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For other uses, see Formula One (disambiguation).

Formula One

Category Single seater

Country or region Worldwide

Inaugural season 1950[1]

Drivers 24

Teams 12

Constructors 12

Engine suppliersCosworthFerrariMercedes

Renault

Tyre suppliers Pirelli

Drivers' championSebastian Vettel

(Red Bull Racing)

Constructors'champion

Red Bull Racing

Official website www.formula1.com

Current season
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Formula One

Current season[show]

Related articles[show]

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Records[show]

Organisations[show]

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Formula One, also known as Formula 1 orF1 and referred to officially as the FIA Formula OneWorld Championship,[2] is the highest class ofsingle seaterauto racing sanctioned by theFdration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The "formula", designated in the name, refers to aset of rules with which all participants' cars must comply.[3] The F1 season consists of a series ofraces, known as Grands Prix(in English, Grand Prizes), held on purpose-builtcircuits and publicroads. The results of each race are combined with a points system to determine two annual WorldChampionships, one for the drivers and one for the constructors. The racing drivers, constructorteams, track officials, organizers, and circuits are required to be holders of valid Super Licences,the highest class of racing licence issued by the FIA.[4]

Formula One carsare considered to be the fastest circuit-racing cars in the world, owing to veryhigh cornering speeds achieved through the generation of large amounts of aerodynamicdownforce. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to 360 km/h (220 mph) with engines limited inperformance to a maximum of 18,000 revolutions per minute (RPM). The cars are capable oflateral acceleration in excess of 5 gin corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent onelectronics although traction controland other driving aids have been banned since 2008 andon aerodynamics, suspension andtyres. The formula has had much evolution and change throughthe history of the sport. Europe, the sport's traditional base, is where about half of each year's racesoccur. That said, the sport's scope has expanded significantly during recent years and an increasingnumber of Grands Prix are held on other continents.
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Formula One had a total global television audience of 527 million people during the course of the2010 FIA Formula One World Championship.[5] Such racing began in 1906 and, in the second halfof the 20th century, became the most popular kind of racing internationally. TheFormula OneGroup is the legal holder of the commercial rights.[6] With annual spending totalling billions of USdollars, Formula One's economic effect and creation of jobs is significant, and its financial and

political battles are widely reported. Its high profile and popularity make it a merchandisingenvironment, which results in great investments from sponsors and budgets in the hundreds ofmillions for the constructors. However, mostly since 2000, due to the always increasingexpenditures, several teams, including works teams from car makers and those teams with minimalsupport from the automotive industry, have become bankrupt or been bought out by companieswanting to establish a team within the sport; these buyouts are also influenced by Formula Onelimiting the number of participant teams.

Contents

1 Historyo 1.1 Return of racingo 1.2 The Garagisteso 1.3 Big businesso 1.4 Manufacturers' returno 1.5 Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateerso 1.6 Political disputes

1.6.1 FISAFOCA war 1.6.2 FIAFOTA dispute

o 1.7 Outside the World Championship 1.7.1 European non-championship racing 1.7.2 South African Formula One championship 1.7.3 British Formula One Series

2 Racing and strategyo 2.1 Qualifyingo 2.2 The raceo 2.3 Points system

3 Constructors 4 Drivers

o 4.1 Feeder serieso 4.2 Beyond F1

5 Grands Prix 6 Circuits 7 Cars and technology

8 Revenue and profits 9 Future 10 Media coverage 11 Distinction between Formula One and World Championship races 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading

15 External links
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History

Main article: History of Formula One

The Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing (q.v. for pre-1947

history) of the 1920s and 1930s. The "formula" is a set of rules which all participants' cars mustmeet. Formula One was a new formula agreed after World War II during 1946, with the first non-championship races being held that year. A number of Grand Prix racing organisations had laid outrules for a World Championship before the war, but due to the suspension of racing during theconflict, the World Drivers' Championship was not formalised until 1947. The first worldchampionship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship forconstructors followed in 1958. National championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for many years but, due to theincreasing cost of competition, the last of these occurred in 1983. [7]

Return of racing

Juan Manuel Fangio's 1951 title-winning Alfa Romeo 159

The first Formula One World Championship was won by Italian Giuseppe Farina in his AlfaRomeo in 1950, barely defeating his Argentine teammateJuan Manuel Fangio. However Fangiowon the title in 1951, 1954, 1955,1956 & 1957(His record of five World Championship titlesstood for 45 years until German driverMichael Schumachertook his sixth title in 2003), his streakinterrupted (after an injury) by two-time championAlberto Ascari ofFerrari. Although the UK'sStirling Moss was able to compete regularly, he was never able to win the World Championship,and is now widely considered to be the greatest driver never to have won the title. [8][9] Fangio,

however, is remembered for dominating Formula One's first decade and has long been consideredthe "grand master" of Formula One.

