni da gulCara

stambolidan erTi kviris wasulebi iyvnen iranis mimarTulebiT, roca

sulTanma ahmed III-m (1603-1617) gadawyvetileba Secvala da svimoni ukan

daabruna, gulCaram ki gza gaagrZela. man Sah abass svimonis werilebi

wauRo, romlebSic zavis dadebis aucileblobasTan erTad saqarTvelos

Sesaxebac iqneboda Txovna da moTxovnac. sazavo molaparakeba, romlis

Suamavladac gulCara gamodioda, sakmaod gagrZelda. amasobaSi, 75 wels

miaxlovebuli svimon mefe tyveobaSi gardaicvala 1611 wels.

gulCaras diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad, 1612 wlis 20

noembers stambulSi iran-osmaleTis zavi daido.

amgvarad, qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi svimon mefis gardacvalebis

Sesaxeb simarTles ar asaxavs. erT-erTi qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT,

svmon mefe `iediyulaSi daatyveves, sami weliwadi iq iyo, gamoiyvanes da

meidanzed Tavi gaagdebines~; sxvagan ki vkiTxulobT: `svimon mefe

edikuleSi mokles da batonis Svili daviT daikarga~.

svimon mefis neSti stambolidan Camoasvena gorelma vaWarma

diakvniSvilma. svimoni didi pativiT mcxeTaSi dakrZales.

svimon mefis politikuri da samxedro asparezidan wasvlam

sagrZnoblad daasusta saqarTverlos antiosmaluri Zala.

jer osmalebis mier svimon mefis datyvevebiT, Semdeg yizilbaSebis

mier aleqsandre mefis daRupviT, dasrulda saqarTvelos antiosmalur

koaliciebSi monawileobis xangrZlivi, saukunenaxevriani periodi.

iranisa da osmaleTis moZalebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos samefo-

samTavroebma karga xniT dakarges damoukidebeli sagareo politikis

41

gatarebis unari. qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSTa TareSisa da ZmaTa Soris

sisxlismRvreli feodaluri omebis asparezad iqca...

42

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni**

amilaxori, amiraxori, miraxori (arab. amir axur – sajinibes amira) _ sasaxlis sajinibos umaRlesi moxele. igi xelmZRvanelobda

sajiniboebis dakompleqtebas msaxurebiTa da cxenebiT, maT ganawilebas,

movla-patronobas, ganagebda saZovrebs. feodaluri saqarTvelos

centraluri samxedro uwyebis moxele _ amirspasalaris TanaSemwe,

savaziros wevri. saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlis Semdeg,

amilaxori zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardali da, rogorc wesi, goris

mouravic iyo. am Tanamdebobidan warmodga TavadTa gvari amilaxvari.

arkebuzeri _ fiTiliani Tofi.

asqeri, askeri _ Turqi jariskaci.

aRa (Turq.-spars. _ batoni, mepatrone) _ oficialuri wodeba

osmaleTis imperiaSi. sasaxlis calkeuli kategoriebis msaxurTa

meTaurebis saxelwodeba.

aRali _ urmebis, sazidrebis qaravani.

begi, bei, beki (Turanuli meufe, batoni) _ feodalebis

Suasaukunovani wodeba Sua da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.

beglarbegi _ begTa-begi, faSa, vilaieTis samoqalaqo da samxedro-

administraciuli saqmeebis gamgebeli.

divani (spars. Canaweri, wigni, kancelaria, dasaswrebi adgili) _ osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifo uwyeba Sedgeboda ministrebisa da

warCinebulebisagan.

dukati (ital. dukato < duka hercogi) _ Zveleburi vercxlis,

Semdeg oqros moneta (3,4-3,5 gr). italiaSi gaCnda 1140 wels da Semdeg

iWreboda mraval dasavleTevropul qveyanaSi.

erchercogi (germ. erzherzog) _avstriaSi da Semdeg avstria-

ungreTSi habsburgebis samefo gvaris princebis tituli; am titulis

mqone piri.

vaziri, veziri (arab. vazirun TanaSemwe, meSveli ministri) _

ministrebisa da didmoxeleTa tituli, umetesad musulmanur

saxelmwifoSi. sulTnis upirvelesi moxele. laSqrobis dros

Seiararebul Zalebs meTaurobda. igi ganagebda qveynis saSinao da sagareo

saqmeebs, Tanamdebobebze daniSvnasa da gadayenebas da sxva. gaerTianebul

feodalur saqarTveloSi veziri (vaziri) xelmZRvanelobda centralur

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erT uwyebas.

vali _ olqis mmarTveli. osmaleTSi vilaieTis gamgebels vali

ewodeboda. vilaieTis vali, beglarbegi, mir-mirani, emirTa emiri

sinonimebi iyo. vali iyo mosazRvre teritoriebis gamgebeli. es iyo

umaRlesi Tanamdeboba feodalur aRmosavleTSi. qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi

iranis Sahisagan valis titulis matareblebi iyvnen.

