sport science - cma.education.tas.gov.au exam... · this question paper and any materials ......

Tasmanian Certificate of Education

External Assessment 2016

SPORT SCIENCE (SPT315113)

PART 1 Time: 60 minutes

Candidate Instructions

1. You MUST make sure that your responses to the questions in this examination paper will show

your achievement in the criteria being assessed.

2. Answer ALL questions.

3. Answers must be written in the spaces provided on the examination paper.

4. You should make sure you answer all parts within each question so that the criterion can beassessed.

5. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 60 minutesin total answering the questions in this booklet.

6. All written responses must be in English.

On the basis of your performance in this examination, the examiners will provide results on each of the following criteria taken from the course statement:

Criterion 1 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the physiological aspects of exercise.

Criterion 4 Analyse and interpret sport science related data and information.

Criterion 5 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of interrelationships between exercise physiology, skill acquisition and sport psychology.

© Copyright for part(s) of this examination may be held by individuals and/or organisations other than the office of Tasmanian Assessment, Standards and

Certification.

Pages: 16 Questions: 5

PLACE YOUR CANDIDATE

LABEL HERE

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Question 1

This question assesses Criterion 1. Conditioning for physiological improvement should be an organised and adaptable process. It also needs to be designed to fit the needs of the individual athlete. (a) Define the terms ‘aerobic capacity’ and ‘speed’. (2 marks)

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(b) In what phase(s) of a training year would you conduct fitness testing to measure aerobic capacity and/or speed? (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(c) List FOUR chronic, physiological adaptations of training to improve aerobic capacity. (2 marks)

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(d) Monitoring heart rate is often used to determine training intensity. A starting point is to calculate the

maximum heart rate. (i) Calculate the maximum heart rate (MHR) for a reasonably conditioned 20 year old athlete.

(1 mark) ................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why maximum heart rate (MHR) and the percentages of maximum heart rate are

important considerations for an athlete. (2 marks)

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Question 1 (continued)

(e) Explain why recovery intervals need to be longer if working at 85% of maximum heart rate (MHR) during work intervals than when working at 65% of MHR? (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(f) What type of recovery between work intervals may facilitate a slight reduction in recovery interval time following work at 85% of maximum heart rate (MHR)? (1 mark) .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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Question 2

This question assesses Criterion 1. You have been asked to assist the coach of a local sporting team with the organisation of training. Your role will be to ensure the athletes can train effectively and safely and that each training session supports the gradual physiological improvement of each athlete.

(a) Identify the sport you are working with. What are THREE fitness components necessary for an

athlete in this sport? Provide a brief description of each component. (3 marks)

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(b) Identify the THREE broad phases of a periodised training year. What should be the primary focus

of each phase? (3 marks)

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Question 2 continues.

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(c) For ONE component of fitness describe how you could apply the training principles of specificity,

progressive overload and variety. (3 marks)

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(d) Identify the THREE accepted parts of a training session. (1 mark)

For ONE of these parts outline its main purpose. (1 mark)

Provide TWO examples of activities that would facilitate this purpose being achieved. (1 mark)

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Question 3

This question assesses Criterion 1. The Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) is actively seeking athletes for their elite programs who are currently involved in completely different sports. The AIS recognises that elements of physiology are transferable between sports.

(a) The main energy system used in rowing would be beneficial to a rower wishing to become a triathlete. For this system, outline the major fuels used, the speed of ATP production and its limitations. (3 marks)

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(b) Why would the main energy system used by a triathlete not be useful to a 100m track sprinter?

Which energy system would be most useful to a 100m sprinter and what is its source of fuel? (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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Question 3 (continued) (c) A muscle biopsy can be used to assess different athletes’ muscle fibre characteristics.

Complete the table below. (4 marks)

Characteristics 100 Track Sprinter Triathlete

Muscle capillary supply

Muscle fibre proportion (%) Slow Twitch (Type I)

Muscle fibre proportion (%) Fast Twitch (Type IIa)

Muscle fibre proportion (%) Fast Twitch (Type IIb)

(d) The AIS advises triathletes on the best way to recover between training sessions. Provide advice

on recovery from continuous training that considers: (3 marks)

approximate times for glycogen replenishment

recommended foods and scheduling of eating this food to replenish glycogen

rehydration requirements. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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Question 4 This question assesses Criterion 4. All answers to this question must make reference to the information that follows. Graphs 1 and 2 indicate physiological changes in response to exercise on a cycle ergometer.

Graph 1 – Changes in arterial and mixed venous oxygen content with increasing intensity of work on a cycle ergometer

(a) Identify the a – vO2 difference at both 125 watts and at 225 watts. Refer to data in your answer.

