Flattop  Farm  Wholesale  Spring  Variety  List  2015  

 Thanks  for  giving  us  a  look!    Our  farm  is  located  in  Anchorage  and  is  in  a  valley  at  1200  feet.    This  year  marks  the  beginning  of  some  major  projects,  including  a  greenhouse  and  a  trial  garden  to  test  new  varieties  and  our  breeding  efforts.    We  are  continuing  to  try  and  push  the  envelope  with  our  variety  selection  and  grafting  efforts.    After  a  successful  2014  in  which  we  met  all  of  our  goals,  we  are  looking  at  2015  as  a  year  to  build  and  expand  our  catalog  of  innovative  plant  craftsmanship  and  give  growers  and  gardeners  top-­‐notch  plants  for  great  prices.    Owner  Rob  Brown  has  been  grafting  and  growing  woody  and  herbaceous  plants  bound  for  the  wholesale  and  retail  trade  for  some  of  the  largest  nurseries  and  greenhouses  in  the  country  for  almost  20  years.    He  has  spent  time  on  three  continents  and  5  states  studying  and  practicing  horticultural  methods  and  plant  species  at  the  highest  level.    Our  mission  is  to  take  that  knowledge,  continue  to  expand  on  it,  and  share  it  with  the  state  of  Alaska.    We  are  offering  some  great  varieties  again  this  year!    Some  are  brand  new,  some  are  known  to  many,  and  some  are  very  old  but  have  just  been  rediscovered!    All  of  our  varieties  are  considered  ultra-­‐early  to  mid-­‐season  and  have  cool  soil  tolerance.    Remember  though,  in  Alaska  everything  you  can  do  to  improve  your  soil  temperature  will  help.    A  collective  of  growers  and  breeders  from  around  the  world,  several  who  are  Alaskans,  have  tested  many  of  our  varieties.  Others  are  improvements  on  old  varieties  or  are  heirlooms  themselves.    This  year,  we  are  proud  to  say  all  of  our  varieties  are  open-­‐pollinated  and  enable  the  grower  to  collect  and  save  seeds  for  the  next  year.    We  encourage  you  to  read  every  variety  description  thoroughly  and  please  don’t  hesitate  to  send  us  your  questions.        This  year  we  are  again  offering  mostly  grafted  tomato  and  pepper  varieties  as  well  as  some  double  grafts  where  you  can  get  two  varieties  grafted  onto  the  same  rootstock  (contact  Rob  for  availability)!    In  addition,  we  will  have  a  limited  supply  of  grafted  watermelons  and  melons  for  trial  at  our  cost!    95%  of  all  commercial  tomato  and  pepper  varieties  in  the  world  are  now  grafted  and  for  good  reason:    They  can  be  utilized  in  cool  and  hot  temperatures  and  are  disease  resistant.    Grafting  can  give  you  the  flavor  of  an  heirloom  with  the  production  of  a  hybrid.    We  grow  all  of  our  plants  from  seed  here  in  Anchorage  without  synthetic  chemicals  and  this  year  are  utilizing  two  different  rootstocks  for  our  tomatoes  and  peppers  that  have  been  proven  to  produce  more  fruit  in  cooler  soils  and  have  resistance  to  many  soil-­‐borne  diseases  and  fungi.    They  are  from  certified  organic  seed  and  are  non-­‐GMO.    We  recommend  giving  the  large  indeterminate  tomatoes  10  to  15  gallons  of  soil  space  if  grown  in  containers.    Compact  indeterminate  and  determinate  plants  can  be  grown  in  5  to  10  gallon  pots,  unless  other  wise  noted.    Our  prices  are  as  low  as  you  will  find  anywhere  in  the  country!    Growing  sheet  available.    Remember,  do  whatever  you  can  to  keep  the  soil  temperature  at  1  foot  deep  above  60F  and  you  may  have  to  hand  pollinate  the  tomato  flowers  for  maximum  production.    Don’t  give  them  freezing  cold  water  as  it  can  slow  their  growth.        Most  plants  are  available  in  3.5”  or  1-­‐gallon  pots,  but  custom  growing  and  grafting  is  available  with  proper  notice.    Each  variety  will  come  with  a  pot  stick  label  and  a  digital  file  for  a  sign  placard  can  be  emailed  or  a  laminated  one  sent  with  wholesale  orders  at  your  option.    There  should  be  no  secrets  in  gardening  and  we  take  the  ethos  Rob  calls  “open  source”  gardening.    To  that  end,  if  you  go  to  www.flattopfarmak.wordpress.com  at  the  end  of  the  season  and  fill  out  a  sheet  about  how  the  plants  you  got  from  us  grew  through  the  season,  we  will  reward  you  with  a  voucher  for  a  free  plant  the  following  year!    We  are  so  happy  to  announce  that  we  are  now  officially  Alaska  Grown  and  can  be  found  in  their  online  database!    Please  email  us  for  availability,  pricing,  or  any  questions  and  thanks  for  helping  a  local  farm  be  successful!    We  promise  to  continue  developing  cutting  edge  varieties  and  techniques  that  make  gardening  in  Alaska  to  your  advantage.  

