MySQL 1

MySQL

MySQL

Screenshot of the default MySQL command line

Original author(s) MySQL AB

Developer(s) Oracle Corporation

Initial release 23 May 1995

Stable release 5.6.19 / 30 May 2014

Preview release 5.7.4 / 31 March 2014

Development status Active

Written in C, C++

Operating system Windows, Linux, Solaris, OS X, FreeBSD

Available in English

Type RDBMS

License GPL (version 2) or commercial[1]

Website www.mysql.com [2]

MySQL (/maɪHelp:IPA for English#Keyˌɛskjuːˈɛl/ "My S-Q-L", officially, but also called /maɪHelp:IPA forEnglish#Keyˈsiːkwəl/ "My Sequel") is (as of March 2014[3]) the world's second most[4] In the second quarter of2013 alone, 213 million smartphones shipped, of which 200 million were Android and iOS.</ref> widely usedopen-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It is named after co-founder Michael Widenius'sdaughter, My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General PublicLicense, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a singlefor-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely usedLAMP open source web application software stack (and other 'AMP' stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux,Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python." Free-software-open source projects that require a full-featured databasemanagement system often use MySQL.For commercial use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality. Applications which useMySQL databases include: TYPO3, MODx, Joomla, WordPress, phpBB, MyBB, Drupal and other software.MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale websites, including Wikipedia, Google (though not forsearches), Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.

MySQL 2

Interfaces

MySQL Workbench in Windows

MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS), andships with no GUI tools to administer MySQL databases or managedata contained within the databases. Users may use the includedcommand line tools,[5][6] or use MySQL "front-ends", desktop softwareand web applications that create and manage MySQL databases, builddatabase structures, back up data, inspect status, and work with datarecords.[7][8][9][10] The official set of MySQL front-end tools, MySQLWorkbench is actively developed by Oracle, and is freely available foruse.[11]

GraphicalThe official MySQL Workbench is a free integrated environment developed by MySQL AB, that enables users tographically administer MySQL databases and visually design database structures. MySQL Workbench replaces theprevious package of software, MySQL GUI Tools. Similar to other third-party packages, but still considered theauthoritative MySQL front end, MySQL Workbench lets users manage database design & modeling, SQLdevelopment (replacing MySQL Query Browser) and Database administration (replacing MySQL Administrator).MySQL Workbench is available in two editions, the regular free and open source Community Edition which may bedownloaded from the MySQL website, and the proprietary Standard Edition which extends and improves the featureset of the Community Edition.Third-party proprietary and free graphical administration applications (or "front ends") are available that integratewith MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and data visually. Some well-known front ends, inalphabetical order, are:• Adminer – a free MySQL front end written in one PHP script, capable of managing multiple databases, with

many CSS skins available.• DBEdit – a free front end for MySQL and other databases.• HeidiSQL – a full featured free front end that runs on Windows, and can connect to local or remote MySQL

servers to manage databases, tables, column structure, and individual data records. Also supports specialised GUIfeatures for date/time fields and enumerated multiple-value fields.

• LibreOffice Base – LibreOffice Base allows the creation and management of databases, preparation of forms andreports that provide end users easy access to data. Like Microsoft Access, it can be used as a front-end for variousdatabase systems, including Access databases (JET), ODBC data sources, and MySQL or PostgreSQL.

• Navicat – a series of proprietary graphical database management applications, developed for Windows,Macintosh and Linux.

• OpenOffice.org – OpenOffice.org Base can manage MySQL databases if the entire suite is installed. Free andopen-source.

• phpMyAdmin – a free Web-based front end widely installedWikipedia:Citation needed by web hosts, since it isdeveloped in PHP and is included in the LAMP stack, MAMP, XAMPP and WAMP software bundle installers.

• Webmin – a free Web-based management utility and a MySQL front end, developed in Perl with some partswritten in Java.

• SQLBuddy – a free Web-based front end, developed in PHP.• SQLyog – commercial, but there is also a free 'community' edition available.• Toad for MySQL – a free development and administration front end for MySQL from Quest Software

MySQL 3

Other available proprietary MySQL front ends include dbForge Studio for MySQL, DBStudio, Epictetus, MicrosoftAccess, Oracle SQL Developer, SchemaBank, SQLPro SQL Client, Toad Data Modeler and DaDaBIK.

