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Oracle® Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10592-03 September 2009

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  1. 1. Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10592-03 September 2009
  2. 2. Oracle Database SQL Language Reference, 11g Release 2 (11.2) E10592-03 Copyright 1996, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Primary Authors: Diana Lorentz, Mary Beth Roeser Contributors: Sundeep Abraham, Angela Amor, Geeta Arora, Vikas Arora, Lance Ashdown, Hermann Baer, Shrikanth Bellamkonda, Donna Carver, Dan Chiba, Timothy Chien, Alan Choi, Thierry Cruanes, George Eadon, Amit Ganesh, Barb Glover, Naveen Gopal, Mike Hallas, Min-Hank Ho, Chandrasekharan Iyer, Mark Jaeger, Vikram Kapoor, Peter Knaggs, Srinath Krishnaswamy, Andre Kruglikov, Paul Lane, Huagang Li, Yunrui Li, Vince Liang, Bryn Llewellyn, Rich Long, Scott Lynn, Vineet Marwah, Jun Matsuzawa, Robert McGuirk, Rahil Mir, Gopal Mulagund, Sujatha Muthulingam, Hanlin Qian, Ashish Ray, John Russell, Laurent Schneider, Vivian Schupmann, Jia Shi, Ajeet Singh, Wayne Smith, Shanshan Song, Vinay Srihari, Jim Stenoish, Sankar Subramanian, Seema Sundara, Mark van de Wiel, Badhri Varanasi, William Waddington, Peter Wahl, Charles Wetherell, Sergiusz Wolicki, Daniel Wong, Tsae-feng Yu, Mohamed Zait, Fred Zemke, Wei Zhang, Weiran Zhang This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this software or related documentation is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software License (December 2007). Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065. This software is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications which may create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software in dangerous applications, then you shall be responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use of this software. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of this software in dangerous applications. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. This software and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of third-party content, products, or services.
  3. 3. iii Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................................... xxi Audience..................................................................................................................................................... xxi Documentation Accessibility................................................................................................................... xxi Related Documents .................................................................................................................................. xxii Conventions .............................................................................................................................................. xxii What's New in the SQL Language Reference?....................................................................... xxiii Oracle Database 11g Release 2 New Features in the SQL Language Reference............................. xxiii Oracle Database 11g Release 1 New Features in the SQL Language Reference............................. xxv 1 Introduction to Oracle SQL History of SQL ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 SQL Standards ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 How SQL Works ............................................................................................................................... 1-2 Common Language for All Relational Databases ......................................................................... 1-2 Using Enterprise Manager ..................................................................................................................... 1-3 Lexical Conventions................................................................................................................................. 1-3 Tools Support ........................................................................................................................................... 1-3 2 Pseudocolumns Hierarchical Query Pseudocolumns .................................................................................................... 2-1 CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE Pseudocolumn .................................................................................... 2-1 CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Pseudocolumn ....................................................................................... 2-2 LEVEL Pseudocolumn ...................................................................................................................... 2-2 Sequence Pseudocolumns ..................................................................................................................... 2-3 Where to Use Sequence Values ....................................................................................................... 2-3 How to Use Sequence Values .......................................................................................................... 2-4 Version Query Pseudocolumns ............................................................................................................ 2-6 COLUMN_VALUE Pseudocolumn ...................................................................................................... 2-6 OBJECT_ID Pseudocolumn .................................................................................................................. 2-7 OBJECT_VALUE Pseudocolumn .......................................................................................................... 2-8
  4. 4. iv ORA_ROWSCN Pseudocolumn ........................................................................................................... 2-8 ROWID Pseudocolumn .......................................................................................................................... 2-9 ROWNUM Pseudocolumn .................................................................................................................... 2-9 XMLDATA Pseudocolumn ................................................................................................................. 2-10 3 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL Data Types ................................................................................................................................................ 3-1 Oracle Built-in Data Types................................................................................................................ 3-6 CHAR Data Type ....................................................................................................................... 3-9 NCHAR Data Type .................................................................................................................... 3-9 NVARCHAR2 Data Type ......................................................................................................... 3-9 VARCHAR2 Data Type ......................................................................................................... 3-10 VARCHAR Data Type ........................................................................................................... 3-10 NUMBER Data Type .............................................................................................................. 3-10 FLOAT Data Type.................................................................................................................... 3-12 Floating-Point Numbers ........................................................................................................ 3-12 BINARY_FLOAT .............................................................................................................. 3-13 BINARY_DOUBLE........................................................................................................... 3-13 Numeric Precedence ............................................................................................................... 3-14 DATE Data Type ..................................................................................................................... 3-17 Using Julian Days ............................................................................................................. 3-17 TIMESTAMP Data Type ........................................................................................................ 3-18 TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE Data Type .................................................................... 3-18 TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE Data Type ..................................................... 3-19 INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH Data Type ........................................................................ 3-19 INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND Data Type ......................................................................... 3-20 Datetime/Interval Arithmetic ............................................................................................... 3-20 Support for Daylight Saving Times ...................................................................................... 3-22 Datetime and Interval Examples ........................................................................................... 3-23 RAW and LONG RAW Data Types ..................................................................................... 3-24 BFILE Data Type ..................................................................................................................... 3-26 BLOB Data Type ...................................................................................................................... 3-26 CLOB Data Type ..................................................................................................................... 3-26 NCLOB Data Type .................................................................................................................. 3-27 Rowid Data Types .......................................................................................................................... 3-27 ROWID Data Type .................................................................................................................. 3-27 UROWID Data Type ............................................................................................................... 3-28 ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Data Types ......................................................................................... 3-28 User-Defined Types ....................................................................................................................... 3-30 Object Types ............................................................................................................................ 3-30 REF Data Types ....................................................................................................................... 3-30 Varrays ...................................................................................................................................... 3-31 Nested Tables .......................................................................................................................... 3-31 Oracle-Supplied Types .................................................................................................................. 3-31 Any Types ....................................................................................................................................... 3-32 ANYTYPE ................................................................................................................................. 3-32 ANYDATA................................................................................................................................ 3-32