(2 marks)

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(b) Between which TWO work intensities does mixed venous oxygen content decrease at the greatest

rate? What is the mixed venous oxygen content at each of these work intensities? Refer to data in your answer. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Which measure on the graph remains constant and what is its value? (1 mark)

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arterial oxygen content

Ox

yg

en

co

nte

nt

(ml/

100 m

l o

f b

loo

d)

Work Intensity (watts)

mixed venous oxygen content

a – vO2 difference

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Graph 2 – Changes in oxygen uptake and blood lactate concentrations with

increasing intensity of work on a cycle ergometer

(d) At 100 watts what is the: (2 marks)

blood lactate reading? ..................................................................................................................... oxygen update reading? ..................................................................................................................

(e) At what work intensity is Lactate Inflection Point reached? What is the Oxygen uptake at this point? Refer to data in your answer. (1 mark)

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(f) Briefly describe what happens to blood lactate concentration at work intensities of 200 watts and greater. Refer to data in your answer. (2 marks)

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Ox

yg

en

up

take (

ml/

kg

/min

)

Lactate inflection Point

Work Intensity (watts)

vO2 max

Blo

od

lacta

te (m

mo

l/L)

Key:

Oxygen uptake

Blood lactate

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(g) Refer to Graph 2 to complete the following table. (2 marks)

Oxygen Uptake and Blood Lactate Concentration at Different Work Intensities

Work Intensity

(watts)

Oxygen Uptake (ml/kg/min)

Blood Lactate (mmol/L)

50 33

45

225 6.5

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Question 5

This question assesses Criterion 5. 2012 Olympic Gold medallist Sally Pearson, suffered a broken wrist in 2015. Her training schedule was severely interrupted. On returning to the track in 2016 in order to prepare for the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games she struggled to be competitive in her hurdling races and did not compete in Rio. Discuss TWO interrelationships between improvements in Sally Pearson’s physiology (Exercise Physiology) that would refine her hurdling technique (Skill Acquisition) so that she can return to her best in the future. (12 marks) ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... = Question 5 continues.

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This question paper and any materials associated with this examination (including answer booklets, cover sheets, rough note paper, or information sheets) remain the property of the Office of Tasmanian Assessment, Standards and Certification.






1. You MUST make sure that your responses to the questions in this examination paper will show your

achievement in the criteria being assessed.




5. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 60 minutesin total answering the questions in this booklet.



Criterion 2 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the principles of skill acquisition.




Certification.



LABEL HERE

SPT315113 Page 2 of 12

Question 6

This question assesses Criterion 2. Motor skills are acquired throughout life. Beginners and accomplished players will refine, modify and apply their skills through experimentation, practice and direction from their coaches and will often do so under changing environmental circumstances. (a) (i) Select a motor skill and identify FOUR correctly sequenced subroutines of the skill for

effective execution. (2 marks) Motor skill: .............................................................................................................................. 1. ............................................................................................................................................ 2. ............................................................................................................................................ 3. ............................................................................................................................................ 4. ............................................................................................................................................ (ii) Referring to the motor skill from (i) above, differentiate between what an autonomous skilled

player would focus on during their performance compared to a beginner in the cognitive stage of skill development. (3 marks)

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(b) Environmental predictability is fundamental to classifying skills as open or closed. Provide an

example of a skill for EACH of these classifications and identify ONE environmental factor which

influences skill execution. (2 marks)

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Question 6 (continued) (c) Outline TWO strategies that a coach could use in training to assist players to prepare for skill

execution in an open environment. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(d) Schema can assist players cope with changing environments. Provide a practical example of a player utilising schema in their performance. (1 mark) .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(e) Describe TWO strategies a coach could use to present information to a beginner to improve the function of their short term memory. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................


Question 7

This question assesses Criterion 2. Athletes who compete successfully in sports have a significant ability to be able to cope with changing speed, time and space and still execute their skills accurately and with apparent ease. (a) Identify ONE example that could be included under the following phases of an information

processing model. (2 marks)

Sensory input: ................................................................................................................................. ..........................................................................................................................................................

Processing: ..................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

Output: ............................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................................................