Command lineMySQL ships with many command line tools, from which the main interface is 'mysql' client. Third-parties havealso developed tools to manage MySQL servers.• MySQL Utilities – a set of utilities designed to perform common maintenance and administrative tasks.

Originally included as part of the MySQL Workbench, the utilities are now a stand-alone download availablefrom Oracle.

• Percona Toolkit – a cross-platform toolkit for MySQL, developed in Perl. Percona Toolkit can be used to provereplication is working correctly, fix corrupted data, automate repetitive tasks, and speed up servers. PerconaToolkit is included with several Linux distributions such as CentOS and Debian, and packages are available forFedora and Ubuntu as well. Percona Toolkit was originally developed as Maatkit, but as of late 2011, Maatkit isno longer developed.

ProgrammingMySQL works on many system platforms, including AIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, eComStation, i5/OS, IRIX,Linux, OS X, Microsoft Windows, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, OS/2 Warp, QNX, OracleSolaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos and Tru64. A port of MySQL to OpenVMS alsoexists.MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a home-brewed lexical analyzer. Manyprogramming languages with language-specific APIs include libraries for accessing MySQL databases. Theseinclude MySQL Connector/Net for integration with Microsoft's Visual Studio (languages such as C# and VB aremost commonly used) and the JDBC driver for Java. In addition, an ODBC interface called MyODBC allowsadditional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, suchas ASP or ColdFusion. The HTSQL – URL-based query method also ships with a MySQL adapter, allowing directinteraction between a MySQL database and any web client via structured URLs.

FeaturesAs of April 2009[3], MySQL offered MySQL 5.1 in two different variants: the open source MySQL CommunityServer and the commercial Enterprise Server. MySQL 5.5 is offered under the same licenses. They have a commoncode base and include the following features:• A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions•• Cross-platform support• Stored procedures, using a procedural language that closely adheres to SQL/PSM• Triggers• Cursors• Updatable views•• Information schema•• Strict mode (ensures MySQL does not truncate or otherwise modify data to conform to an underlying data type,

when an incompatible value is inserted into that type)• X/Open XA distributed transaction processing (DTP) support; two phase commit as part of this, using Oracle's

InnoDB engine• Independent storage engines (MyISAM for read speed, InnoDB for transactions and referential integrity, MySQL

Archive for storing historical data in little space)

MySQL 4

• Transactions with the InnoDB and NDB Cluster storage engines; savepoints with InnoDB• SSL support• Query caching• Sub-SELECTs (i.e. nested SELECTs)• Replication support (i.e. Master-Master Replication & Master-Slave Replication) with one master per slave, many

slaves per master. Multi-master replication is provided in MySQL Cluster, and multi-master support can be addedto unclustered configurations using Galera Cluster.

• Full-text indexing and searching (initially a MyISAM-only feature; supported by InnoDB since the release ofMySQL 5.6)

•• Embedded database library• Unicode support (however prior to 5.5.3 UTF-8 and UCS-2 encoded strings are limited to the BMP, in 5.5.3 and

later use utf8mb4 for full unicode support)• ACID compliance when using transaction capable storage engines (InnoDB and Cluster)•• Partitioned tables with pruning of partitions in optimizer• Shared-nothing clustering through MySQL Cluster• Multiple storage engines, allowing one to choose the one that is most effective for each table in the application (in

MySQL 5.0, storage engines must be compiled in; in MySQL 5.1, storage engines can be dynamically loaded atrun time):• Native storage engines (MyISAM, Falcon, Merge, Memory (heap), Federated, Archive, CSV, Blackhole,

Cluster, EXAMPLE, Aria, and InnoDB, which was made the default as of 5.5)• Partner-developed storage engines (solidDB, Infobright (formerly Brighthouse), Kickfire, XtraDB, IBM DB2).

InnoDB used to be a partner-developed storage engine, but with recent acquisitions, Oracle now owns bothMySQL core and InnoDB.

• Community-developed storage engines (memcache engine, httpd, PBXT, Revision Engine)•• Custom storage engines

•• Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections together to increase the number ofcommits per second. (PostgreSQL has an advanced form of this functionality)

The developers release monthly versions of the MySQL Server. The sources can be obtained from MySQL's websiteor from MySQL's Bazaar repository, both under the GPL license.