This period featured teams managed by road car manufacturers Alfa Romeo, Ferrari,Mercedes-Benz, and Maserati all of whom had competed before the war. The first seasons were run usingpre-war cars like Alfa's158. They were front-engined, with narrow tyres and 1.5-litre superchargedor 4.5-litre normally aspirated engines. The 1952 and1953 world championships were run toFormula Two regulations, for smaller, less powerful cars, due to concerns over the paucity of
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Formula One cars available.[10] When a new Formula One, for engines limited to 2.5 litres, wasreinstated to the world championship for 1954, Mercedes-Benz introduced the advanced W196,which featured innovations such as desmodromic valvesand fuel injection as well as enclosedstreamlined bodywork. Mercedes drivers won the championship for two years, before the teamwithdrew from all motorsport in the wake of the1955 Le Mans disaster.[11]

The Garagistes

Stirling Moss's Lotus 18 at the Nrburgring during 1961

The first major technological development,Cooper's re-introduction ofmid-engined cars(followingFerdinand Porsche's pioneeringAuto Unions of the 1930s), which evolved from thecompany's successful Formula 3 designs, occurred during the 1950s. Australian Jack Brabham,World Champion during1959, 1960, and1966, soon proved the new design's superiority. By 1961,all regular competitors had switched to mid-engined cars. TheFerguson P99, a four-wheel drivedesign, was the last front-engined F1 car to enter a world championship race. It was entered in the

1961 British Grand Prix, the only front-engined car to compete that year.[12]

The first British World Champion was Mike Hawthorn, who drove a Ferrari to the title during the1958 season. However, when Colin Chapmanentered F1 as a chassis designer and later founder ofTeam Lotus,British racing green came to dominate the field for the next decade. BetweenBrabham, Jim Clark, Jackie Stewart,John Surtees, Graham Hill, and Denny Hulme, British teamsand Commonwealth drivers won twelve world championships between 1962 and 1973.

During 1962, Lotus introduced a car with an aluminium-sheet monocoque chassis instead of thetraditionalspace-frame design. This proved to be the greatest technological breakthrough since theintroduction of mid-engined cars. During1968, Lotus paintedImperial Tobacco livery on their

cars, thus introducingsponsorship to the sport.[13][14]

Aerodynamic downforceslowly gained importance in car design from the appearance ofaerofoilsduring the late 1960s. During the late 1970s, Lotus introducedground-effectaerodynamics thatprovided enormous downforce and greatly increased cornering speeds (previously used on JimHall's Chaparral 2J during 1970). So great were the aerodynamic forces pressing the cars to thetrack (up to 5 times the car's weight), extremely stiff springs were needed to maintain a constant
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.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Formula_One_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Formula_One_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downforcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_in_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hall_(race_car_driver)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hall_(race_car_driver)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral_Cars


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ride height, leaving the suspension virtually solid, depending entirely on the tyres for any smallamount of cushioning of the car and driver from irregularities of the road surface.[15]

Big business

Nigel Mansell's Williams FW10 from 1985

Damon Hill's Williams FW18 from 1996. The FW18 was one of the most successful

cars of the era

Beginning in the 1970s, Bernie Ecclestone rearranged the management of Formula One'scommercial rights; he is widely credited with transforming the sport into the billion-dollar businessit is now.[16][17] When Ecclestone bought the Brabham team during 1971 he gained a seat on theFormula One Constructors' Association and during 1978 became its President. Previously thecircuit owners controlled the income of the teams and negotiated with each individually, howeverEcclestone persuaded the teams to "hunt as a pack" through FOCA.[17] He offered Formula One tocircuit owners as a package which they could take or leave. In return for the package almost all arerequired to surrender trackside advertising.[16]