  5. 5. v ANYDATASET......................................................................................................................... 3-32 XML Types ...................................................................................................................................... 3-32 XMLType .................................................................................................................................. 3-32 URI Data Types ....................................................................................................................... 3-33 URIFactory Package ................................................................................................................ 3-34 Spatial Types ................................................................................................................................... 3-34 SDO_GEOMETRY ................................................................................................................... 3-34 SDO_TOPO_GEOMETRY ..................................................................................................... 3-34 SDO_GEORASTER.................................................................................................................. 3-35 Media Types .................................................................................................................................... 3-35 ORDAudio ............................................................................................................................... 3-35 ORDImage ................................................................................................................................ 3-35 ORDVideo ................................................................................................................................ 3-35 ORDDoc ................................................................................................................................... 3-35 ORDDicom ............................................................................................................................... 3-36 SI_StillImage ............................................................................................................................ 3-36 SI_Color .................................................................................................................................... 3-36 SI_AverageColor ..................................................................................................................... 3-36 SI_ColorHistogram ................................................................................................................. 3-36 SI_PositionalColor .................................................................................................................. 3-36 SI_Texture ................................................................................................................................ 3-36 SI_FeatureList .......................................................................................................................... 3-36 ORDImageSignature ............................................................................................................... 3-36 Expression Filter Type.................................................................................................................... 3-36 Expression................................................................................................................................. 3-37 Data Type Comparison Rules ............................................................................................................ 3-37 Numeric Values .............................................................................................................................. 3-37 Date Values ..................................................................................................................................... 3-37 Character Values ............................................................................................................................ 3-37 Object Values .................................................................................................................................. 3-40 Varrays and Nested Tables ........................................................................................................... 3-40 Data Type Precedence .................................................................................................................... 3-40 Data Conversion ............................................................................................................................. 3-40 Implicit and Explicit Data Conversion ................................................................................ 3-40 Implicit Data Conversion ....................................................................................................... 3-40 Implicit Data Conversion Examples...................................................................................... 3-43 Explicit Data Conversion ....................................................................................................... 3-43 Security Considerations for Data Conversion ............................................................................ 3-44 Literals .................................................................................................................................................... 3-45 Text Literals ..................................................................................................................................... 3-46 Numeric Literals ............................................................................................................................. 3-47 Integer Literals ......................................................................................................................... 3-47 NUMBER and Floating-Point Literals .................................................................................. 3-48 Datetime Literals ............................................................................................................................ 3-50 Interval Literals................................................................................................................................ 3-52 INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH ............................................................................................ 3-53 INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND ............................................................................................. 3-54
  6. 6. vi Format Models ...................................................................................................................................... 3-55 Number Format Models ................................................................................................................ 3-56 Number Format Elements ..................................................................................................... 3-57 Datetime Format Models .............................................................................................................. 3-59 Datetime Format Elements .................................................................................................... 3-60 Uppercase Letters in Date Format Elements ............................................................... 3-60 Punctuation and Character Literals in Datetime Format Models ............................. 3-60 Datetime Format Elements and Globalization Support .................................................... 3-64 ISO Standard Date Format Elements ................................................................................... 3-64 The RR Datetime Format Element ........................................................................................ 3-64 RR Datetime Format Examples....................................................................................... 3-65 Datetime Format Element Suffixes ....................................................................................... 3-65 Format Model Modifiers ............................................................................................................... 3-66 Format Model Examples......................................................................................................... 3-67 String-to-Date Conversion Rules ................................................................................................. 3-68 XML Format Model ....................................................................................................................... 3-69 Nulls ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-70 Nulls in SQL Functions .................................................................................................................. 3-70 Nulls with Comparison Conditions ............................................................................................ 