 Tomatoes  -­‐  (OP)  Open  pollinated  (H)  Hybrid  (GR)  Grafted  available  (DG)  Double  Graft  available     Determinate  -­‐ varieties that are bred to grow to a compact height (approx. 4 feet). They stop growing when fruit sets on the terminal or top bud, ripen all their crop at or near the same time, then die. These are traditionally the closest to a “sure thing” in Alaska tomato gardening outside of cherry varieties. We also carry compact indeterminate plants, which will continue to grow, but stay about the same size as a determinate and have included them in this category. We have also included dwarf plants in this section. These plants will do well in containers. The smaller the container, the less roots to make big fruits. Tomatoes want to be kept moist at a level of 3 out of 5 and not have their roots “cycled” from wet to dry to wet.  

 

   

 

 

   

Pearly Pink - (OP) (DG) Dwarf Indeterminate plants with regular foliage, large oval pink cherry fruit 1" in diameter and 1.5" long. Probably called 'pearly' because fruits blush to a glossy light pink color before turning pink, very pretty! 0.5-1 oz. High yield. Very good sweet taste. Listed in the Seed Savers Yearbooks since at least 1984, and according to the IA SSE HF listing, it dates back to 1980. There are other dwarf cherry tomatoes on the market, but this is the best! Brix levels averaged over 10%. This tomato also goes by the name 'Pearly Pink Orange', but is a clear pink.  

Belye Nochi - (Commercial OP) (GR) Early, compact determinate plants with regular foliage, sets fruit early. Very productive, fruit sets all at once. Produces small round red slightly flattened globes about 1-2 oz, which are firm and meaty and have full tomato flavor. Green fruits have beautiful dark green shoulders that disappear when they turn red. Large seeds. Introduced in Seed Savers 2007 Yearbook as Belye Nochi (means “White Nights”) and lists it as 55-60 days, early, det. plant with a good yield of dark raspberry pink meaty 60-80 g round fruits, good keeper, rather cold tolerant. From Russian CV Bioteknika, St. Peterburg. Orange Pixie - (OP) (GR) Dwarf Determinate. The fruit is flawless and plants are short and sturdy, about 15” tall. A dehybridized version of Orange Pixie F1. A solid week of rain may split only a few. Orange Pixie is a nice salad size - 3 oz and 2 inches in diameter, solid and yet juicy and holds very well on the vine. A great market tomato and an excellent addition to your garden as well.  Gold Nugget - (OP) (GR) Determinate, compact bush plant with regular foliage, high yield of small golden yellow oval shaped cherry fruit, which is juicy and seedy, with mild sweet flavor typical for yellow cherry varieties. Suitable for growing in containers. Early fruits are seedless. Sets fruit well in cool spring weather. Developed by Dr. James Baggett of Oregon State University. Released in 1983.  

0-33 - (OP) (GR) Determinate plants with regular leaf foliage stay quite compact and manageable, so they are perfect for growing in pots. Fruits are medium size, shaped like small beefsteaks, juicy. 2-6 oz, but some fruits can be up to 8 oz. Excellent sweet flavor. A cold-tolerant selection by a Russian tomato breeder P.Y. Saraev, who specialize in breeding tomatoes that can withstand freezing temperatures. Very early.  