The formation of theFdration Internationale du Sport Automobile (FISA) during 1979 set off theFISAFOCA controversy, during which FISA and its president Jean-Marie Balestre disputedrepeatedly with FOCA over television revenues and technical regulations.[18]The Guardian said ofFOCA that Ecclestone and Max Mosley "used it to wage a guerrilla war with a very long-term aimin view." FOCA threatened to establish a rival series, boycotted a Grand Prix and FISA withdrew
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its sanction from races.[16] The result was the 1981 Concorde Agreement, which guaranteedtechnical stability, as teams were to be given reasonable notice of new regulations.[19] AlthoughFISA asserted its right to the TV revenues, it handed the administration of those rights to FOCA.[citation needed]

FISA imposed a ban on ground effect aerodynamics during 1983.[20]

By then, however,turbocharged engines, whichRenault had pioneered in1977, were producing over 700 bhp(520 kW) and were essential to be competitive. By 1986, a BMW turbocharged engine achieved aflash reading of 5.5barpressure, estimated to be over 1,300 bhp (970 kW) in qualifying for theItalian Grand Prix. The next year power in race trim reached around 1,100 bhp (820 kW), withboost pressure limited to only 4.0 bar.[21] These cars were the most powerful open-wheel circuitracing cars ever. To reduce engine power output and thus speeds, the FIA limited fuel tankcapacity in 1984 andboost pressures in 1988before banning turbocharged engines completely in1989.[22]

The development of electronic driver aids began during the 1980s. Lotus began to develop a

system ofactive suspension which first appeared during 1982 on the F1Lotus 91 and Lotus Espritroad car. By 1987, this system had been perfected and was driven to victory byAyrton Senna inthe Monaco Grand Prix that year. In the early 1990s, other teams followed suit and semi-automaticgearboxes andtraction control were a natural progression. The FIA, due to complaints thattechnology was determining the outcome of races more than driver skill, banned many such aidsfor1994. This resulted in cars that were previously dependent on electronic aids becoming very"twitchy" and difficult to drive (notably the Williams FW16), and many observers felt the ban ondriver aids was in name only as they "have proved difficult to police effectively".[23]

The teams signed a second Concorde Agreement during 1992 and a third in 1997, which expiredon the last day of 2007.[24]

On the track, theMcLaren andWilliams teams dominated the 1980s and 1990s, with Brabham alsobeing competitive during the early part of the 1980s, winning two drivers' championships withNelson Piquet. Powered by Porsche,Honda, and Mercedes-Benz, McLaren won sixteenchampionships (seven constructors', nine drivers') in that period, while Williams used engines fromFord, Honda, and Renault to also win sixteen titles (nine constructors', seven drivers'). The rivalrybetween racers Ayrton Senna and Alain Prostbecame F1's central focus during 1988, andcontinued until Prost retired at the end of1993. Senna died at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prixafter crashing into a wall on the exit of the notorious curve Tamburello, having taken over Prost'slead drive at Williams that year. The FIA worked to improve the sport's safety standards since thatweekend, during which Roland Ratzenbergeralso lost his life in an accident during Saturdayqualifying. No driver has died on the track at the wheel of a Formula One car since, though twotrack marshals have lost their lives, one at the2000 Italian Grand Prix,[25]and the other at the 2001Australian Grand Prix.[25]

Since the deaths ofAyrton Senna and Roland Ratzenbergerin the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix,the FIA has used safety as a reason to impose rule changes which otherwise, under the ConcordeAgreement, would have had to be agreed upon by all the teams most notably the changesintroduced for1998. This so-called 'narrow track' era resulted in cars with smaller rear tyres, a
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ipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Sennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Monaco_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_control_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Formula_One_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_FW16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLarenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WilliamsF1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porschehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Racing_F1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Prosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Formula_One_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Formula_One_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ayrton_Sennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_San_Marino_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamburello_(corner)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Ratzenbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Italian_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-MarshallDeaths2000s-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Australian_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One#cite_note-MarshallDeaths2000s-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Sennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Ratzenbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_San_Marino_Grand_Prixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Formula_One_season


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narrower track overall and the introduction of 'grooved' tyres to reduce mechanical grip. Therewould be four grooves, on the front and rear although initially three on the front tyres in the firstyear that ran through the entire circumference of the tyre. The objective was to reduce corneringspeeds and to produce racing similar to rain conditions by enforcing a smallercontact patchbetween tyre and track. This, according to the FIA, was to promote driver skill and provide a better

spectacle.[citation needed]