3-71 Nulls in Conditions ........................................................................................................................ 3-71 Comments .............................................................................................................................................. 3-71 Comments Within SQL Statements ............................................................................................. 3-72 Comments on Schema and Nonschema Objects ....................................................................... 3-72 Hints ................................................................................................................................................. 3-73 Alphabetical Listing of Hints ........................................................................................................ 3-77 ALL_ROWS Hint .................................................................................................................... 3-77 APPEND Hint .......................................................................................................................... 3-78 APPEND_VALUES Hint ....................................................................................................... 3-78 CACHE Hint ............................................................................................................................ 3-79 CHANGE_DUPKEY_ERROR_INDEX Hint ....................................................................... 3-79 CLUSTER Hint ........................................................................................................................ 3-80 CURSOR_SHARING_EXACT Hint ..................................................................................... 3-80 DRIVING_SITE Hint .............................................................................................................. 3-80 DYNAMIC_SAMPLING Hint ............................................................................................... 3-81 FACT Hint ................................................................................................................................ 3-81 FIRST_ROWS Hint .................................................................................................................. 3-81 FULL Hint ................................................................................................................................ 3-82 HASH Hint .............................................................................................................................. 3-82 IGNORE_ROW_ON_DUPKEY_INDEX Hint ..................................................................... 3-83 INDEX Hint ............................................................................................................................. 3-83 INDEX_ASC Hint ................................................................................................................... 3-84 INDEX_COMBINE Hint ........................................................................................................ 3-84 INDEX_DESC Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-85 INDEX_FFS Hint ..................................................................................................................... 3-85 INDEX_JOIN Hint .................................................................................................................. 3-85 INDEX_SS Hint ....................................................................................................................... 3-86 INDEX_SS_ASC Hint ............................................................................................................. 3-86
  7. 7. vii INDEX_SS_DESC Hint ........................................................................................................... 3-87 LEADING Hint ........................................................................................................................ 3-87 MERGE Hint ............................................................................................................................ 3-87 MODEL_MIN_ANALYSIS Hint ........................................................................................... 3-88 MONITOR Hint ...................................................................................................................... 3-88 NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint .................................................................................... 3-88 NOAPPEND Hint ................................................................................................................... 3-89 NOCACHE Hint ..................................................................................................................... 3-89 NO_EXPAND Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-89 NO_FACT Hint ....................................................................................................................... 3-89 NO_INDEX Hint ..................................................................................................................... 3-90 NO_INDEX_FFS Hint ............................................................................................................ 3-90 NO_INDEX_SS Hint ............................................................................................................... 3-90 NO_MERGE Hint ................................................................................................................... 3-91 NO_MONITOR Hint .............................................................................................................. 3-91 NO_NATIVE_FULL_OUTER_JOIN Hint ............................................................................ 3-91 NO_PARALLEL Hint ............................................................................................................. 3-91 NOPARALLEL Hint................................................................................................................ 3-92 NO_PARALLEL_INDEX Hint .............................................................................................. 3-92 NOPARALLEL_INDEX Hint................................................................................................. 3-92 NO_PUSH_PRED Hint .......................................................................................................... 3-92 NO_PUSH_SUBQ Hint .......................................................................................................... 3-93 NO_PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint .................................................................................................. 3-93 NO_QUERY_TRANSFORMATION Hint ........................................................................... 3-93 NO_RESULT_CACHE Hint .................................................................................................. 3-93 NO_REWRITE Hint ................................................................................................................ 3-93 NOREWRITE Hint................................................................................................................... 3-94 NO_STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint ............................................................................... 3-94 NO_UNNEST Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-94 NO_USE_HASH Hint ............................................................................................................ 3-94 NO_USE_MERGE Hint .......................................................................................................... 3-94 NO_USE_NL Hint .................................................................................................................. 3-95 NO_XML_QUERY_REWRITE Hint...................................................................................... 3-95 NO_XMLINDEX_REWRITE Hint ........................................................................................ 3-95 OPT_PARAM Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-95 ORDERED Hint ....................................................................................................................... 3-96 PARALLEL Hint ..................................................................................................................... 3-96 PARALLEL_INDEX Hint ...................................................................................................... 3-98 PQ_DISTRIBUTE Hint ........................................................................................................... 3-98 PUSH_PRED Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-101 PUSH_SUBQ Hint ................................................................................................................. 3-101 PX_JOIN_FILTER Hint ......................................................................................................... 3-101 QB_NAME Hint .................................................................................................................... 3-101 RESULT_CACHE Hint ......................................................................................................... 3-102 RETRY_ON_ROW_CHANGE Hint ................................................................................... 3-102 REWRITE Hint ...................................................................................................................... 3-103 STAR_TRANSFORMATION Hint ..................................................................................... 3-103