LimitationsLike other SQL databases, MySQL does not currently comply with the full SQL standard for some of theimplemented functionality, including foreign key references when using some storage engines other than the'standard' InnoDB (or third-party engines which supports foreign keys).Up until MySQL 5.7, triggers are limited to one per action / timing, meaning that at most one trigger can be definedto be executed after an INSERT operation, and one before INSERT on the same table. No triggers can be definedon views.MySQL, like most other transactional relational databases, is strongly limited by hard disk performance. This isespecially true in terms of write latency. Given the recent appearance of very affordable consumer grade SATAinterface solid-state drives that offer zero mechanical latency, a fivefold speedup over even an eight drive RAIDarray can be had for a smaller investment.[12]

MySQL database's inbuilt functions like UNIX_TIMESTAMP() will return 0 after 03:14:07 UTC on 19 January2038.

MySQL 5

Deployment

The LAMP software bundle (here additionally with Squid). A high performance andhigh-availability solution for a hostile environment

MySQL can be built and installedmanually from source code, but thiscan be tedious so it is more commonlyinstalled from a binary package unlessspecial customizations are required. Onmost Linux distributions the packagemanagement system can download andinstall MySQL with minimal effort,though further configuration is oftenrequired to adjust security andoptimization settings.

Though MySQL began as a low-endalternative to more powerfulproprietary databases, it has graduallyevolved to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still most commonly used in small to medium scale single-serverdeployments, either as a component in a LAMP-based web application or as a standalone database server. Much ofMySQL's appeal originates in its relative simplicity and ease of use, which is enabled by an ecosystem of opensource tools such as phpMyAdmin. In the medium range, MySQL can be scaled by deploying it on more powerfulhardware, such as a multi-processor server with gigabytes of memory.

There are however limits to how far performance can scale on a single server ('scaling up'), so on larger scales,multi-server MySQL ('scaling out') deployments are required to provide improved performance and reliability. Atypical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database which handles data write operations and isreplicated to multiple slaves that handle all read operations. The master server synchronizes continually with itsslaves so in the event of failure a slave can be promoted to become the new master, minimizing downtime. Furtherimprovements in performance can be achieved by caching the results from database queries in memory usingmemcached, or breaking down a database into smaller chunks called shards which can be spread across a number ofdistributed server clusters.

Backup• Filesystem snapshot or volume manager snapshot – backups are performed by using an external tool provided by

the operating system (such as LVM) or storage device, with additional support from MySQL for ensuringconsistency of such snapshots.

• mysqldump – a logical backup tool included with both community and enterprise editions of MySQL. Supportsbackup from all storage engines.

• MySQL Enterprise Backup – a hot backup utility included as part of the MySQL Enterprise subscription fromOracle. Offers native InnoDB hot backup, as well as backup for other storage engines.

• XtraBackup – open source MySQL hot backup software. Some notable features include hot, non-locking backupsfor InnoDB storage, incremental backups, streaming, parallel-compressed backups, throttling based on thenumber of I/O operations per second, etc.

MySQL 6

High availabilityEnsuring high availability requires a certain amount of redundancy in the system. For database systems, theredundancy traditionally takes the form of having a primary server acting as a master, and using replication to keepsecondaries available to take over in case the primary fails. This means that the "server" that the application connectsto is in reality a collection of servers, not a single server. In a similar manner, if the application is using a shardeddatabase, it is in reality working with a collection of servers, not a single server. In this case, a collection of servers isusually referred to as a farm.

One of the projects aiming to provide high availability for MySQL is MySQL Fabric, an integrated system formanaging a collection of MySQL servers, and a framework on top of which high availability and database shardingis built. MySQL Fabric is open-source and is intended to be extensible, easy to use, and to support procedureexecution even in the presence of failure, providing an execution model usually called resilient execution. MySQLclient libraries are extended so they are hiding the complexities of handling failover in the event of a server failure,as well as correctly dispatching transactions to the shards. As of September 2013, there is currently support forFabric-aware versions of Connector/J, Connector/PHP, Connector/Python, as well as some rudimentary support forHibernate and Doctrine. As of March 2014, MySQL Fabric is in a beta stage of development.