Feedback: ....................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(b) Briefly discuss the role of orienting and of selective attention for an athlete in a sport played in an open environment. In your answer, provide ONE practical example of each. (3 marks)

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(c) Briefly describe choice reaction time and the Psychological Refractory Period. From a sport of your

choice provide an example that demonstrates how a poor Psychological Refractory Period can influence an athlete’s performance. (3 marks)

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(d) With reference to the terms reaction time, movement time and response time, indicate how an athlete can overcome a relatively slow reaction time. (2 marks)

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(e) Athletes who appear to always have time to execute skills may be using a form of memory referred to as Short Term Sensory Storage. Explain this form of memory, and support your explanation with an example of it in practice. (2 marks)

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Question 8

This question assesses Criterion 2. A key element of good coaching is the ability to analyse the movement of athletes and then to offer them appropriate information to adjust and/or improve their movements.

(a) For each of the following biomechanical concepts provide a brief description that a coach could use with an athlete in the cognitive stage of learning to explain the concept. (2 marks) Force: ..............................................................................................................................................

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.......................................................................................................................................................... Starter mechanism: .........................................................................................................................

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(b) Beginner athletes often struggle to maintain their stability. Using the terms centre of gravity and

base of support, describe THREE ways to improve stability. Relate your answer to a sporting example. (3 marks)

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(c) Most overarm throwing skills have very similar movement patterns. Experienced athletes can usually identify and correct errors they make. What TWO types of feedback could they use to do

this? (1 mark) .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................



Question 8 (continued) (d) An athlete who is being coached to throw javelin is struggling to improve her throwing distance.

Identify and explain THREE influences on projectile motion that could be changed to increase the distance she throws. (3 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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(e) Using video analysis can be beneficial to both athletes and coaches. If the athlete watches a replay

of their performance: (i) What type of feedback would they be receiving? (1 mark)

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(ii) Provide TWO ways that video feedback can motivate athletes. (1 mark)

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(iii) What are TWO advantages of this type of analysis? (1 mark)

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Question 9

This question assesses Criterion 4. All answers to this question must make reference to the information that follows. Players and coaches are constantly seeking digital visual training aids to enhance their skill performance. The Skills Acquisition Trainer for Badminton (SATB) has been developed to enhance skill performance in this high speed racquet sport. The higher the mean score, the better the performance.

Graph 1 – The change in score for the SATB for the three skill level groups across a ten week experimental period

(a) Compare the performance of the Beginner and Advanced groups for experimental weeks 1, 2

and 3. Refer to data in your answer. (2 marks)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Experimental Week

20.0

18.0

16.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0

Me

an

Sc

ore

Beginner

Intermediate

Advanced



(b) Describe the increase and decrease in performance of all three groups between experimental

weeks 2 and 4. (3 marks)

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(c) For each standard of player group, identify the weeks in which they experienced a decline in performance from the previous week. (2 marks)

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(d) Identify the week in which two standards of player group achieved almost the same score. Which player groups were they and what was the score? (2 marks)

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(e) What is likely to happen to the mean score of the advanced player group if the study continued beyond week 10? Refer to trends in the graph to support your answer. (2 marks)

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(f) Identify the week with the greatest increase in mean score for the intermediate players. Identify the increase. (1 mark) .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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Question 10

This question assesses Criterion 5. Tiger Woods has had a rapid fall from the top of the World golf rankings. The stress of a public marriage breakup and recurring injury have resulted in great inconsistency in his play and may have undermined his confidence to ‘attack’ the golf course as he once did. Discuss TWO interrelationships between Tiger Wood’s skill execution (Skill Acquisition) and his confidence (Sport Psychology) which could enable him to improve his performance and his ranking. (12 marks) ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... Question 10 continues.

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1. You MUST make sure that your responses to the questions in this examination paper will

show your achievement in the criteria being assessed.




5. This examination is 3 hours in length. It is recommended that you spend approximately 60minutes in total answering the questions in this booklet.



Criterion 3 Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of psychological factors which influence athletic performance.




Certification.


LABEL HERE



Question 11

This question assesses Criterion 3. Most elite athletes are rarely in a peak psychological state at all times. Injuries, plateaus in performance and more time spent ‘on the bench’ can each undermine their self confidence. (a) Provide a definition of self confidence. (1 mark)

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(b) What are TWO characteristics of an athlete with low self-efficacy traits? How may these influence

their performance in their sport? (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(c) Outline the concept of vicarious experience. Provide an example from a sport of your choice to

explain how this can improve an athlete’s self-efficacy. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(d) Achieving goals can be rewarding for athletes. Briefly discuss how using process goal setting can

enhance an athlete’s self confidence. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................




(e) Describe TWO short-term goals an athlete could set to assist them to recover from injury and

regain their physiological condition. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

(f) An athlete who has been ‘benched’ for inconsistency in performance has set the goal of getting more game time. How can they use the S, the M, and the T principles of the SMARTER acronym to achieve this outcome? (3 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................