  8. 8. viii UNNEST Hint ........................................................................................................................ 3-104 USE_CONCAT Hint ............................................................................................................. 3-104 USE_HASH Hint ................................................................................................................... 3-104 USE_MERGE Hint ................................................................................................................ 3-105 USE_NL Hint ......................................................................................................................... 3-105 USE_NL_WITH_INDEX Hint ............................................................................................. 3-106 Database Objects................................................................................................................................. 3-106 Schema Objects ............................................................................................................................. 3-106 Nonschema Objects ...................................................................................................................... 3-107 Database Object Names and Qualifiers ......................................................................................... 3-107 Database Object Naming Rules .................................................................................................. 3-107 Schema Object Naming Examples ............................................................................................. 3-111 Schema Object Naming Guidelines ........................................................................................... 3-111 Syntax for Schema Objects and Parts in SQL Statements........................................................... 3-111 How Oracle Database Resolves Schema Object References ................................................... 3-112 References to Objects in Other Schemas ................................................................................... 3-113 References to Objects in Remote Databases ............................................................................. 3-113 Creating Database Links ...................................................................................................... 3-114 Database Link Names .................................................................................................... 3-114 Username and Password............................................................................................... 3-114 Database Connect String................................................................................................ 3-114 References to Database Links .............................................................................................. 3-115 References to Partitioned Tables and Indexes ......................................................................... 3-115 References to Object Type Attributes and Methods ................................................................ 3-117 4 Operators About SQL Operators.............................................................................................................................. 4-1 Unary and Binary Operators ........................................................................................................... 4-2 Operator Precedence ......................................................................................................................... 4-2 Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................. 4-3 Concatenation Operator.......................................................................................................................... 4-4 Hierarchical Query Operators................................................................................................................ 4-5 PRIOR ................................................................................................................................................. 4-5 CONNECT_BY_ROOT ..................................................................................................................... 4-5 Set Operators ............................................................................................................................................ 4-5 Multiset Operators .................................................................................................................................. 4-6 MULTISET EXCEPT ......................................................................................................................... 4-6 MULTISET INTERSECT .................................................................................................................. 4-7 MULTISET UNION .......................................................................................................................... 4-8 User-Defined Operators ......................................................................................................................... 4-9 5 Functions About SQL Functions ............................................................................................................................. 5-2 Single-Row Functions ............................................................................................................................ 5-3 Numeric Functions ............................................................................................................................ 5-3 Character Functions Returning Character Values ........................................................................ 5-4 NLS Character Functions ................................................................................................................. 5-5
  9. 9. ix Character Functions Returning Number Values .......................................................................... 5-5 Datetime Functions ........................................................................................................................... 5-5 General Comparison Functions ...................................................................................................... 5-6 Conversion Functions ....................................................................................................................... 5-6 Large Object Functions ..................................................................................................................... 5-7 Collection Functions ......................................................................................................................... 5-7 Hierarchical Function ....................................................................................................................... 5-7 Data Mining Functions ..................................................................................................................... 5-7 XML Functions .................................................................................................................................. 5-8 Encoding and Decoding Functions ................................................................................................ 5-9 NULL-Related Functions ................................................................................................................. 5-9 Environment and Identifier Functions ........................................................................................... 5-9 Aggregate Functions ............................................................................................................................... 5-9 Analytic Functions ............................................................................................................................... 5-11 Object Reference Functions ............................................................................................................... 5-16 Model Functions ................................................................................................................................... 5-16 Alphabetical Listing of SQL Functions ............................................................................................ 5-17 ABS .......................................................................................................................................................... 5-18 ACOS ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-18 ADD_MONTHS ................................................................................................................................... 5-19 APPENDCHILDXML .......................................................................................................................... 5-19 ASCII ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-20 ASCIISTR .............................................................................................................................................. 5-21 ASIN ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-21 ATAN ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-22 ATAN2 .................................................................................................................................................... 5-22 AVG ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-23 BFILENAME .......................................................................................................................................... 5-24 BIN_TO_NUM ...................................................................................................................................... 5-25 BITAND .................................................................................................................................................. 5-26 CARDINALITY .................................................................................................................................... 5-27 CAST ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-28 CEIL ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-31 CHARTOROWID ................................................................................................................................. 5-31 CHR ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-32 CLUSTER_ID ........................................................................................................................................ 5-33 CLUSTER_PROBABILITY ................................................................................................................. 5-34 CLUSTER_SET ..................................................................................................................................... 5-36 COALESCE ............................................................................................................................................ 5-38 COLLECT ............................................................................................................................................... 5-39 COMPOSE ............................................................................................................................................. 5-40 CONCAT ................................................................................................................................................ 5-40 CONVERT ............................................................................................................................................. 5-41 CORR ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-43 CORR_* .................................................................................................................................................. 5-44 CORR_S ........................................................................................................................................... 5-45 CORR_K .......................................................................................................................................... 5-46