43

velaieTi (vilaieTi) _ qveyana, olqi, osmaleTSi, yvelaze msxvili

administraciuli erTeuli. vilaieTis samxedro da administraciul

saqmeebs beglarbegi ganagebda da faSis tituli hqonda.

iuqi _ tvirTi, sapalne, tyavis tomara.

lala (spars.) _ vaJis aRmzrdeli mamakaci, mzrunveli.

liva _ 1. droSa, 2. sadroSo. ix. sanjayi.

mejlisi (arab. majlis) _ sxdomis adgili, sabWo, parlamenti.

negocianti (laT. negitians, negotiantis – vaWari) sabiTumo

vaWari, komersanti, ormelic msxvil savaWro saqmeebs awarmoebs,

ZiriTadad sxva qveynebTan.

rayami (arab. rayam – werili, naweri, damwerloba) dokumentis

aRmniSvneli termini XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

robai _ specialuri sazomiT dawerili oTxstriqoniani leqsi.

sanjay-begi _ sanjayis mmarTveli da laSqrobis dros sanjayis

feodaluri laSqris meTauri.

sasTauli _ sasTumali, TavqveS dasadebi, Tavis misadebi (baliSi,

muTaqa).

sqizmatikosi – (berZn. ganxeTqileba) _ ganxeTqilebis Semomtani

kaTolicizmsa da marTlma-dideblobas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli

marTlmadideblobis mimdevari.

uSuri _ gadasaxadi, romelic gadaixdeboda baRebze, venaxebze,

bostnebze, marcvleulis kulturebze, Taflze, Tevzis Weraze da sxva.

yizilbaSi _(Turq. kizil-wiTeli da bas-Tavi) _ niSnavs `wiTelTava~-s. aseTi saxeli Seerqva iranis sefianTa Sahebis

qveSevrdomebsa da jarebs, romlebic wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs

atarebdnen. SemdegSi yizilbaSi saerTod Seerqva yvela Siituri gagebis

islamis matarebels.

winadacveTa _ wes-Cveuleba iudaistur da muslimanur qveynebSi,

romlis Tanaxmad kveTdnen mamris asos kanis bolos. iudaizmis mimdevrebi

winadacveTas ukeTeben Cvilebs, xolo muslimanebi 7-10 wlis asakis

biWebs.

44

geografiul da sakuTar saxelTa

ganmartebani*

alamuTis cixe (`arwivis bude”) _ mdebareobda elbrusis mTebSi,

yazvinis maxloblad. iTvleboda erT-erT miuval cixed. igi zogierT

werilobiT wyaroSi kahkahes saxeliTac ixseneba.

anatolia (Turq. Anadolü < berZn. Anatole _ aRmosavleTi) _ Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili, romelsac ZvelTaganve uwodebdnen

mcire azias.

anonimi venecieli _ ucnobia misi biografia. savaraudoa is Tan

axlda osmalTa jars da uSualo damkvirvebeli iyo im movlenebisa,

romlebic iran-osmaleTis oms da masSi qarTvelebis monawileobas,

saqarTveloSi datrialebul ambebs Seexeba. man gansakuTrebiT kargad

icis osmalTa laSqarTan dakavSirebuli ambebi. SeiZleba mas

informatorad hyavda osmaleTis mTavarsardlobasTan axlos myofi piri.

anonimi cdilobs iyos obieqturi da misi cnobebi gansakuTrebuli

sizustiT gamoirCeva.

anri III _safrangeTis mefe (1574-1589).

arzrumi, erzerumi _ qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi. Zvelad

erqvaQTeodosiopolisi, imperator Teodosius II-is pativsacemad,

qarTulad karnu-qalaq uwodebdnen. 1522 wels arzrumi osmalebma

daipyres, iq sabeglarbego daarses da amierkavkasiis winaaRmdeg omis

placdarmad gadaaqcies.

beri egnataSvili _ XVIII s. qarTveli istorikosi, vaxtang VI-is

mier `qarTlis cxovrebis“ gagrZelebis dasawerad Seqmnili komisiis

wevri da SesaZloa xelmZRvanelic.

