sprague env mates ecosystems: components, energy flow, and matter cycling g. tyler miller’s living...
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SPRAGUE ENV MATESSPRAGUE ENV MATES
Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter CyclingEcosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th EditionMATES
Chapter 4
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
13th EditionMATES
Chapter 4
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Basic ecological principlesBasic ecological principles
Major components of ecosystemsMajor components of ecosystems
Matter cycles and energy flowMatter cycles and energy flow
Ecosystem studiesEcosystem studies
Ecological servicesEcological services
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The Nature of EcologyThe Nature of Ecology
Ecosystem organizationEcosystem organization
Organisms; any form of lifeOrganisms; any form of life
Populations Same species living in the same area
Populations Same species living in the same area
Communities Population of all species in an area
Communities Population of all species in an area
Ecosystems Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area
Ecosystems Interaction of all abiotic and biotic in an area
Biosphere zone where life is foundBiosphere zone where life is foundFig. 4-2 p. 66Fig. 4-2 p. 66
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The Earth’s Life-Support SystemsThe Earth’s Life-Support Systems
Troposphere Inner layer of Atmosphere 11 mile s most of the air
Troposphere Inner layer of Atmosphere 11 mile s most of the air
Stratosphere 11-30 miles Ozone
Stratosphere 11-30 miles Ozone
Hydrosphere Water surface ground
Hydrosphere Water surface ground
Lithosphere Crust upper mantle
Lithosphere Crust upper mantle
Biosphere Living environment
Biosphere Living environment Fig. 4-6 p. 68Fig. 4-6 p. 68
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Sustaining Life of EarthSustaining Life of Earth
One-way flowof energy
Low quality energy lost as heat
One-way flowof energy
Low quality energy lost as heat
Cycling ofmatter
Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled
Cycling ofmatter
Earth is fixed from space molecules, ions, atoms recycled
Fig. 4-7 p. 69Fig. 4-7 p. 69
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The Source of EnergyThe Source of Energy
Fig. 4-8 p. 69Fig. 4-8 p. 69
PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration
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Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components
Biomes Classified by climate
Biomes Classified by climate
Fig. 4-9 p. 70Fig. 4-9 p. 70
Role of climate
Role of climate
Aquatic life zones
Freshwater Saltwater
Aquatic life zones
Freshwater Saltwater
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Ecosystem Boundaries: EcotonesEcosystem Boundaries: Ecotones
Fig. 4-10 p. 71Fig. 4-10 p. 71
Edge effectOne Ecosystem merges with another
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Principles of Ecological FactorsPrinciples of Ecological FactorsAbiotic factorsAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsBiotic factors
Law of tolerance Range of tolerance of species High tolerance to some low to others
Law of tolerance Range of tolerance of species High tolerance to some low to others
Limiting factors Ex. Water
Limiting factors Ex. Water
Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73Fig. 4-14 p. 73; Refer to Fig. 4-13 p. 73
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The Biotic Components of EcosystemsThe Biotic Components of Ecosystems
Producers(autotrophs)
Producers(autotrophs)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Aerobicrespiration
Aerobicrespiration
Decomposers Decomposers Fig. 4-16 p. 75Fig. 4-16 p. 75
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Primary consumer (herbivore)Primary consumer (herbivore)
Secondary consumer (carnivore)Secondary consumer (carnivore)
Tertiary consumerTertiary consumer
OmnivoreOmnivore
Detritivores and scavengersDetritivores and scavengers
DecomposersDecomposers
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BiodiversityBiodiversity
Genetic diversity Variety of genetic material within a population Why is this important?
Genetic diversity Variety of genetic material within a population Why is this important?
Species diversity Number of species present in a habitat
Species diversity Number of species present in a habitat
Ecological diversity Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Ecological diversity Variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
Functional diversity The energy flow and matter cycling
Functional diversity The energy flow and matter cycling
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Connections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in EcosystemsConnections: Food Webs and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78Fig. 4-18 p. 77; Refer to Fig. 4-19 p. 78
Food chainsFood chains Food websFood webs
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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Ecologicalefficiency
Ecologicalefficiency
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofnumbers
Pyramid ofnumbers
Fig. 4-20 p. 79
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Primary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of Ecosystems
Gross primary productivity (GPP) Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomass
Gross primary productivity (GPP) Rate at which primary producers convert solar to biomassNet primary productivity (NPP) Stored energy minus the rate at which they use
Net primary productivity (NPP) Stored energy minus the rate at which they use
Fig. 4-25 p. 81
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Connections: Matter Cycling in EcosystemsConnections: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemical cycles
Hydrologic cycle (H2O)Hydrologic cycle (H2O)
Atmospheric cycles (C, N)Atmospheric cycles (C, N)
Sedimentary cycles (P, S)Sedimentary cycles (P, S)
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Hydrologic (Water) CycleHydrologic (Water) Cycle
Fig. 4-27 p. 83Fig. 4-27 p. 83
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The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration
The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)Photosynthesis/ cellular Respiration
Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85
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The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)
Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85Fig. 4-28 p. 84-85
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The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen CycleFig. 4-29 p. 86Fig. 4-29 p. 86
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The Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts OceansThe Phosphorus Cycle Sulfate salts Oceans
Fig. 4-30 p. 88Fig. 4-30 p. 88
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The Sulfur CycleThe Sulfur Cycle
Fig. 4-31 p. 89Fig. 4-31 p. 89
-Stored in salts buried under ocean-Enters Atmosphere Hydrogen Sulfide “What Smells?”-Algae produce Dimethyl Sulfide “Nuclei for Clouds”-Sulfur Dioxide to Sulfur Trioxide to Sulfuric Acid
- Bacteria Anaerobic Sulfate to Sulfide and th cycle continues
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How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?
Field researchField research
Remote sensingRemote sensing
Geographic information systems (GIS)Geographic information systems (GIS)
Laboratory researchLaboratory research
Systems analysisSystems analysis
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GIS and Systems AnalysisGIS and Systems Analysis
Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-33 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91Fig. 4-32 p. 91