   

   

   

   

   

           

Anmore Treasures - (OP) (DG) Determinate, Very early, 45-66 days from transplant. Compact tumbling plant with regular foliage, 12" tall and bushy, small flowers, bright pink-slightly oval cherry fruits, 0.5-0.75" in diameter and 0.75-1" long, excellent sweet flavor, grows and produces well in a pot as small as 1 gal. De-hybridized version of Tumbler hybrid, selected for earliness, productivity, and sweet pink cherry fruits  

Fireball - (OP) (GR) Compact Indeterminate, Old Commercial heirloom 65 days, regular leaf plants produce red glossy beefsteak fruit, 5-13 oz, perfect shaped, with no cracking. Fruits are meaty and juicy, with excellent old-fashioned tomato flavor, with a touch of sweetness. Quite early for a larger fruited variety. From Joseph Harris Co., Rochester, New York. Appeared in Harris Catalog 1952.

 

Yukon Quest - (OP) Early to mid season. Dwarf (tree-type) plants with regular dark green rugose foliage and stout central stem, grow to 3' tall and are perfect for container gardeners. Fruit are pink, round and oblate, some with slightly ribbed shoulders, 3-6 oz. Excellent sweetish flavor. Developed in 2006-2011 by the members of the Dwarf Tomato Project A selection grown by Richard Allen of Australia was sent to Susan Bailey of Alaska, who found and named Yukon Quest, after the dog race.  Oregon Spring - (OP) 60-70 days, Determinate, beautiful healthy plant with thick regular foliage cover, 3-6 oz red round slightly oblate fruit. It is parthenocarpic, which means it can set fruit at low and high temperatures, and these fruits set under these conditions will be seedless. Good mild flavor, slightly tart. High yields. Prone to concentric cracking under heavy rainfall when grown in containers. From Oregon State University and bred by Dr. James Baggett. Released in 1984.  Mohamed – (OP) Mini dwarf indeterminate, very early, 99 days from seed germination, 45-55 days from transplant. Very compact mini-dwarf plant, < 12" high, rugose regular leaf foliage, small bright red cherry fruit, quite productive for such a small plant, ideal for growing under lights in winter. 4" pot is large enough to grow this variety, but it will do much better in 1 gallon container. Probably the smallest tomato plant you’ve ever seen.  

Sibirskiy Skorospelyi - (OP) (GR) Determinate, Translates to “Siberian early”, Very early 2-3' tall compact bushy plants with regular foliage produce many small to medium size red round oblate fruits, 2-6 oz, with excellent sweet flavor with just a hint of tartness. Early fruits are seedless. Russian commercial variety, bred in the 1950s by Western Siberian Vegetable Experimental Station (founded in 1932). Released in 1959.  

   

   

       

          Greenhouse/High  Tunnel  –  While  all  our  varieties  will  do  better  with  protection  and  supplemental  environmental  modification,  these  varieties  are  highly  recommended  to  only  be  grown  in  a  greenhouse  in  Alaska.    This  is  because  they  tend  to  have  a  longer  season  to  produce  fruit.    Many  people  grow  our  varieties  in  pots  outside  or  in  beds  covered  with  IRT  plastic  “mulch”  and  have  success.    However,  the  greatest  success  is  where  you  can  keep  the  soil  temperature  above  60F  (higher  is  much  better)  and  have  the  ambient  air  temperature  around  78F  in  the  day  and  night  temps  above  55F.    (OP)  Open-­‐pollinated  (GR)  Grafted  available  (DG)  Double  Grafted  (two  varieties  on  same  rootstock)  

 

Iditarod Red - (OP) (GR) Compact Indeterminate. Created heirloom. Early to mid season, dwarf (tree-type) plants with dark green regular rugose foliage, grow to 4' tall, perfect for a large pot. Small round red fruits, some showing a nippled blossom end, 1-4 oz. Balanced and pleasant flavor. Developed by the members of the Dwarf Tomato Project from a cross between in 2006 by Patrina Nuske Small in Australia and named Grumpy. This tomato was named by Sue Bailey of Alaska after the world class dogsled race from Anchorage to Nome.  