basiani _ provincia istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, md.

araqsis saTaveebis raionSi. basiani saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi davis sagani

iyo somxeTTan, iranTan, romTan, bizantiasTan, 1545 wels osmalebma

daipyres, XVII saukunidan igi arzrumis vilaieTis erT-erTi sanjayia.

baSiaCuki (TavSiSveli) _ ase eZaxdnen Turqebi imerlebs, radgan

isini Tvze patara, momrgvalo, brtyel fafanakebs atarebdnen. teqstSi

igulisxmeba imereTis mefe levani (1583-1590).

boris godunovi _ warmoSobiT aznauri, romlis winapari iyo

TaTari murza. igi qorwinebis gziT samefo karze dawinaurda. male misi

da SeirTo ufliswulma Tedorem, romlis gamefebis (1584 w.) Semdeg,

1587 wlidan saxelmwifos erTpirovnulad marTavda. uSvilo Tedores

gardacvalebis Semdeg (1598 w.) is mefed airCies. mis dros ruseTma

mniSvnelovnad ganimtkica poziciebi kavkasiaSi. 1587 wels kaxeTis

samefom moskovTan mfarvelobis xelSekruleba gaaforma. godunovi

gardaicvala 1605 wels.

45

ganja _ azerbaijanis vaWroba-xelosnobis da kulturis didi

centri TiTqmis mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi masTan mWidro

kavSiri hqonda saqarTvelos da zogjer mis dapyrobasac cdilobda.

gremi _ feodaluri xanis kaxeTis erT-erTi savaWro-ekonomikuri

da kulturis centri, 1466 wlidan kaxeTis samefos dedaqalaqi. 1614-

1616 wlebSi Sah abasis laSqrobebis Sedegad, gremi daingra da

gaukacrielda. mis dacemaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa agreTve

daRestnelebis gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma.

damaski (damasko) _ siriis arabTa respublikis dedaqalaqi. mis

Sesaxeb cnobebi modis Zv. w. XVI saukunidan. es qalaqi Sua saukuneebSi

muslimanuri kulturisa da aRmosavluri qristianobis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani centri iyo.

darubandi, derbendis kari _ cnobili qalaqi daRestanSi, kaspiis

zRvis sanapiroze.

diarbaqiri _ qalaqi samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, md. tigrosis

napirze.

don xuan de persia (uluR beg baiaTi) _ sparseli didebuli, Sah

abasma 1599 wels daniSna espaneTSi gagzavnili elCobis mdivnad. man

qristianoba miiRo, dairqva don xuan de persia (misi naTlia iyo

dedofali margarita avstrieli) da espaneTSi darCa. don xuanis

dRiurebis safuZvelze daiwera misi `relacioni~, romelSic sayuradRebo

cnobebia saqarTvelozec.

eCmiaZini _ somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis centri da yovelTa

somexTa kaTalikosis rezidencia.

valaxeTi, valaxia _ rumineTis Zveli saxeli.

vani _ qalaqi aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, vanis tbis aRmosavleT

napirTan. XVII saukuneSi igi osmalebma daipyres.

vaxuSti batoniSvili (bagrationi, 1696-1757) _ qarTveli

geografi, istorikosi da kartografi, vaxtang VI-is Svili, icoda

mravali ena, aqtiurad monawileobda qarTlis samefos politikur

cxovrebaSi. 1722 wels vaxtang VI-is ganjaSi yofnis dros, vaxuSti

qarTlis gamgebeli iyo. igi vaxtangs gahyva ruseTSi 1724 wels,

moskovSi dasaxlda da aqve daamTavra Tavisi SesaniSnavi Txzuleba

`aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, romelSic gadmocemulia saqarTvelos

istoria uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevramde. naSromSi

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia saqarTvelos politikuri da eTnikuri

erTianobis ideas.

TamaraSvili mixeil (eriskacobaSi _ aleqsandre) _ qarTveli

istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe. igi daibada 1858 wels axalcixeSi da

aqve miiRo piveldawyebiTi ganaTleba, Semdeg ki swavlobda

konstantinopolSi qarTul saswavlebelSi, espaneTSi sasuliero

seminariaSi, parizis wm. lazares did sasuliero saswavlebelSi. m.