Results have been mixed as the lack of mechanical grip has resulted in the more ingeniousdesigners clawing back the deficit with aerodynamic grip pushing more force onto the tyresthrough wings, aerodynamic devices etc. which in turn has resulted in less overtaking as thesedevices tend to make the wake behind the car 'dirty' (turbulent), preventing other cars fromfollowing closely, due to their dependence on 'clean' air to make the car stick to the track. Thegrooved tyres also had the unfortunate side effect of initially being of a harder compound, to beable to hold the groove tread blocks, which resulted in spectacular accidents in times ofaerodynamic grip failure (e.g., rear wing failures), as the harder compound could not grip the trackas well.

Drivers from McLaren, Williams, Renault (formerly Benetton) and Ferrari, dubbed the "Big Four",won every World Championship from1984 to 2008 and the teams themselves won everyConstructors' Championship from1979 to 2008. Due to the technological advances of the 1990s,the cost of competing in Formula One increased dramatically. This increased financial burden,combined with four teams' dominance (largely funded by big car manufacturers such as Mercedes-Benz), caused the poorer independent teams to struggle not only to remain competitive, but to stayin business. Financial troubles forced several teams to withdraw. Since1990, twenty-eight teamshave withdrawn from Formula One. This has prompted formerJordanownerEddie Jordanto saythe days of competitiveprivateers are over.[26]

Manufacturers' return

Michael Schumacher won five consecutive titles with Ferrari

Michael Schumacherand Ferrari won an unprecedented five consecutive drivers championships(2000-2004) and six consecutive constructors championships (1999-2004). Schumacher set manynew records, including those for Grand Prix wins (91), wins in a season (13 of 18), and mostdrivers' championships (7).[27]Schumacher's championship streak ended on 25 September 2005when Renault driverFernando Alonsobecame Formula Ones youngest champion at that time.During 2006, Renault and Alonso won both titles again. Schumacher retired at the end of 2006
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after sixteen years in Formula One, but came out of retirement for the 2010 season, racing for thenewly formedMercedes GP.

During this period the championship rules were changed frequently by the FIA with the intentionof improving the on-track action and cutting costs.[28]Team orders, legal since the championship

started during 1950, were banned during 2002 after several incidents in which teams openlymanipulated race results, generating negative publicity, most famously by Ferrari at the 2002Austrian Grand Prix. Other changes included the qualifying format, the points scoring system, thetechnical regulations, and rules specifying how long engines and tyres must last. A 'tyre war'between suppliersMichelin and Bridgestone saw lap times fall, although at the 2005 United StatesGrand Prix at Indianapolis seven out of ten teams did not race when their Michelin tyres weredeemed unsafe for use. During 2006, Max Mosley outlined a green future for Formula One, inwhich efficient use of energy would become an important factor.[29]And the tyre war ended, asBridgestone became the sole tyre supplier to Formula One for the 2007 season.

Since 1983, Formula One had been dominated by specialist race teams like Williams, McLaren,

and Benetton, using engines supplied by large car manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz, Honda,Renault, and Ford. Starting in 2000, with Fords creation of the largely unsuccessful Jaguarteam,new manufacturer-owned teams entered Formula One for the first time since the departure ofAlfaRomeo and Renault at the end of 1985. By 2006, the manufacturer teamsRenault, BMW,Toyota,Honda, and Ferraridominated the championship, taking five of the first six places in theconstructors' championship. The sole exception was McLaren, which at the time was part-ownedby Mercedes Benz. Through the Grand Prix Manufacturers Association (GPMA) they negotiated alarger share of Formula Ones commercial profit and a greater say in the running of the sport.[citationneeded]

Manufacturers' decline and return of the privateers

In 2008 and 2009Honda, BMW, and Toyotaall withdrew from Formula One racing within thespace of a year, blaming the economic recession. This resulted in the end of manufacturerdominance within the sport. The Honda F1 team went through a management buyout to becomeBrawn GP with the notable F1 designerRoss Brawn andNick Fry running and owning themajority of the organisation. Brawn GP went through a painful size reduction laying off hundredsof employees but eventually won the year's world championships with Jenson Button and RubensBarrichello. BMW F1 was bought out by the original founder of the team Peter Sauber. The LotusF1 Team (of 2012 - NOTE: this is not the same team as Team Lotus of 2010-11) are another,formerly manufacturer-owned team that has reverted to "privateer" ownership; with the buy-out ofthe Renault F1 Team, byGenii Capital investors in recent years. A link with their previous owners

still survives however; with their current car still powered by a Renault V8.