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Question 12

This question assesses Criterion 3. Fatigue, pain and unimportant information can often distract some athletes from the task at hand. Other athletes appear able to maintain their focus throughout a performance by apparently ignoring those things which are distractions.

(a) Explain how an athlete with good concentration may struggle in competition if they have poor

attention. (2 marks)

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(b) From a sport of your choice, provide an example of how an athlete needs an ability to concentrate both internally and externally in the one performance. (2 marks)

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(c) Midfielders in team sports are usually chosen for these positions because they can maintain their focus. Identify and describe the attentional dimension they are most likely to perform well in. Provide ONE positive and ONE negative characteristic of athletes in this dimension. (4 marks)

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Question 12 (continued) (d) Use an example to illustrate how performance reference points/checks during a contest can assist

an athlete’s concentration. (1 mark)

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(e) Following competition, most athletes debrief with their coach. Identify and briefly discuss THREE

guidelines for debriefing. (3 marks)

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Question 13

This question assesses Criterion 3. Quality athletes are able to cope under extreme mental and physical duress. They continue to apply themselves to the task and maintain the quality of their performance. When other athletes experience the same duress they will often completely lose the capacity to maintain their performance standard.

(a) How does the Inverted U Hypothesis explain the situation in the introduction above? (2 marks)

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(b) Identify TWO things a coach can do to assist an athlete high State Anxiety to control this at the

competition venue. (1 mark)

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(c) Explain how an intrinsically motivated athlete may be better able to cope with the pressures of a difficult competition compared to an athlete who is primarily extrinsically motivated. (2 marks)

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Question 13 (continued) (d) Identify and briefly explain THREE guidelines for mental rehearsal which, if followed, will improve

skill execution and reduce anxiety. (3 marks)

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(e) An athlete who has a history of becoming over anxious seeks help from the team psychologist. It is

suggested that the athlete establish primary and coping strategies for the time leading up to competition. Complete the table below to assist this athlete. (4 marks)

Strategy Item Primary Strategy Coping/Back Up Strategy

E.g. Waking up in time to shower, eat and catch the team bus.

Set the alarm for three hours before bus departs.

Arrange a Telstra wake-up call for 10 minutes after the alarm time.

Have all necessary equipment and clothing.

Getting to team bus departure point in time to travel to venue.

Commence relaxation and mental preparation several hours before competition.

Commence appropriate warm up 60 minutes prior to competition.


Question 14

This question assesses Criterion 4. All answers to this question must make reference to the information that follows. Five athletes in the same team, and all with similar resting heart rates, are asked to record their heart rate (HR) when they first wake in the days leading up to and including their grand final. This is to assist the coaches to monitor anxiety levels before the contest. The athletes’ results appear in Table 1.

Table 1 – Resting Heart Rate (RHR) Response to Time Before a Grand Final

5 Days Before

4 Days Before

3 Days Before

2 Days Before

1 Day Before

Grand Final

Mean RHR 2

Athlete A 54 55 55 53 54 55 55 Athlete B 53 53 52 51 52 66 55 Athlete C 56 58 60 61 60 62 60 Athlete D 56 59 64 69 70 75 66 Athlete E 55 55 59 62 68 69 62

Mean RHR 1 55 56 58 60 61 66

Note: Mean RHR 1 & 2 are rounded up and each is measured in beats per minute (bpm).

(a) Explain the difference between what Mean RHR 1 and Mean RHR 2 are measuring. (2 marks)

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(b) Identify the athlete that was the most anxious throughout the six days. Refer to the data to justify your choice. (2 marks) .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................................




(c) Which day caused the most anxiety for the athletes? Refer to the data to support your answer. (2 marks)

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(d) Which athlete is most likely to have relatively low levels of trait anxiety but higher levels of state anxiety? Refer to the data to support your answer. (3 marks)

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(e) Which TWO athletes experienced the greatest increase in RHR between 4 Days before and

3 Days before? What was the increase for each? (2 marks)

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(e) If anxiety equates to arousal, which athlete may have been under-aroused on grand final day? What was the difference between his grand final day RHR and the Mean RHR for that day? Refer to the data to support your answer. (1 mark)

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Question 15

This question assesses Criterion 5. The Australian Womens Netball team has been the dominant team in the world for a number of years. Their main challenger New Zealand has re-built its team with young and athletic players to counter Australia’s high tempo game. These teams will continue to compete against each other. Identify and discuss TWO interrelationships between the Australian players’ mental preparation/strength (Sport Psychology) and their physical preparation (Exercise Physiology) that will assist them to withstand the challenge posed by New Zealand. (12 marks) ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................... Question 15 continues.

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