46

TamaraSvilma evropis udides arqivebSi gamoavlina saqarTvelos

istoriis amsaxveli didZali dokumenturi masala, romelis safuZvelzec

daiwera misi Sesanisnavi wignebi _ `istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa

Soris~ (gamoqveynda TbilisSi, 1902 w.), `pasuxad somxis mwerlebs,

romelnic uaryofen qarTvelTa kaTolikobas~ (Tbilisi, 1904),

`saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria~ (gamoica romSi frangul enaze, 1910

w.). igi gardaicvala 1911 wels italiis qalaq CivitavekiaSi, saidanac

misi neSti 1978 wels gadmoasvenes saqarTveloSi.

iedi kule (Turq. yedi –Svidi da kule – cixe, e.i. SvidkoSka, Svidburjiani cixe) _ mdebareobs stambolis amave saxelwodebis ubanSi,

marmarilos zRvis napiras. elCebs, vezirebs da maRali Tanamdebobis im

damnaSaveebs, romlebsac sikvdili hqondaT misjili, am cixeSi

aTavsebdnen. sikvdiliT dasjis adgilad SerCeuli iyo imperator

Teodosis mier aSenebuli TaRis marcxniv mdebare marmarilos koSki.

iese (isa-xani) _ levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli

Semosevis dros (1556 w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi

amis gamo Surs iZiebda. SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels,

Tavisi vaJi iese didi saCuqrebiT yazvins gagzavna. igi Sahma gaamahmadiana

1559 wels da levan mefis taxtis mociled amzadebda, magram iesem

Sahs imedi ver gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva

scada, magram Seipyres da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi

Casves. iese kaxeTSi dabrunda 1580 wels. is qristianad gamouSvia

mohamed xodabandas, magram mcire xnis Semdeg gardacvlila.

ivane IV (mrisxane) _ daibada 1530 wels. is sruliad patara,

1533 wlidan gaxda moskovis mTavari, xolo 1547 wels igi gamocxadda

ruseTis pirvel mefed. man mezobelTa teritoriebis dapyrobiT

gaafarTova ruseTis saxelmwifo. mis sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovani

adgili ekava kavkasiasTan da iranTan urTierTobas. ivane IV gardaicvala

1584 wels.

isqander munSi _ XVI-XVII saukuneTa iraneli istorikosi. misi

Txzulebebia `qveynis damamSvenebeli abasis istoria da gagrZeleba abasis

qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriisa~, romelSic mocemulia mniSvnelovani

cnobebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis.

kahkaha ix. alamuTi.

levani (avgiorgis Ze) _ kaxeTis mefe (1518/20_1574). levanma 1520

wels daamarcxa qarTlis mefe daviT X da amis Semdeg es ukanaskneli

iZulebuli gaxda ecno kaxeTis samefos damoukidebloba. levani

aRiarebda iranis Sahisadmi vasalur damokidebulebas da exmareboda

Tavisi SeiaraRebuli ZaliT. iranTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis Semdeg,

levani Seecada ruseTTan daaxloebas da misgan daxmarebis miRebas.

lore _ Sua saukuneebis cixe-qalaqi da istoriuli mxare taSirSi

(axlandel somxeTSi). igi mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma 1118 wels

47

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemouerTa. am droidan igi saqarTvelos

amirspasalaris samyofi gaxda.

luarsab ufliswuli, SemdegSi qarTlis mefe luarsab II (1606-

1615). man Tavi gamoiCina taSiskaris brZolaSi, 1609 wels, 1611 wels

colad SeirTo giorgi saakaZis da, romelsac Tavadebis moTxovniT male

gaeyara. 1614 wels Sah abasis qarTlSi Semosevis Semdeg, luarsab mefe

imereTSi gadavida da osmaleTs daxmareba sTxova. 1614 wlis oqtomberSi

qarTlSi dabrunda da SahTan mivida, raTa samefo aoxrebisagan exsna. Sah

abasma is iranSi waiyvana da gamuslimaneba mosTxova, magram uari miiRo,

ris gamoc jer cixeSi gamoamwyvdia, Semdeg ki Sirazis cixeSi sabliT

moaSTves. marTlmadideblurma qarTulma eklesiam luarsab II wmindanad

Seracxa.

maraSi _ qalaqi samxreT TurqeTSi, maraSis vilaieTis

administraciuli centri.

minadoi jovani tomazo _ jovani tomazo minadoi, veneciis saelCos

eqimi konstantinopolSi XVI s. meore naxevarSi. man dagvitova

uZvirfasesi cnobebi 1578-1590 wlebSi sparseT-osmaleTs Soris

mimdinare omisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli brZolebis

Sesaxeb. mas Tavisi profesia saSualebas aZlevda, gascnoboda mraval

pirovnebas, maT Soris qarTvelebsac.