McLaren also announced that it was to reacquire the shares in its team from Mercedes Benz(McLaren's partnership with Mercedes was reported to have started to sour with the McLarenMercedes SLRroad car project and tough F1 championships which included McLaren being foundguilty ofspying on Ferrari). Hence, during the 2010 seasonMercedes Benz re-entered the sport asa manufacturer after its purchase ofBrawn GP, and split with McLaren after 15 seasons with theteam. This leaves Mercedes,McLaren andFerrari as the only car manufacturers in the sport.
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AT&T Williams confirmed towards the end of 2009 their new engine deal withCosworth, whoalso supplied the wave of new teamsVirgin Racing, Hispania Racing F1, and the newly formedLotus Racing team. The exit of car manufacturers has also paved the way for teams representingtheir countries, with some having the funding by their respective national governments (such asLotus being funded by Malaysia, Lotus Cars being owned by Proton, a Malaysian manufacturer,

and Lotus Racing being run byTony Fernandes, a Malaysian business man known for his Asianlow-cost airline).

Political disputes

FISAFOCA war

Main article: FISAFOCA war

The battle for control of Formula One was contested between the Fdration Internationale duSport Automobile (FISA), at the time an autonomous subcommittee of the FIA, andFOCA (the

Formula One Constructors' Association).

The beginnings of the dispute are numerous, and many of the underlying reasons may be lost inhistory. The teams (excepting Ferrari and the other major manufacturers Renault and AlfaRomeo in particular) were of the opinion that their rights and ability to compete against the largerand better funded teams were being negatively affected by a perceived bias on the part of thecontrolling organisation (FISA) toward the major manufacturers.

In addition, the battle revolved around the commercial aspects of the sport (the FOCA teams wereunhappy with the disbursement of proceeds from the races) and the technical regulations which, inFOCA's opinion, tended to be malleable according to the nature of the transgressor more than the

nature of the transgression.

The war culminated in a FOCA boycott of the 1982 San Marino Grand Prixmonths later. Intheory, all FOCA teams were supposed to boycott the Grand Prix as a sign of solidarity andcomplaint at the handling of the regulations and financial compensation (and extreme opposition tothe accession of Balestre to the position of FISA president: both Colin Chapman ofLotus andFrank Williams ofWilliamsstated clearly that they would not continue in Formula One withBalestre as its governor).[original research?] In practice, several of the FOCA teams backed out of theboycott, citing "sponsor obligations". Notable among these were the Tyrrell and Toleman teams.

FIAFOTA dispute

Main article: FIAFOTA dispute

During the2009 season of Formula One, the sport was gripped in a governance crisis. The FIAPresident Max Mosley proposed numerous cost cutting measures for the following season,including an optional budget cap for the teams;[30] teams electing to take the budget cap would begranted greater technical freedom, adjustable front and rear wings and an engine not subject to arev limiter.[30] The Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) believed that allowing some teams to
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have such technical freedom would have created a two-tier championship, and thus requestedurgent talks with the FIA. However talks broke down and FOTA teams announced, with theexception of Williams andForce India,[31][32] that they had no choice but to form a breakawaychampionship series.[32]

Bernie Ecclestone is known as the "F1 Supremo", and is the CEO of FOM and FOA

On 24 June, an agreement was reached between Formula One's governing body and the teams toprevent a breakaway series. It was agreed teams must cut spending to the level of the early 1990swithin two years; exact figures were not specified,[33] and Max Mosley agreed he would not standfor re-election to the FIA presidency in October.[34]Following further disagreements after MaxMosley suggested he would stand for re-election,[35] FOTA made it clear that breakaway planswere still being pursued. On 8 July, FOTA issued a press release stating they had been informedthey were not entered for the 2010 season,[36] and an FIA press release said the FOTArepresentatives had walked out of the meeting.[37] On 1 August, it was announced FIA and FOTAhad signed a new Concorde Agreement, bringing an end to the crisis and securing the sport's futureuntil 2012.[38]