Cloud deploymentMain article: Cloud databaseMySQL can also be run on cloud computing platforms such as Amazon EC2. Listed below are some commondeployment models for MySQL on the cloud:• Virtual Machine Image – cloud users can upload a machine image of their own with MySQL installed, or use a

ready-made machine image with an optimized installation of MySQL on it, such as the one provided by AmazonEC2.

• MySQL as a Service – some cloud platforms offer MySQL "as a service". In this configuration, applicationowners do not have to install and maintain the MySQL database on their own. Instead, the database serviceprovider takes responsibility for installing and maintaining the database, and application owners pay according totheir usage. Notable cloud-based MySQL services are the Amazon Relational Database Service; Rackspace; HPConverged Cloud; Heroku and Jelastic.

• Managed MySQL cloud hosting – the database is not offered as a service, but the cloud provider hosts thedatabase and manages it on the application owner's behalf. As of 2011, of the major cloud providers, onlyTerremark and Rackspace offer managed hosting for MySQL databases.

CommunityThe MySQL server software itself and the client libraries use dual-licensing distribution. They are offered underGPL version 2, beginning from 28 June 2000 (which in 2009 has been extended with a FLOSS License Exception)or to use a proprietary license. In 2013, the Linux man pages for MySQL switched to a proprietary licensetemporarily due to a build system bug. The original GPL license has since been restored.Support can be obtained from the official manual.[13] Free support additionally is available in different IRC channelsand forums. Oracle offers paid support via its MySQL Enterprise products. They differ in the scope of services andin price. Additionally, a number of third party organisations exist to provide support and services, including SkySQLAb and Percona.MySQL has received positive reviews, and reviewers noticed it "performs extremely well in the average case." andthat the "developer interfaces are there, and the documentation (not to mention feedback in the real world via Websites and the like) is very, very good".[14] It has also been tested to be a "fast, stable and true multi-user,multi-threaded sql database server".[15]

MySQL 7

Related projects• Drizzle – a fork targeted at the web-infrastructure and cloud computing markets. The developers of the product

describe it as a "smaller, slimmer and (hopefully) faster version of MySQL". As a result, many common MySQLfeatures will be stripped out, including stored procedures, query cache, prepared statements, views, and triggers.This is a partial rewrite of the server that does not maintain compatibility with MySQL.

• MariaDB – a community-developed fork of the MySQL database source code, the impetus being the communitymaintenance of its free status under GPL as opposed to any uncertainty of MySQL license status under its currentownership by Oracle. The intent also being to maintain high fidelity with MySQL, ensuring a "drop-in"replacement capability with library binary equivalency and exact matching with MySQL APIs and commands. Itincludes the XtraDB storage engine as a replacement for InnoDB.

• Percona Server – a fork of MySQL that includes the XtraDB storage engine. Its policy is to deviate as little aspossible from MySQL and remain fully compatible, while providing new features, better performance, andadditional instrumentation for analysis of performance and usage.

• OurDelta – No longer maintained. It was a fork compiled with various patches, including patches from MariaDB,Percona, and Google, and a storage engine called OQGRAPH.

• WebScaleSQL – A branch of MySQL 5.6 maintained by Facebook, LinkedIn, Google and Twitter.[16]

HistoryMySQL was created by a Swedish company, MySQL AB, founded by David Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael"Monty" Widenius. The first version of MySQL appeared on 23 May 1995. It was initially created for personal usagefrom mSQL based on the low-level language ISAM, which the creators considered too slow and inflexible. Theycreated a new SQL interface, while keeping the same API as mSQL. By keeping the API consistent with the mSQLsystem, many developers were able to use MySQL instead of the (commercially licensed) mSQLantecedent.Wikipedia:Citation neededWikipedia:Disputed statement

