sql_ inner vs outer joins

7/25/2019 SQL_ Inner vs Outer Joins

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Inner vs. Outer joins

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Practice Interview Question 1

Practice Interview Question 1 continued


Databases/SQL

Joins are used to combine the data from two tables, with the result being a new,

temporary table. The temporary table is created based on column(s) that the two

tables share, which represent meaningful column(s) of comparison. The goal is to

extract meaningful data from the resulting temporary table. Joins are performed based

on something called a predicate, which specifies the condition to use in order to

perform a join. A join can be either an inner join or an outer join, depending on how one

wants the resulting table to look.

It is best to illustrate the differences between inner and outer joins by use of an example.

Here we have 2 tables that we will use for our example:

Employee Location

EmpID EmpName

13 Jason

8 Alex

3 Ram

17 Babu

25 Johnson

EmpID EmpLoc

13 San Jose

8 Los An geles

3 Pune, India

17 Chennai,India

39 Bangalore, India

Its important to note that the very last row in the Employee table does not exist in the

Employee Location table. Also, the very last row in the Employee Location table does not

exist in the Employee table. These facts will prove to be significant in the discussion that

follows.
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Practice Interview Question 2

Advanced SQL Interview Questions andAnswers

Advanced SQL Interview Questions andAnswers Part 2


Data Mining vs. Data Warehousing

Ternary/Three-valued Logic in SQL

Find Maximum Value Without UsingAggregate

SQL Injection Example and Tutorial

SQL Injection Prevention

Blind SQL Injection Example

Parameterized Queries vs PreparedStatements

Prepared Statement Example

Difference between a full join and aninner join?

Difference between a left outer join andright outer join?

Difference between a left join and a leftouter join?

SQL: Having vs Group By

SQL: Group By with multiple columns

SQL Select Distinct and Order By

SQL Order By default sort order

Derived table vs subquery

Correlated vs Uncorrelated Subquery

Find nth highest salary SQL

Cardinality in SQL

Selectivity in SQL Databases

Lets start the explanation with outer joins. Outer joins can be be further divided into left

outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins. Here is what the SQL for a left outer join

would look like, using the tables above:

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In this SQL we are joining on the condition that the employee IDs match in the rows

tables. So, we will be essentially combining 2 tables into 1, based on the condition that

the employee IDs match. Note that we can get rid of the "outer" in left outer join, which

will give us the SQL below. This is equivalent to what we have above.

A left outer join retains all of the rows of the left table, regardless of whether there is a

row that matches on the right table. The SQL above will give us the result set shown

below.

Employee.EmpID Employee.EmpName Location.EmpID Location.EmpLoc

13 Jason 13 San Jose

8 Alex 8 Los Angeles

3 Ram 3 Pune, India

17 Babu 17 Chennai, India

25 Johnson NULL NULL
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Cardinality versus Selectivity

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Page versus block

Database Locking

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SQL Server Transaction

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Concurrent Update Problem

How to Tune Database Performance

Database Full Table Scan

What is cost based optimization?

How to tune SQL queries

SQL Index Performance

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Oracle Indexes Examples

System privileges vs. object privileges

SQL Grant

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SQL Create User

Database Roles

SQL CASE Statement

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SQL Inline View

RANK() versus DENSE_RANK()

Earlier we had mentioned something called a join predicate. In the SQL above, the join

predicate is "on employee.empID = location.empID". This is the heart of any type of

join, because it determines what common column between th e 2 tables will be used to

"join" the 2 tables. As you can see from the result set, all of the rows from the left table

are returned when we do a left outer join. The last row of the Employee table (which

contains the "Johson" entry) is displayed in the results even though there is no matching

row in the Location table. As you can see, the non-matching columns in the last row arefilled with a "NULL". So, we have "NULL" as the entry wherever there is no match.

A right outer join is pretty much the same thing as a left outer join, except that the rows

that are retained are from the right table. This is what the SQL looks like:

Using the tables presented above, we can show what the result set of a right outer join

would look like:




3 Ram 3 Pune, India


NULL NULL 39 Bangalore, India

We can see that the last row returned in the result set contains the row that was in the
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Location table, but not in the Employee table (the "Bangalore, India" entry). Because

there is no matching row in the Employee table that has an employee ID of "39", we

have NULLs in the result set for the Employee columns.

Now that weve gone over outer joins, we can contrast those with the inner join. The

difference between an inner join and an outer join is that an inner join will return only

the rows that actually match based on the join predicate. Once again, this is best

illustrated via an example. Heres what the SQL for an inner join will look like:

This can also be written as:

Now, here is what the result of running that SQL would look like:




3 Ram 3 Pune, India


We can see that an inner join will only return rows in which there is a match based on the
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join predicate. In this case, what that means is anytime t he Employee and L ocation table

share an Employee ID, a row will be generated in the results to show the match. Looking

at the original tables, one can see that those Employee IDs that are shared by those

tables are displayed in the results. But, with a left or right outerjoin, the result set will

retain all of the rows from either the left or right table.

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8/14
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9/14
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10/14
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11/14
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12/14
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13/14
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14/14

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