  10. 10. x COS ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-46 COSH ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-47 COUNT ................................................................................................................................................... 5-47 COVAR_POP ......................................................................................................................................... 5-49 COVAR_SAMP ..................................................................................................................................... 5-50 CUBE_TABLE......................................................................................................................................... 5-51 CUME_DIST ......................................................................................................................................... 5-53 CURRENT_DATE ................................................................................................................................ 5-54 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ................................................................................................................... 5-55 CV............................................................................................................................................................. 5-56 DATAOBJ_TO_PARTITION .............................................................................................................. 5-57 DBTIMEZONE ..................................................................................................................................... 5-57 DECODE ................................................................................................................................................ 5-58 DECOMPOSE ....................................................................................................................................... 5-59 DELETEXML ......................................................................................................................................... 5-60 DENSE_RANK ..................................................................................................................................... 5-61 DEPTH .................................................................................................................................................... 5-63 DEREF ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-63 DUMP ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-64 EMPTY_BLOB, EMPTY_CLOB ......................................................................................................... 5-65 EXISTSNODE ....................................................................................................................................... 5-66 EXP .......................................................................................................................................................... 5-67 EXTRACT (datetime) ........................................................................................................................... 5-68 EXTRACT (XML) .................................................................................................................................. 5-70 EXTRACTVALUE ................................................................................................................................. 5-71 FEATURE_ID ........................................................................................................................................ 5-72 FEATURE_SET ...................................................................................................................................... 5-73 FEATURE_VALUE ................................................................................................................................ 5-75 FIRST ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-77 FIRST_VALUE ...................................................................................................................................... 5-79 FLOOR .................................................................................................................................................... 5-80 FROM_TZ .............................................................................................................................................. 5-81 GREATEST ............................................................................................................................................ 5-81 GROUP_ID ............................................................................................................................................ 5-82 GROUPING ........................................................................................................................................... 5-83 GROUPING_ID .................................................................................................................................... 5-84 HEXTORAW .......................................................................................................................................... 5-85 INITCAP ................................................................................................................................................ 5-85 INSERTCHILDXML ............................................................................................................................ 5-86 INSERTCHILDXMLAFTER ............................................................................................................... 5-87 INSERTCHILDXMLBEFORE ............................................................................................................ 5-88 INSERTXMLAFTER ............................................................................................................................. 5-89 INSERTXMLBEFORE .......................................................................................................................... 5-90 INSTR ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-91 ITERATION_NUMBER ...................................................................................................................... 5-92 LAG ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-94 LAST ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-95
  11. 11. xi LAST_DAY ............................................................................................................................................. 5-95 LAST_VALUE ....................................................................................................................................... 5-96 LEAD ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-98 LEAST ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-99 LENGTH .............................................................................................................................................. 5-100 LISTAGG ............................................................................................................................................. 5-101 LN .......................................................................................................................................................... 5-102 LNNVL ................................................................................................................................................. 5-103 LOCALTIMESTAMP ......................................................................................................................... 5-104 LOG ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-105 LOWER ................................................................................................................................................. 5-105 LPAD...................................................................................................................................................... 5-106 LTRIM ................................................................................................................................................... 5-106 MAKE_REF .......................................................................................................................................... 5-107 MAX ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-108 MEDIAN .............................................................................................................................................. 5-109 MIN ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-111 MOD ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-112 MONTHS_BETWEEN ....................................................................................................................... 5-113 NANVL ................................................................................................................................................. 5-114 NCHR ................................................................................................................................................... 5-114 NEW_TIME ......................................................................................................................................... 5-115 NEXT_DAY .......................................................................................................................................... 5-116 NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN ........................................................................................................... 5-116 NLS_CHARSET_ID ........................................................................................................................... 5-117 NLS_CHARSET_NAME ................................................................................................................... 