Legal and acquisition impactsOn 15 June 2001, NuSphere sued MySQL AB, TcX DataKonsult AB and its original authors Michael ("Monty")Widenius and David Axmark in U.S District Court in Boston for "breach of contract, tortious interference with thirdparty contracts and relationships and unfair competition".In 2002, MySQL AB sued Progress NuSphere for copyright and trademark infringement in United States districtcourt. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL'ed code with NuSphereGemini table without being in compliance with the license. After a preliminary hearing before Judge Patti Saris on27 February 2002, the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled. After the hearing, FSF commented that"Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license."In October 2005, Oracle Corporation acquired Innobase OY, the Finnish company that developed the third-partyInnoDB storage engine that allows MySQL to provide such functionality as transactions and foreign keys. After theacquisition, an Oracle press release mentioned that the contracts that make the company's software available toMySQL AB would be due for renewal (and presumably renegotiation) some time in 2006. During the MySQL UsersConference in April 2006, MySQL issued a press release that confirmed that MySQL and Innobase OY agreed to a"multi-year" extension of their licensing agreement.In February 2006, Oracle Corporation acquired Sleepycat Software, makers of the Berkeley DB, a database engineproviding the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used,and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL 5.1.12, a pre-GA release of MySQL 5.1 released in October 2006.In January 2008, Sun Microsystems bought MySQL for $1 billion.

MySQL 8

In April 2009, Oracle Corporation entered into an agreement to purchase Sun Microsystems, then owners of MySQLcopyright and trademark. Sun's board of directors unanimously approved the deal, it was also approved by Sun'sshareholders, and by the U.S. government on 20 August 2009. On 14 December 2009, Oracle pledged to continue toenhance MySQL as it had done for the previous four years.A movement against Oracle's acquisition of MySQL, to "Save MySQL" from Oracle was started by one of theMySQL founders, Monty Widenius. The petition of 50,000+ developers and users called upon the EuropeanCommission to block approval of the acquisition. At the same time, several Free Software opinion leaders (includingEben Moglen, Pamela Jones of Groklaw, Jan Wildeboer and Carlo Piana, who also acted as co-counsel in the mergerregulation procedure) advocated for the unconditional approval of the merger.Wikipedia:Citation needed As part ofthe negotiations with the European Commission, Oracle committed that MySQL server will continue until at least2015 to use the dual-licensing strategy long used by MySQL AB, with commercial and GPL versions available. Theantitrust of the EU had been "pressuring it to divest MySQL as a condition for approval of the merger". But, asrevealed by WikiLeaks, the US Department of Justice and Antitrust, at the request of Oracle, pressured the EU tounconditionally approve the merger. The European Commission eventually unconditionally approved Oracle'sacquisition of MySQL on 21 January 2010.In January 2009, prior to Oracle's acquisition of MySQL, Monty Widenius started a GPL-only fork, MariaDB.MariaDB is based on the same code base as MySQL server 5.1 and strives to maintain compatibility withOracle-provided versions.Oracle holds back test cases for bug fixes, but functionality test suites are still published. This is an Oracle policy toprevent accidentally releasing CVE crashing test cases. In August 2012, TechCrunch's Alex Williams reported thatOracle was holding back MySQL Server test cases, a move that he concluded indicated that Oracle is attempting tokill the product. Percona also reported that Oracle is no longer synchronizing their changes with the public sourcerepositories. Widenius called this a breach of the agreement that Oracle entered into with the EU as a condition oftheir acquisition of Sun.In April 2013, Wikipedia announced that it had completed the migration of the English and German Wikipedias aswell as Wikidata to MariaDB 5.5. Google has also said they will be switching to MariaDB.[17]

Linux distributions Red Hat, Fedora, OpenSUSE,Wikipedia:Citation needed Slackware and Arch Linux haveannounced that they are switching to MariaDB by default, while Ubuntu has stated that it will be sticking withMySQL. Mark Shuttleworth has stated, "As for phobias, the real pitchforks have been those agitating against Oracle.I think Oracle have been an excellent steward of MySQL, with real investment and great quality." Other Linuxdistributions are offering MariaDB as an option.[18][19][20]