Outside the World Championship

The terms "Formula One race" and "World Championship race" are effectively synonymous; since1984, every Formula One race has counted towards an official FIA World Championship, andevery World Championship race has been held to Formula One regulations.[39] In the earlier historyof Formula One, many races took place outside the world championship, and local championshipsrun to Formula One regulations also occurred. These events often took place on circuits that werenot suitable for the World Championship, and featured local cars and drivers as well as thosecompeting in the Championship.[7]

European non-championship racing

In the early years of Formula One, before the world championship was established, there werearound twenty races held from late Spring to early Autumn in Europe, although not all of thesewere considered significant. Most competitive cars came from Italy, particularly Alfa Romeo.After the start of the world championship, these non-championship races continued. In the 1950s
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and 1960s, there were many Formula One races which did not count for the World Championship;in 1950 a total of twenty-two Formula One races were held, of which only six counted towards theWorld Championship.[39] In 1952 and 1953, when the world championship was run for FormulaTwo cars, non-championship events were the only Formula One races that took place. Some races,particularly in the UK, including the Race of Champions, Oulton Park International Gold Cup and

the International Trophy, were attended by the majority of the world championship contenders.Other smaller events were regularly held in locations not part of the championship, such as theSyracuse andDanish Grands Prix, although these only attracted a small amount of thechampionship teams and relied on private entries and lower Formula cars to make up the grid.[7]

These became less common through the 1970s and 1983 saw the last non-championship FormulaOne race; the 1983 Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, won by reigning World ChampionKekeRosbergin a Williams-Cosworth in a close fight with American Danny Sullivan.[7]

South African Formula One championship

Main article: South African Formula One Championship

South Africa's flourishing domestic Formula One championship ran from 1960 through to 1975.The frontrunning cars in the series were recently retired from the world championship althoughthere was also a healthy selection of locally built or modified machines. Frontrunning drivers fromthe series usually contested their local World Championship Grand Prix, as well as occasionalEuropean events, although they had little success at that level.[citation needed]

British Formula One Series

Main article: British Formula One Series

The DFV helped make the UK domestic Formula One series possible between 1978 and 1980. Asin South Africa a decade before, second hand cars from manufacturers like Lotus and FittipaldiAutomotive were the order of the day, although some, such as the March 781, were builtspecifically for the series. In 1980, the series saw South AfricanDesir Wilson become the onlywoman to win a Formula One race when she triumphed at Brands Hatch in aWolf WR3.[40]

Racing and strategy

Main articles:Formula One racing, Racing flags, and Formula One regulations
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Nick Heidfeld andNico Rosberg on the street circuit ofAlbert Park in the 2008

Australian Grand Prix.

A Formula One Grand Prix event spans a weekend. It begins with two free practice sessions on

Friday (except in Monaco, where Friday practices are moved to Thursday), and one free practiceon Saturday. Additional drivers (commonly known as third drivers) are allowed to run on Fridays,but only two cars may be used per team, requiring a race driver to give up his seat. A qualifyingsession is held after the last free practice session. This session determines the starting order for therace on Sunday.[41][42]

Qualifying

A typical pitwall control centre, from which the team managers and strategists

communicate with their drivers and engineers over the course of a testing session or

a race weekend.

For much of the sport's history, qualifying sessions differed little from practice sessions; driverswould have one or more entire sessions in which to attempt to set their fastest time, sometimeswithin a limited number of attempts, with the grid order determined by each driver's best singlelap, fastest (onpole position) to slowest. Grids were limited to the fastest 26 cars and drivers had tolap within 107% of the pole sitter's time to qualify for the race; the107% rule was re-introducedfor 2011. Other formats have included Friday pre-qualifying, and sessions in which each driverwas allowed only one qualifying lap, run separately in a predetermined order.

The current qualifying system was adopted for the 2006 season. Known as "knock-out" qualifying,it is split into three periods (or rounds). In each period, drivers run qualifying laps to attempt to

advance to the next period, running as many laps as they wish, with the slowest drivers being"knocked out" at the end of the period and their grid positions set, based on their best lap times.Cars are eliminated in this manner until 10 cars remain eligible to attempt to qualify for poleposition in the third and final period. For each period, all previous times are reset, and only adriver's fastest lap in that period (barring infractions) counts. For all periods, any timed lap startedbefore the chequered flag falls signalling the end of that period may be completed, and will counttoward that driver's placement, even if they cross the finish line after the period has ended. [41][43] Inthe first two periods, cars may run any tyre compound they wish, and drivers eliminated in these
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periods are allowed to change their choice of tyres prior to the race. Cars taking part in the finalperiod, however, must start the race with the tyres used during their fastest lap (exactly the sametyres, not just the same compound), barring changes in weather that require usage of wet-weathertyres. With refuelling not allowed during races from 2010, the final session is run with low-fuelconfiguration and the cars are refuelled after qualifying.