rostomi _ imereTis mefe (1590-1605). roca igi giorgi II

gurielma osmalTa daxmarebiT Camoagdo, manuCar dadianTan gaiqca da misi

daxmarebiT taxti daibruna. imereTis samefos SemoerTeba undoda svimon

I-s, amitom is imereTSi jariT gadavida, magram ofSkviTis brZolaSi

1590 wels rostomma gaimarjva da sabolood taxti daimkvidra. amis

Semdeg svimon mefem scno rostomis xelisufleba.

saSamxlo _ am terminiT moixseniebdnen daRestnis gaerTianebaSi

Semavali yumuxebis, lakebis, darguelebis mmarTvelebs.

somxiTi _ Sua saukuneebis samSvildisa da xunanis saerisTavoebis

saxelwodeba, sadac SemdegSi warmoiSva saTavadoebi, maT Soris,

sabaraTianoc, romelic xSirad qarTul saistorio literaturaSi

somxiT-sabaraTianod iwodeba.

taSiri _ ix. lore.

transilvania _ istoriuli olqi Crdilo rumineTSi, romelic

1541 wlidan osmaleTis sulTans daemorCila, magram igi mainc

ganagrZobda damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.

tripoli _ libiis dedaqlaqi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, 1551-

1911 wlebSi iyo osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.

farsadan gorgijaniZe _ qarTveli politikuri moRvawe,

istorikosi, daibada 1626 wels gorSi, aRizarda qarTlis mefe

rostomis karze da mefis didi ndobiT sargeblobda. rostomis

48

davalebiT, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrdam, ramdenjerme imogzaura

iranSi. gardaicvala daaxloebiT 1696 wels (an 1710 wels).

fugeri, fugerebi _ samxreTgermanel msxvil vaWarTa da bankirTa

saxli XV-XVII saukuneebSi. ukve XVI s hqondaT gazeTi.

yazvini _ qalaqi Crdilo-dasavleT iranSi, 1548-1598 wlebSi iyo

sefianTa saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi.

yarsi _ uZvelesi qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, romelic

qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia karis saxelwodebiT. 1205-1206 wlebSi

qarTulma laSqarma daikava da Tamar mefem samefo qalaqad gadaaqcia.

XVI saukunidan osmalebis mflobelobaSia.

yirimis saxano _ TaTarTa feodaluri saxelmwifo yirimSi XV-

XVIII saukuneebSi.

SaiTanyala _ qarTuli cixe-simagris, qajis cixis, (`SaiTan yala~)

Turqulad Targmnili saxelia. igi idga axalcixis maxloblad cicabo

kldeze.

Saqi, Seqi _ azerbaijanis uZvelesi qalaqTagani, romelsac axla

nuxa hqvia.

Sirvani _ istoriuli qveyana axlandeli azerbaijanis Crdilo-

aRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze.

julfa _ mniSvnelovani somxuri savaWro qalaqi mdinare araqsze.

iran-osmaleTis omis dros Sah abasma 1604 wels udabur adgilad

gadaaqcia aRmosavleTi somxeTi, Sah abasis jarebma mTlianad ayares

julfisa da naxCevanis mosaxleoba da iranSi gadaasaxles.

habsburgebi _ avstriis mmarTveli dinastia 1282-1918 wlebSi.

hasan rumlu _ XVI saukunis iraneli istorikosi, Sah Tamazis

karTan daaxloebuli, monawileobda mis laSqrobebSi. man dawera 12

tomiani `umSvenieresi istoriaTagani“, romlis mxolod 2 ukanaskneli

tomia Cvenamde moRweuli. bolo tomSi mocemulia cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb.

hasan-yala, hasan kala _ mdebareobs arzrumis Crdilo-

aRmosavleTiT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, hasan kala Zveli

qarTuli provinciis basianis teritoriazea da hasan kala

identificirebulia basianTan.

49

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

• guCua v., svaniZe m., qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisa da da

politikuri mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis XVI saukuneSi. saqarTvelos

istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1973.

• mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani XV

saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi (evropuli wyaroebis

mixedviT), Tb., 1981.

• svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII

ss., Tb., 1971.

• tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, III, Tb., 1987.

• tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1980.

• CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobani XVI

saukuneSi (iran-osmaleTis sazavo xelSekrulebebis mixedviT)

(sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1972.

• Hammer J., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, II B Pest, 1834. • Tardy L., Le Roi Simon Ier à la lumière des sources d’Europe Centrale

contemporaines de son èpoque. I partie. “Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvèlologie”, vol.

50