MilestonesNotable milestones in MySQL development include:• Original development of MySQL by Michael Widenius and David Axmark beginning in 1994•• First internal release on 23 May 1995•• Version 3.19: End of 1996, from www.tcx.se•• Version 3.20: January 1997•• Windows version was released on 8 January 1998 for Windows 95 and NT•• Version 3.21: production release 1998, from www.mysql.com•• Version 3.22: alpha, beta from 1998•• Version 3.23: beta from June 2000, production release 22 January 2001• Version 4.0: beta from August 2002, production release March 2003 (unions)• Version 4.01: beta from August 2003, JyotiWikipedia:Please clarifyWikipedia:Citation needed adopts MySQL

for database tracking

MySQL 9

• Version 4.1: beta from June 2004, production release October 2004 (R-trees and B-trees, subqueries, preparedstatements)

• Version 5.0: beta from March 2005, production release October 2005 (cursors, stored procedures, triggers, views,XA transactions)

The developer of the Federated Storage Engine states that "The Federated Storage Engine is aproof-of-concept storage engine", but the main distributions of MySQL version 5.0 included it and turned it onby default. Documentation of some of the short-comings appears in "MySQL Federated Tables: The MissingManual".

• Sun Microsystems acquired MySQL AB in 2008.• Version 5.1: production release 27 November 2008 (event scheduler, partitioning, plugin API, row-based

replication, server log tables)Version 5.1 contained 20 known crashing and wrong result bugs in addition to the 35 present in version 5.0(almost all fixed as of release 5.1.51).MySQL 5.1 and 6.0 showed poor performance when used for data warehousing — partly due to its inability toutilize multiple CPU cores for processing a single query.

•• Oracle acquired Sun Microsystems on 27 January 2010.• MySQL Server 5.5 is currently generally available (as of December 2010[3]). Enhancements and features include:

•• The default storage engine is InnoDB, which supports transactions and referential integrity constraints.•• Improved InnoDB I/O subsystem• Improved SMP support•• Semisynchronous replication.•• SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statement in compliance with the SQL standard.•• Support for supplementary Unicode character sets utf16, utf32, and utf8mb4.•• New options for user-defined partitioning.

•• MySQL Server 6.0.11-alpha was announced on 22 May 2009 as the last release of the 6.0 line. Future MySQLServer development uses a New Release Model. Features developed for 6.0 are being incorporated into futurereleases.

• MySQL 5.6 general availability was announced in February 2013. New features include performanceimprovements to the query optimizer, higher transactional throughput in InnoDB, new NoSQL-style memcachedAPIs, improvements to partitioning for querying and managing very large tables, TIMESTAMP column type thatcorrectly stores milliseconds, improvements to replication, and better performance monitoring by expanding thedata available through the PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA. The InnoDB storage engine now also supports full textsearch and improved group commit performance.

•• MySQL 5.7 Development Milestone 3 was released December 2013.

MySQL 10

VersionsThe following chart provides an overview of various MySQL versions and their current development statuses:

Notes[1] http:/ / www. mysql. com/ downloads/[2] http:/ / www. mysql. com/[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=MySQL& action=edit[4] Following SQLite, which is deployed with every iPhone and Android device along with the Chrome and Firefox browsers.<ref

name="sqlite">[5] mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool (http:/ / dev. mysql. com/ doc/ refman/ 5. 5/ en/ mysql. html), MySQL Reference Manual[6] mysqladmin – the MySQL command-line tool (http:/ / dev. mysql. com/ doc/ refman/ 5. 5/ en/ mysqladmin. html), MySQL Reference

Manual[7] MySQL Client Programs (http:/ / dev. mysql. com/ doc/ refman/ 5. 0/ en/ programs-client. html), MySQL Reference Manual[8] MySQL Tools Family (http:/ / www. sqlmaestro. com/ products/ mysql/ ), SQLMaestro Group[9] MySQL GUI Tools (http:/ / www. webyog. com/ en/ ), WebYog[10] HeidiSQL (http:/ / www. heidisql. com/ ), HeidiSQL MySQL GUI[11] MySQL Workbench (http:/ / dev. mysql. com/ downloads/ workbench/ ), MySQL Downloads[12] Matsunobu, Yoshinori. "SSD Deployment Strategies for MySQL." (http:/ / www. slideshare. net/ matsunobu/

ssd-deployment-strategies-for-mysql) Sun Microsystems, 15 April 2010.[13] MySQL Support Manual (http:/ / dev. mysql. com/ doc/ refman/ 5. 5/ en/ index. html), MySQL Developers[14] Review of MySQL Server 5.0 (http:/ / review. techworld. com/ applications/ 346/ mysql-50-open-source-database/ ), Techworld.com,