The knock-out format has received minor updates since its inception, such as adjustments to thenumber of drivers eliminated in each period as the total number of cars entered has changed. [44]

Currently, for a 24-car grid, all 24 cars take part in the first period. At the end of the period, theslowest seven cars are eliminated and take up the last seven grid positions (18 to 24). In the secondperiod, the remaining seventeen cars take part, with seven more cars eliminated at the end, takingthe next seven lowest grid positions (11 to 17). In the third and final period, the remaining 10 carscompete for pole position, and fill grid positions 1 through 10.[41]

The race

The race begins with a warm-up lap, after which the cars assemble on the starting grid in the orderthey qualified. This lap is often referred to as the formation lap, as the cars lap in formation withno overtaking (although a driver who makes a mistake may regain lost ground provided he has notfallen to the back of the field). The warm-up lap allows drivers to check the condition of the trackand their car, gives the tyres a chance to warm up to increase traction, and gives the pit crews timeto clear themselves and their equipment from the grid.

Once all the cars have formed on the grid, a light system above the track indicates the start of therace: five red lights are illuminated at intervals of one second; they are all then extinguishedsimultaneously after an unspecified time (typically less than 3 seconds) to signal the start of therace. The start procedure may be abandoned if a driver stalls on the grid, signalled by raising his

arm. If this happens the procedure restarts: a new formation lap begins with the offending carremoved from the grid. The race may also be restarted in the event of a serious accident ordangerous conditions, with the original start voided. The race may be started from behind theSafety Car if officials feel a racing start would be excessively dangerous, such as extremely heavyrainfall. There is no formation lap when races start behind the Safety Car.[45]

Under normal circumstances the winner of the race is the first driver to cross the finish line havingcompleted a set number of laps, which added together should give a distance of approximately305 km (190 mi) (260 km (160 mi) forMonaco). Race officials may end the race early (putting outa red flag) due to unsafe conditions such as extreme rainfall, and it must finish within two hours,although races are only likely to last this long in the case of extreme weather. Drivers may

overtake one another for position over the course of the race and are 'Classified' in the order theyfinished the race. If a leader comes across a back marker (slower car) who has completed fewerlaps, the back marker is shown a blue flag[46] telling him he is obliged to allow the leader toovertake him. The slower car is said to be 'lapped' and, once the leader finishes the race, isclassified as finishing the race 'one lap down'. A driver can be lapped numerous times, by any carin front of him. A driver who fails to finish a race, through mechanical problems, accident, or anyother reason is said to have retired from the race and is 'Not Classified' in the results. However, ifthe driver has completed more than 90% of the race distance, he will be classified.
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When required, the safety car (above, driven by Bernd Maylnder) will lead the field

around the circuit at reduced speed, until race officials deem the race safe to

continue.

Throughout the race drivers may makepit stops to change tyres and repair damage (until the 2010season they could also refuel). Different teams and drivers employ different pit stop strategies inorder to maximise their car's potential. Two tyre compounds, with different durability and adhesioncharacteristics, are available to drivers. Over the course of a race, drivers must use both. Onecompound will have a performance advantage over the other, and choosing when to use whichcompound is a key tactical decision to make. The prime and option tyres have different colours ontheir sidewalls; this allows spectators to understand the strategies. Under wet conditions driversmay switch to one of two specialised wet weather tyres with additional grooves (one"intermediate", for mild wet conditions, such as after recent rain, one "full wet", for racing in orimmediately after rain). If rain tyres are used, drivers are no longer obliged to use both types of dry

tyres. A driver must make at least one stop to use both tyre compounds; up to three stops aretypically made, although further stops may be necessary to fix damage or if weather conditionschange.

