ss368 studying dying, death, and bereavement. current interest in death & dying death denying...
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Current Interest in Death & DyingCurrent Interest in Death & Dying
Death denying societyDeath denying society We remove sickness and death from everyday lifeWe remove sickness and death from everyday life
Where do most death occur?Where do most death occur?How we explain How we explain
our reactions to death?our reactions to death?
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Death happens 55 million times each Death happens 55 million times each year throughout the worldyear throughout the world 2.3 million times annually in the United 2.3 million times annually in the United
StatesStates
Increase in (study of death) in Increase in (study of death) in contemporary society is due to…contemporary society is due to…
Any ideas to why?Any ideas to why?
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The mystery of deathThe mystery of death
How are we socialized to deal with How are we socialized to deal with death on personal and emotional death on personal and emotional levels?levels?
Ethical issuesEthical issues Terry Schiavo - the disconnection of life-Terry Schiavo - the disconnection of life-
supporting equipmentsupporting equipment
Popular culture Popular culture Dr. Jack Kevorkian – physician assisted Dr. Jack Kevorkian – physician assisted
suicidesuicide4
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Death EducationDeath Education
The topic of Death and Dying came into The topic of Death and Dying came into its own in the 1970s its own in the 1970s Offered in psychology, sociology, social Offered in psychology, sociology, social
work, religious studies, philosophy, and work, religious studies, philosophy, and health education departmenthealth education department
GoalsGoals Increase knowledge about the professions Increase knowledge about the professions
involved with death e.g., funeral directors, involved with death e.g., funeral directors, medical personnel, and governmental medical personnel, and governmental organizationsorganizations 5
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Approaches to Studying Death Approaches to Studying Death and Dyingand Dying
Natural sciencesNatural sciences Biological approach (structure and function)Biological approach (structure and function)
Medical issues, environmental causesMedical issues, environmental causes
Social sciencesSocial sciences Sociological approachSociological approach Anthropological and psychological Anthropological and psychological
approachesapproaches
HumanitiesHumanities – literature, music, history – literature, music, history and philosophyand philosophy 7
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Biological ApproachBiological Approach
BiologyBiology is the study of lifeis the study of life The process of dying is primarily a biological The process of dying is primarily a biological
process – something that the body does to process – something that the body does to the personthe person
Respond to the meaning of the biology rather than Respond to the meaning of the biology rather than to the biology per seto the biology per se
Decisions are made based upon the biological Decisions are made based upon the biological conditioncondition
Behavior follows from the meaningBehavior follows from the meaning
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Psychological ApproachPsychological Approach
Examines the experiences of pain, death Examines the experiences of pain, death anxiety, and the emotional stages in dyinganxiety, and the emotional stages in dying
Life stages – death from a developmental Life stages – death from a developmental perspective perspective Cradle to graveCradle to grave
Death denial Death denial
Death through the eyes of children, Death through the eyes of children, adolescents, and adultsadolescents, and adults 9
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Philosophical ApproachPhilosophical Approach
SocratesSocrates “welcomes death” “welcomes death” Death is not an end, Death is not an end,
but a transitionbut a transition
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Anthropological ApproachAnthropological Approach
Anthropology – the study of humankindAnthropology – the study of humankindStudy rituals looks at the cultural values, emotional Study rituals looks at the cultural values, emotional
responses by which people live, prepare for how the responses by which people live, prepare for how the body will be dispose during the final disposition and body will be dispose during the final disposition and diedie
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Sociological ApproachSociological Approach
Four TheoriesFour Theories
1.1.Structural-functional approachStructural-functional approach
2.2.Conflict theoryConflict theory
3.3.Social exchange theorySocial exchange theory
4.4.Symbolic interaction theorySymbolic interaction theory
3 and 4 3 and 4 examines the individual in society and they are examines the individual in society and they are required to develop empathy for the subjects they studyrequired to develop empathy for the subjects they study
1 and 2 1 and 2 examines social facts, institutions and forcesexamines social facts, institutions and forces
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Structural-Functional TheoryStructural-Functional Theory
Assumes that society is in a state of Assumes that society is in a state of equilibrium and that the various social equilibrium and that the various social institutions (e.g., family, religion, economy, institutions (e.g., family, religion, economy, and politics) function on behalf of each and politics) function on behalf of each other and depict how a particular death other and depict how a particular death ritual maintains social structureritual maintains social structure
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Conflict TheoryConflict Theory
Points out the inequality in the availability Points out the inequality in the availability and quality of medical care and the and quality of medical care and the differential death ratesdifferential death rates
Focuses on competition, conflict, and Focuses on competition, conflict, and dissension tat result when individuals and dissension tat result when individuals and groups compete for limited societal groups compete for limited societal resourcesresources
What do you think that means?What do you think that means? 15
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Symbolic InteractionSymbolic Interaction
Contends that human behavior involves a subjective Contends that human behavior involves a subjective and interpretative interaction with others that attempts and interpretative interaction with others that attempts to exchange symbolic and nonsymbolic rewardsto exchange symbolic and nonsymbolic rewards Symbols (meanings) are a basic component of human Symbols (meanings) are a basic component of human
behaviorbehavior People interact with each other based on their People interact with each other based on their
understanding of the meanings of social situations and understanding of the meanings of social situations and their perceptions of what others expect of them within their perceptions of what others expect of them within these situationsthese situations
What are some of the symbols that represent What are some of the symbols that represent death?death?
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