Stupicke Polni Rane – (OP) (GR) Compact indeterminate. Heirloom Potato leaf foliage. Very early fruit set and early maturity. High yield. Fruit shape is very similar to that of Stupice tomato, with first fruit being fused and hence larger than the subsequent fruits. Fruits are round, red, blemish free, with no core, 1.5-2.5 oz. Excellent rich flavor. From Czechoslovakia. Bred by a famous Czech tomato breeder Jaroslav Homola in the 1940s, Beginning of cultivation – 1943 Named and released in 1955. Comes from same lineage as Stupice! 'Polní' means 'field' and 'rané' means 'early'.  

Bedouin - (OP) (GR) (DG) 80 days, indeterminate, potato leaf, reddish black, pear shaped fruit, 4-6 oz, good flavor, high yield. Russian variety, introduced to Seed Savers Exchange by Ake Truedsson, Sweden.  

Siletz – (OP) (GR) Determinate, 60 days, Quite early, very healthy, beautiful regular leaf plant with good yield of deep red, 4-10 oz round oblate fruit. Very good foliage cover. Very good flavor for an early tomato, it sets fruit well during cooler weather. First fruits are seedless. Excellent for container growing. In hot weather the fruits are much sweeter, and when the weather turns cool, milder in taste. Oregon State University. Dr. Jim Baggett. 1994  

Stupice – 50-60 days, Compact indeterminate, 4' plant, potato leaf, high yield of small red round fruits, 1-2 oz, very good flavor for such an early tomato, sweet and tangy. An heirloom tomato from Czechoslovakia. Bred by a famous Czech tomato breeder Jaroslav Homola (Selecta firm) in the 1940s. The breeding efforts took place on a state-owned Stupice farm founded in 1921 (Stupice is a small village near Prague, Czechoslovakia). This and variety Stupicke Polni Rane are from those original crosses. First offered commercially in North America by Abundant Life Foundation (now Abundant Life Seeds).

   

 Indeterminate  -­‐  These  varieties  continue  to  grow  and  flower.  They  are  the  most  

vigorous  over  the  whole  season  and  for  grafted  varieties,  we  recommend  a  10  gallon  container  or  larger.      Some  like  to  top  them  at  the  end  of  the  season  to  not  waste  energy  on  new  flowers  and  growth  that  will  not  produce  fruits.    They  need  more  staking  and  training  than  other  varieties.    There  are  many  theories  on  how  to  train  a  tomato  and  we  have  some  suggestions  on  our  www.flattopfarmak.wordpress.com  website.    (OP)  Open-­‐pollinated  (GR)  Grafted  available  (DG)  Double  grafted  plants  available      

   

   

   

   

Moskovich - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate Heirloom 70 days, regular foliage, medium red fruits, some resemble blunt hearts, but most are round, 4-6 oz., excellent flavor throughout the season. In North America it is considered to be a Siberian variety, however it’s unlikely to have any Siberian roots. This cultivar was developed in the early 1970s by the Vavilov Institute (IOGEN, Moscow). Proper spelling is “Moskvich” and means a person from Moscow.  

Ambrosia Gold - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate 65 days, A beautiful and very early jewel of a tomato with sugar levels significantly higher than the popular Sungold. This is Sungold that has been crossed back to a wild ancestor and improved for several more generations. Fruit is about 3/4" in diameter deep gold with very faint green stripes. Spicy-scented foliage provides good cover on a 5-6 foot regular leaf plant.  Ambrosia Red - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate 60-65 days, A deep red and very sweet (Brix > 10.0) cherry tomato with intense flavor. There is no good reason to plant another indeterminate red cherry once you have tried this one. Plants should have a spicy fragrance and produce bright red cherry tomatoes about 3/4 inch in diameter. I would appreciate any information about off-types, which we do not want to cultivate.  

Gregori’s Altai - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate heirloom, 80 days, regular leaf, high yield of large flattened pink beefsteaks, 10-18 oz, very good sweet flavor, quite early for a beefsteak tomato. Siberian heirloom originated in the Altai Mountains on the Russian/Chinese border. Commercially offered by Seeds Trust/High Altitude Gardens in the early 90s. As per Craig LeHouiller, it was the best of their Siberian collection.  

Red Ruffles - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate, 65 days, Not the same as Red Ruffled, this is a larger tomato with a different heritage. The dark red fruits are heavily fluted and have a remarkably intense and complex flavor. They are especially beautiful sliced. The plant is huge, vigorous even in cooler weather. When they are chocolate and dark red, it’s a fine time to pick them. Not all fruits will be fluted and you can usually tell which will be by the large size of the flower.  