Race director

As of 2011 the race director in Formula One is Charlie Whiting. This role

involves him generally managing the logistics of each F1 Grand Prix, inspecting
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cars in Parc ferm before a race, enforcing FIA rules and controlling the lights

which start each race. As the head of the race officials he also plays a large

role in sorting disputes amongst teams and drivers. Penalties, such as drive-

through penalties (and stop-and-go penalties), demotions on a pre-race start

grid, race disqualifications, and fines can all be handed out should parties

break regulations.

Safety car

In the event of an incident that risks the safety of competitors or trackside race

marshals, race officials may choose to deploy the safety car. This in effect

suspends the race, with drivers following the safety car around the track at its

speed in race order, with overtaking not permitted. The safety car circulates

until the danger is cleared; after it comes in the race restarts with a 'rolling

start'. Pit stops are permitted under the safety car. Mercedes-Benz supplies

Mercedes-AMG models to Formula One to use as the safety cars. Since 2000,[47]

the main safety car driver has been German ex-racing driver Bernd Maylnder.On the lap in which the safety car returns back into the pits the leading car

takes over the role of the safety car until the first safety car line, which is

usually a white line after the pit lane entrance. After crossing this line drivers

are allowed to start racing for track position once more.

Red flag

In the event of a major incident or unsafe weather conditions, the race may be

red-flagged. Then:

If under 3 laps have been completed when the red flag isdisplayed, the race is restarted from original grid positions. All driversmay restart, provided their car is in a fit state to do so. If between 3 laps and 75% of the race distance have beencompleted, the race may be restarted once it is safe to do so,maintaining the race order at the time of the red flag. The two-hour timelimit still applies however the clock stops when the race is suspendedand restarts when it resumes. If more than 75% of the race distance has been completed thenthe race is (often but not always) terminated and the race resultcounted back to the second last completed lap before the red flag.

The format of the race has changed little through Formula One's history. The main changes haverevolved around what is allowed at pit stops. In the early days of Grand Prix racing, a driver wouldbe allowed to continue a race in his teammate's car should his develop a problemcurrently carsare so carefully fitted to drivers that it became impossible. In recent years, the focus has been onchanging refuelling and tyre change regulations. From the 2010 season, refuellingwhich wasreintroduced in 1994is not allowed, to encourage less tactical racing following safety concerns.The rule requiring both compounds of tyre to be used during the race was introduced in 2007,again to encourage racing on the track. The safety car is another relatively recent innovation that
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reduced the need to deploy the red flag, allowing races to be completed on time for a growinginternational live television audience.

Points system

Points awarded forfinishing

Position Points

1st 25

2nd 18

3rd 15

4th 12

5th 10

6th 8

7th 6

8th 4

9th 2

10th 1

Main article: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems

Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. As of 2010, the topten cars are awarded points, the winner receiving 25 points. The total number of points won at eachrace are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season areWorld Champions. If both a team's cars finish in the points, they both receive ConstructorsChampionship points. Nevertheless, the Drivers and Constructors Championships often havedifferent results.

To receive points, a driver must be classified. Strictly speaking, in order to be classified, a driverneed not finish the race, but complete at least 90% of the winner's race distance. Therefore, it is

possible for a driver to receive some points even if he retired before the end of the race.

In the event that less than 75% of the race laps are completed by the winner, only half of the pointslisted in the table are awarded to the drivers and constructors for the listed positions. This hashappened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it has decided thechampionship winner on one occasion. The last occurrence was at the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prixwhen the race was called off after 31 laps due to torrential rain.[48] This was the first time halfpoints were awarded since the 1991 Australian Grand Prix.
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A driver can switch teams during the season and, for the Drivers Championship, keep all pointsgained at the previous team.

In 2010, Formula One modified its points system, giving points to the first ten drivers instead ofeight or six in previous years.

Constructors

See also: List of Formula One constructors and List of Formula One World

Constructors' Champions

Since 1981,[49] Formula One teams have been required to build the chassis in which they compete,and consequently the terms "team" and "constructor" became more or less interchangeable. Thisrequirement distinguishes the sport from series such as the IndyCar Serieswhich allows teams topurchase chassis, and "spec series" such as GP2, which require all cars be kept to an identicalspecification. It also effectively prohibits privateers, which were common even in Formula One

well into the 1970s.

McLaren (pictured with Senna) won all but one race in 1988 with engine partner

Honda, and remains a championship contender in the present day

The sport'sdebut season, 1950, saw eighteen teams compete, but due to high costs

sport rules

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