5-117 NLS_INITCAP .................................................................................................................................... 5-118 NLS_LOWER ....................................................................................................................................... 5-119 NLS_UPPER ........................................................................................................................................ 5-119 NLSSORT ............................................................................................................................................. 5-120 NTH_VALUE ....................................................................................................................................... 5-122 NTILE ................................................................................................................................................... 5-123 NULLIF ................................................................................................................................................. 5-124 NUMTODSINTERVAL ..................................................................................................................... 5-125 NUMTOYMINTERVAL .................................................................................................................... 5-126 NVL ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-126 NVL2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-127 ORA_DST_AFFECTED ..................................................................................................................... 5-128 ORA_DST_CONVERT ...................................................................................................................... 5-129 ORA_DST_ERROR ............................................................................................................................ 5-130 ORA_HASH ........................................................................................................................................ 5-130 PATH...................................................................................................................................................... 5-131 PERCENT_RANK .............................................................................................................................. 5-132 PERCENTILE_CONT ........................................................................................................................ 5-133 PERCENTILE_DISC .......................................................................................................................... 5-135 POWER ................................................................................................................................................. 5-137 POWERMULTISET ............................................................................................................................ 5-137
  12. 12. xii POWERMULTISET_BY_CARDINALITY ..................................................................................... 5-138 PREDICTION ..................................................................................................................................... 5-139 PREDICTION_BOUNDS ................................................................................................................. 5-141 PREDICTION_COST ........................................................................................................................ 5-142 PREDICTION_DETAILS .................................................................................................................. 5-144 PREDICTION_PROBABILITY ....................................................................................................... 5-146 PREDICTION_SET ............................................................................................................................ 5-147 PRESENTNNV .................................................................................................................................... 5-150 PRESENTV ........................................................................................................................................... 5-151 PREVIOUS ........................................................................................................................................... 5-152 RANK ................................................................................................................................................... 5-153 RATIO_TO_REPORT ........................................................................................................................ 5-155 RAWTOHEX ........................................................................................................................................ 5-155 RAWTONHEX .................................................................................................................................... 5-156 REF ........................................................................................................................................................ 5-157 REFTOHEX .......................................................................................................................................... 5-157 REGEXP_COUNT .............................................................................................................................. 5-158 REGEXP_INSTR ................................................................................................................................. 5-160 REGEXP_REPLACE ........................................................................................................................... 5-162 REGEXP_SUBSTR ............................................................................................................................. 5-164 REGR_ (Linear Regression) Functions ........................................................................................... 5-166 REMAINDER ...................................................................................................................................... 5-171 REPLACE ............................................................................................................................................. 5-172 ROUND (date) .................................................................................................................................... 5-172 ROUND (number) .............................................................................................................................. 5-173 ROW_NUMBER ................................................................................................................................. 5-174 ROWIDTOCHAR ............................................................................................................................... 5-176 ROWIDTONCHAR ........................................................................................................................... 5-176 RPAD .................................................................................................................................................... 5-177 RTRIM .................................................................................................................................................. 5-178 SCN_TO_TIMESTAMP .................................................................................................................... 5-178 SESSIONTIMEZONE ....................................................................................................................... 5-180 SET ........................................................................................................................................................ 5-180 SIGN ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-181 SIN ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-181 SINH ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-182 SOUNDEX ........................................................................................................................................... 5-182 SQRT ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-183 STATS_BINOMIAL_TEST ............................................................................................................... 5-184 STATS_CROSSTAB ........................................................................................................................... 5-185 STATS_F_TEST ................................................................................................................................... 5-186 STATS_KS_TEST ................................................................................................................................ 5-187 STATS_MODE .................................................................................................................................... 5-188 STATS_MW_TEST ............................................................................................................................. 5-189 STATS_ONE_WAY_ANOVA ............................................................................................................ 5-190 STATS_T_TEST_* ............................................................................................................................... 5-191 STATS_T_TEST_ONE .................................................................................................................. 5-192