       

         

   

     Peppers  -­‐  We  focus  on  just  a  few  peppers  that  you  may  not  have  tried  because  we  know  they  work.    And  it’s  a  good  excuse  to  grow  a  bunch  for  ourselves!    Grow  these  legends  in  a  warm  protected  area  for  the  best  results  and  feed  and  water  them  well.    Plant  these  chiles  interspersed  with  spicy  chiles  to  get  their  seeds  hot  and  fiery  as  cross  pollination  will  often  cause  them  to  have  the  flavor  of  their  neighbor.  Grafting  these  peppers  onto  a  tomato  rootstock  gives  us  much  larger  leaf  area  and  significantly  larger  and  more  numerous  chiles.    (OP)  Open-­‐pollinated  (GR)  Grafted  plants  available    

     

Black Cherry - (OP) (GR)(DG) Indeterminate, 75 days, A blight-resistant selection of Black Cherry that has the great plum-like flavor and vigorous growth. The color is a deep true purple, which looks great in mixed bowls of cherry tomatoes at the market. This is a big plant - be prepared to provide extra support. It is a little bit later than some of the earliest varieties. Developed by the late Vince Sapp, husband of Linda Sapp, who owns Tomato Growers Supply, from a natural cross. Released in 2003. The exact parentage of Black Cherry has not been shared.  Amish Paste - (OP) (GR) 74 days, Indeterminate, regular wispy foliage, good yield of plum shaped red fruit with point at the blossom end, 4-8 oz. Not a paste type, since it is far too juicy and seedy to be a true paste, excellent flavor; A family heirloom tomato, originated in Wisconsin but "discovered" in Pennsylvania, the heart of the Amish Country. It goes back to the 1870s. Tom Hauch of Heirloom Seeds acquired this tomato from the Amish near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and he was told that this variety came from Amish farmers in Medford, Wisconsin. He then shared the seed with Landis Valley Museum in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.  Anna Russian – (OP) (GR) 75 days, Indeterminate, wispy foliage, regular leaf, 5-17 oz. pink, heart shaped fruit, excellent taste, good yield. Anna Russian was sent to Craig LeHoullier in 1989 by Brenda Getty Hillenius of Corvallis, Oregon. She received the variety from her grandfather, Kenneth Wilcox. Kenneth received the seeds from a Russian immigrant in the 1980s, who was sent the variety by his family, who lived in Russia. Craig LeHoullier introduced it to the Seed Savers Exhcange Yearbook in 1989.  Indigo Apple - (OP) (GR)(DG)– Indeterminate, 75 days, Very vigorous plants with regular leaf foliage. Fruits have distinctive anthocyanin pigmentation when exposed to sunshine, red at the bottom and inside. Very good to excellent rich and sweet flavor, juicy. 2-6 oz. Selected and stabilized by Brad Gates at Wild Boar Farms, Napa, California. Descendant of Oregon State University Blue Fruit. Loses pigmentation when fruit fully/over ripens to red.  

Hernandez Chile - (OP) (GR) 85 days, This is the chile traditionally grown in the village of Hernandez, north of Santa Fe. It is slightly larger than the chile from Chimayo, and usually hotter. It does very well under a variety of conditions and always produces a great crop. It can be roasted green or you can wait until it turns a brilliant red and can be hung and dried. These wonderful chiles have been displaced in the market by the larger hybrid lines grown around Hatch, New Mexico, but they are in a world by themselves as far as flavor goes.  