November 2005[15] MySQL Server Review (http:/ / community. linuxmint. com/ software/ view/ mysql-server), LinuxMint.com[16] http:/ / webscalesql. org/ faq. html[17] http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2013/ 09/ 12/ google_mariadb_mysql_migration/[18] Distributions Which Include MariaDB (https:/ / kb. askmonty. org/ en/ distributions-which-include-mariadb/ )[19] Monty has last laugh as distros abandon MySQL (http:/ / www. itwire. com/ opinion-and-analysis/ open-sauce/

58571-monty-has-last-laugh-as-distros-abandon-mysql)[20] MariaDB living in interesting times (http:/ / monty-says. blogspot. it/ 2013/ 02/ mariadb-living-in-interesting-times. html)

MySQL 11

References

External links• Official website (http:/ / www. mysql. com)• MySQL site at Oracle.com (http:/ / www. oracle. com/ us/ products/ mysql/ index. html)• Interview with David Axmark, MySQL co-founder (http:/ / intruders. tv/ en-tech/

mysql-co-founder-david-axmark-on-sun-s-billion-dollar-acquisition/ ) Video• MySQL (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ / Computers/ Software/ Databases/ MySQL/ ) at DMOZ

Article Sources and Contributors 12

Article Sources and ContributorsMySQL  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=611164687  Contributors: 142.177.80.xxx, 16@r, 16x9, 1exec1, 2mcm, 4v4l0n42, A bit iffy, Aaboelela, Aaron Ray, Aaron44126,Acdx, Action potential, Adamryanlee, Addshore, Aforencich, Ahsanmani, Akopts, AlbertBickford, Aldie, Alexius08, AlistairMcMillan, Allencheung, Altenmann, Altered Walter, Altonbr,Amgc56, Amsfaithsoftware, Amux, Anbu121, Andrarias, Andre Engels, Andrewferrier, AndriuZ, Aneah, Ann Stouter, Antilived, Applejack1234, April Arcus, Ariel., Arite, ArmitageAmy,Artagnon, Aruton, Asenine, Astronautics, Atlantia, Attlas, Aviv007, Awfief, Axan.bulut, Axecution, AxelBoldt, Ayeroxor, Az1568, BCube, BMT, BW, BaldPark, Barefootguru, Bazzargh,Beetstra, Beetstra public, Beland, Bender235, Beno1000, Bentogoa, Bevo, Bg, Bgwhite, Bkarwin, Blacktrance, Blindmatrix, Blocked!, Blue Em, Bluemoose, Boatman, Bobblewik, Bobo192,Bobsawyer20, Bobzchemist, Bofoc Tagar, Bogdangiusca, Bookbrad, Borgx, Brainsnorkel, BraneJ, Bravissimo594, BrianAker, Brianski, Briantw, Brick Thrower, Brion VIBBER, Britton ohl,Brockert, Brokennib, Bruggeri, Bryan, Bryan Derksen, Bunnyhop11, Burgundavia, Buryshane, Bwisey, Byte, CDV, CLW, CWenger, Callmeonnet, Calltech, CambridgeBayWeather, CamiloSanchez, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cander0000, Capricorn42, CaptTofu, Captain Conundrum, Carl T, Carpetsmoker, Cbdorsett, Cburnett, Centrx, ChadMiller, ChandraSukiman, CharlesGaudette, CharlotteWebb, Chealer, Cherkash, Cheyer, Chiclops, Chiragpinjar, Chris Caven, Chris Mitchell, Chris Wood, Cleared as filed, ClementSeveillac, Cliffashford, ClockworkLunch,Closedmouth, Codename Lisa, Coffee, Cokoli, Colindolly, Colinstu, Comp.arch, Compfreak7, Conti, Conversion script, CoolKid1993, Coolboy1234, Copito42, Coredumperror, Cosmotron,Coyote376, Craigm71, Crazyman6721, Cst17, Cybercobra, DBigXray, DStoykov, DVdm, DaBest1, Dalahäst, Dan100, Daniel.Cardenas, Danielluyo, Dank, Danyaddita, Darkfate, Darkride,David 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