  13. 13. xiii STATS_T_TEST_PAIRED ........................................................................................................... 5-193 STATS_T_TEST_INDEP and STATS_T_TEST_INDEPU ....................................................... 5-193 STATS_WSR_TEST ............................................................................................................................ 5-194 STDDEV ............................................................................................................................................... 5-195 STDDEV_POP .................................................................................................................................... 5-196 STDDEV_SAMP ................................................................................................................................. 5-197 SUBSTR ................................................................................................................................................ 5-199 SUM ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-200 SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH ............................................................................................................. 5-201 SYS_CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................. 5-202 SYS_DBURIGEN ................................................................................................................................ 5-208 SYS_EXTRACT_UTC ........................................................................................................................ 5-209 SYS_GUID ........................................................................................................................................... 5-209 SYS_TYPEID ....................................................................................................................................... 5-210 SYS_XMLAGG ................................................................................................................................... 5-211 SYS_XMLGEN .................................................................................................................................... 5-211 SYSDATE ............................................................................................................................................. 5-212 SYSTIMESTAMP ............................................................................................................................... 5-213 TAN ....................................................................................................................................................... 5-213 TANH .................................................................................................................................................... 5-214 TIMESTAMP_TO_SCN .................................................................................................................... 5-214 TO_BINARY_DOUBLE ..................................................................................................................... 5-215 TO_BINARY_FLOAT ........................................................................................................................ 5-216 TO_BLOB ............................................................................................................................................. 5-217 TO_CHAR (character) ........................................................................................................................ 5-218 TO_CHAR (datetime) ........................................................................................................................ 5-219 TO_CHAR (number) .......................................................................................................................... 5-221 TO_CLOB ............................................................................................................................................. 5-222 TO_DATE ............................................................................................................................................. 5-223 TO_DSINTERVAL ............................................................................................................................. 5-224 TO_LOB ............................................................................................................................................... 5-225 TO_MULTI_BYTE .............................................................................................................................. 5-226 TO_NCHAR (character) .................................................................................................................... 5-227 TO_NCHAR (datetime) ..................................................................................................................... 5-227 TO_NCHAR (number) ...................................................................................................................... 5-228 TO_NCLOB ......................................................................................................................................... 5-229 TO_NUMBER ..................................................................................................................................... 5-229 TO_SINGLE_BYTE ............................................................................................................................ 5-230 TO_TIMESTAMP ............................................................................................................................... 5-230 TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ ........................................................................................................................ 5-231 TO_YMINTERVAL ............................................................................................................................ 5-232 TRANSLATE ....................................................................................................................................... 5-233 TRANSLATE ... USING .................................................................................................................... 5-234 TREAT .................................................................................................................................................. 5-235 TRIM ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-236 TRUNC (date) ...................................................................................................................................... 5-237 TRUNC (number) ............................................................................................................................... 5-238
  14. 14. xiv TZ_OFFSET ......................................................................................................................................... 5-238 UID ........................................................................................................................................................ 5-239 UNISTR ................................................................................................................................................ 5-239 UPDATEXML ...................................................................................................................................... 5-240 UPPER ................................................................................................................................................... 5-241 USER ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-242 USERENV ............................................................................................................................................ 5-242 VALUE .................................................................................................................................................. 5-243 VAR_POP ............................................................................................................................................. 5-244 VAR_SAMP ......................................................................................................................................... 5-245 VARIANCE .......................................................................................................................................... 5-246 VSIZE .................................................................................................................................................... 5-247 WIDTH_BUCKET .............................................................................................................................. 5-248 XMLAGG ............................................................................................................................................. 5-249 XMLCAST............................................................................................................................................. 5-250 XMLCDATA ........................................................................................................................................ 5-251 XMLCOLATTVAL............................................................................................................................... 5-252 XMLCOMMENT ................................................................................................................................ 5-252 XMLCONCAT ..................................................................................................................................... 5-253 XMLDIFF ............................................................................................................................................. 5-254 XMLELEMENT.................................................................................................................................... 5-255 XMLEXISTS ......................................................................................................................................... 5-257 XMLFOREST ....................................................................................................................................... 5-258 XMLISVALID ...................................................................................................................................... 5-259 XMLPARSE .......................................................................................................................................... 5-259 XMLPATCH ......................................................................................................................................... 5-260 XMLPI ................................................................................................................................................... 5-261 XMLQUERY ......................................................................................................................................... 5-262 XMLROOT ........................................................................................................................................... 5-263 XMLSEQUENCE ................................................................................................................................. 5-264 XMLSERIALIZE ................................................................................................................................. 