 

   

   Melons  –  2015  is  our  first  year  of  trialing  melons  that  will  be  grafted  onto  two  different  rootstocks!    As  part  of  this  trial,  we  will  be  offering  them  at  our  cost  provided  you  agree  to  plant  a  minimum  of  three  of  each  variety  you  want  and  fill  out  a  questionnaire  at  the  end  of  the  season  which  will  help  us  gauge  their  performance.      We  will  start  the  seeds,  graft  them  and  get  them  to  you  at  no  profit  to  us.    The  two  rootstocks  are  proven  to  take  lower  soil  temperatures  and  still  produce  fruit.    We  still  recommend  using  IRT  plastic  mulch  in  the  colors  olive  or  reflective  to  heat  the  soil.    Like  the  tomatoes,  every  little  bit  you  can  do  to  raise  the  soil  and  air  temperature  will  help  your  production.    Feed  melons  heavy  and  don’t  use  cold  water  on  them!    You  will  also  have  to  probably  do  your  own  pollinating.    We  are  trying  to  push  the  limit  and  expand  the  palate  of  vegetable-­‐growing  options  in  Alaska  and  believe  there  is  great  potential  with  these  melons.    Please  contact  Rob  at  flattopfarm@gmail.com  if  you  are  interested  in  ordering.    Supply  is  limited.    

     

   

 

Nativo (Chimayo) Chile – (OP) (GR) 80 days, The Vigil family of Chimayo, New Mexico has passed this seed down for generations and in the narrow valley leading to the Sanctuario, planting this chile is a sacred tradition. Not as large as modern chile, but with a rich, medium fire that will warm your belly, this wonderful pepper is adapted to higher elevations, but is tough enough to grow under any conditions.  

Ram’s Horn – (OP) (GR) 75 days Very hot, long 7” peppers grow in the shape of a ram’s horn on 30” tall plants. The heavy sets of fruits will mature from bright green to red. Delicious in both green and red. This heirloom variety is used mainly for canning of whole pods without removing the seeds.  

Petit Gris de Rennes - (OP)(GR) 85 days, Small, 1 lb. European cantaloupe melons with very sweet and fragrant orange flesh. Grey/green rind. Early, well adapted to cool climates. This fine French variety is of the best quality and is the favorite melon of the French melon expert and author Bruno Defay. Rare in the USA. Commands top prices at market  Sakata’s Sweet – (OP)(GR) 85 days Relatively early, very vigorous vines produce an abundance of small light green, almost round fruits, that turn golden yellow when mature, 3-6" in diameter, super sweet, crisp and crunchy, very small seeds. Edible skin that is slightly bitter, Japanese variety developed by Sakata's Seed Co., of Yokohama. Very Rare. Pick right before it slips off the vine.  

Minnesota Midget – (OP)(GR) 80 days, This very small, very early heirloom was introduced in Minnesota in 1948. Measuring just 4 inches across, they have sweet, orange flesh and are perfect miniature versions of the "Classic Muskmelon". Compact, 3-4-foot vines produce good yields.  

 

 

     Well,  that’s  what  we’ll  be  offering  for  plant  sales  this  2015  season.    Make  sure  to  check  out  our  website  at  flattopfarmak.wordpress.com  as  it  will  be  updated  with  more  and  more  information  as  the  season  approaches  and  you  can  fill  out  questionnaire  sheets  with  how  your  plants  did  at  the  end  of  the  season.  Please  send  us  an  email  at  flattopfarm@gmail.com  for  any  of  your  unanswered  questions  or  if  you’d  like  to  place  an  order.    Come  and  see  us  at  the  South  Anchorage  Farmer’s  Market  from  mid-­‐April  to  the  end  of  June  or  so  and  you  can  buy  plants  direct  from  us  there.    Good  luck  growing  and  let  us  know  how  you  did!                       Copyright (C) 2015 Flattop Farm, LLC Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html for a full explanation of rules. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".  

Sleeping Beauty Muskmelon - (OP)(GR) 85 days Very early. Small orange-fleshed melons, 1/2-1 lb, gray/yellow skin with warts/netting, slightly ribbed. Very thin skin. Some variability in fruit shapes: some fruits round with a little 'turban' on the blossom end, and some flattened. Fruit easily slips off the vine when ripe. Allow it to sit on the counter a day or two to color up. High yields. Exceptionally sweet and fragrant. Compact vines.  Blacktail Mountain Watermelon - (OP)(GR) 65-75 days, Very early icebox type, round 9" dark green fruits with juicy scarlet sweet flesh, 4-5 lbs, small dark brown seeds, excellent. Best grown in a cold frame or greenhouse. Developed by Glenn Drowns of Iowa, a Seed Savers Exchange member and the owner of Sand Hill Preservation Center, when he lived in northern Idaho, where summer nights average 43 degrees F.