5-266 XMLTABLE .......................................................................................................................................... 5-267 XMLTRANSFORM ............................................................................................................................. 5-269 ROUND and TRUNC Date Functions ............................................................................................ 5-270 About User-Defined Functions ........................................................................................................ 5-271 Prerequisites................................................................................................................................... 5-272 Name Precedence ......................................................................................................................... 5-272 Naming Conventions ........................................................................................................... 5-272 6 Expressions About SQL Expressions ......................................................................................................................... 6-1 Simple Expressions ................................................................................................................................. 6-3 Compound Expressions ......................................................................................................................... 6-4 CASE Expressions ................................................................................................................................... 6-5 Column Expressions ............................................................................................................................... 6-6 CURSOR Expressions.............................................................................................................................. 6-7 Datetime Expressions ............................................................................................................................. 6-8
  15. 15. xv Function Expressions ........................................................................................................................... 6-10 Interval Expressions ............................................................................................................................. 6-10 Model Expressions ................................................................................................................................ 6-11 Object Access Expressions .................................................................................................................. 6-13 Placeholder Expressions ...................................................................................................................... 6-14 Scalar Subquery Expressions ............................................................................................................. 6-14 Type Constructor Expressions ............................................................................................................ 6-14 Expression Lists .................................................................................................................................... 6-16 7 Conditions About SQL Conditions............................................................................................................................ 7-1 Condition Precedence........................................................................................................................ 7-3 Comparison Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 7-4 Simple Comparison Conditions ...................................................................................................... 7-5 Group Comparison Conditions ...................................................................................................... 7-6 Floating-Point Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 7-7 Logical Conditions ................................................................................................................................... 7-7 Model Conditions ................................................................................................................................... 7-9 IS ANY Condition ............................................................................................................................. 7-9 IS PRESENT Condition ................................................................................................................. 7-10 Multiset Conditions ............................................................................................................................. 7-11 IS A SET Condition ........................................................................................................................ 7-11 IS EMPTY Condition ...................................................................................................................... 7-12 MEMBER Condition ...................................................................................................................... 7-12 SUBMULTISET Condition ............................................................................................................ 7-13 Pattern-matching Conditions ............................................................................................................. 7-14 LIKE Condition ............................................................................................................................... 7-14 REGEXP_LIKE Condition ............................................................................................................. 7-17 Null Conditions .................................................................................................................................... 7-19 XML Conditions ................................................................................................................................... 7-19 EQUALS_PATH Condition .......................................................................................................... 7-19 UNDER_PATH Condition ............................................................................................................ 7-20 Compound Conditions ........................................................................................................................ 7-20 BETWEEN Condition .......................................................................................................................... 7-21 EXISTS Condition ................................................................................................................................ 7-22 IN Condition ......................................................................................................................................... 7-22 IS OF type Condition ........................................................................................................................... 7-24 8 Common SQL DDL Clauses allocate_extent_clause ............................................................................................................................ 8-2 constraint ................................................................................................................................................... 8-4 deallocate_unused_clause .................................................................................................................... 8-27 file_specification ................................................................................................................................... 8-29 logging_clause ........................................................................................................................................ 8-38 parallel_clause ....................................................................................................................................... 8-41 physical_attributes_clause .................................................................................................................. 8-44
  16. 16. xvi size_clause .............................................................................................................................................. 8-47 storage_clause ........................................................................................................................................ 8-48 9 SQL Queries and Subqueries About Queries and Subqueries ............................................................................................................ 9-1 Creating Simple Queries ........................................................................................................................ 9-2 Hierarchical Queries ............................................................................................................................... 9-3 Hierarchical Query Examples .......................................................................................................... 9-5 The UNION [ALL], INTERSECT, MINUS Operators....................................................................... 9-8 Sorting Query Results ......................................................................................................................... 9-10 Joins ......................................................................................................................................................... 9-11 Join Conditions ............................................................................................................................... 9-11 Equijoins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-11 Self Joins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-11 Cartesian Products ......................................................................................................................... 9-12 Inner Joins ....................................................................................................................................... 9-12 Outer Joins ....................................................................................................................................... 9-12 Antijoins .......................................................................................................................................... 9-13 Semijoins ........................................................

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