spm from an avian perspective jeff gerbracht ([email protected]) steve kelling ([email protected])

SPM from an Avian Perspective

Jeff Gerbracht ([email protected])Steve Kelling ([email protected])

Brief History of Avian SPMs

FIELD IDENTIFICATIONDescription

adult breedingnon-breeding

Similar SpeciesHABITATDISTRIBUTION

AustraliaNew ZealandNorfolk IPopulation

STRUCTUREBanding

FOODAdultNestling

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONBondsBeeding DispersionRoosting

SOCIAL BEHAVIORAgonistic BehaviorSexual BehaviorRelations Within Family Groups

VOICEAdultYoung

BREEDINGSeason

SiteNest MaterialsEggsClutch SizeLayingIncubationNestlingSuccess

STRUCTUREAdult BreedingAdult Non-BreedingDowny YoungJuvenileImmature

BAREPARTSAdultDowny YoungJuvenileImmature

MOULTSAdult Post-BreedingPost-JuvenileSubsequent Molts

MEASUREMENTSWing

MaleFemaleunsexed

8th PrimaryMaleFemaleunsexed

TailMaleFemaleunsexed

Bill MaleFemaleunsexed

TarsusMaleFemaleunsexed

ToeMaleFemaleunsexed

WEIGHTSREFERENCES

INTRODUCTIONDISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICSDISTRIBUTION

THE AMERICASBreeding rangeWinter or marine range

OUTSIDE THE AMERICASHISTORICAL CHANGESFOSSIL HISTORY

SYSTEMATICSGEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONSUBSPECIES; RELATED SPECIES

MIGRATIONNATURE OF MIGRATION IN THE SPECIESTIMING AND ROUTES OF MIGRATIONMIGRATORY BEHAVIORCONTROL AND PHYSIOLOGY

HABITATBREEDING RANGESPRING AND FALL MIGRATIONWINTER (or MARINE) RANGE

FOOD HABITSFEEDING

Main foods takenMicrohabitat for foragingFood capture and consumption

DIETMajor food itemsQuantitative analysisFood Selection and Storage

NUTRITION AND ENERGETICSMETABOLISM AND TEMPERATURE REGULATIONDRINKING, PELLET-CASTING, AND DEFECATION

SOUNDSVOCALIZATIONS

DevelopmentVocal arrayPhenologyDaily pattern of vocalizingPlaces of vocalizingRepertoire and delivery of songsSocial context and presumed functions of vocalizations

NONVOCAL SOUNDSDevelopmentArray of soundsPhenologyDaily patternPlace of sound makingAssociation of vocal and nonvocal soundsSocial context and presumed function(s)

BEHAVIORLOCOMOTION

Walking, hopping, climbingFlightSwimming and divingRoosting

SELF-MAINTENANCEPreening, head-scratching.Sleeping, roosting, sunbathingDaily time budget

AGONISTIC BEHAVIORPhysical interactionsCommunicative interactions

SPACINGTerritorialityIndividual distance

SEXUAL BEHAVIORMating system and sex ratioPair bondExtra-pair copulations (complaisant or forced)

SOCIAL AND INTERSPECIFIC BEHAVIORDegree of sociality

PlayNonpredatory interspecific interactions

PREDATIONKinds of predatorsManner of predationResponse to predators

BREEDINGPHENOLOGY

Pair formationNest buildingFirst/only brood per seasonSecond/later brood(s) per season

NEST SITESelection processMicrohabitatSite characteristics

NESTConstruction processStructure and composition matterDimensionsMicroclimateMaintenance or reuse of nests, alternate nests Nonbreeding nests

EGGSShapeSize and Mass; Egshell ThicknessColor: ground color and markingsSurface textureEgg Laying

INCUBATIONOnset of broodiness and incubation in relation to layingIncubation patch (es) Incubation periodParental behaviorHardiness of eggs

HATCHINGPreliminary events and vocalizations Shell breaking and emergenceParental assistance and disposal of eggshells

YOUNG BIRDSCondition at hatchingGrowth of body parts

PARENTAL CAREBroodingFeedingNest sanitationParental carrying of young: manner, frequency, and function

COOPERATIVE BREEDING (IF ANY)HelpersResults of helping

BROOD PARASITISMIdentity of the parasitic speciesFrequency of occurrence, seasonal or geographic variationTiming of laying in relation to host’s layingResponse to parasitic mother, eggs, or nestlingsEffects of parasitism on hosSuccess of parasite with this host

FLEDGLING STAGEDeparture from the nestGrowth: mass, proportions, structuresAssociation with parents or other youngAbility to get around, feed, and care for self

IMMATURE STAGEDEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATIONS

MEASURES OF BREEDING ACTIVITYAge at first breeding; intervals between breeding ClutchAnnual and lifetime reproductive success

LIFE SPAN AND SURVIVORSHIPDISEASE AND BODY PARASITES

Diseases (Adults, Nestlings)Body parasites (Adults, Nestlings)

CAUSES OF MORTALITYExposurePredationCompetition with other species

RANGEInitial dispersal from natal siteFidelity to breeding site and winter home rangeDispersal from breeding site or colonyHome range

POPULATION STATUSNumbers: estimates or counts ofdensityTrends: geographic and temporal

POPULATION REGULATIONCONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITYDisturbance at nest and roost sitesShooting and trappingFishing netsPesticides and other contaminants/toxicsIngestion of plastics, lead etc.Collisions with stationary/moving structure or objectsDegradation of habitat: breeding and winteringHuman/research impacts

MANAGEMENTConservation statusMeasures proposed and takenEffectiveness of measures: the species’ response

APPEARANCEMOLTS AND PLUMAGESMOLTS

Prebasic I moltPrealternate I molt, if anyPrebasic II molt, if any(Prealternate II molt, if anyDefinitive Prebasic moltDefinitive Alternate plumage, if anyPresupplemental molt, if any

PLUMAGESNatal DownJuvenal plumageAlternate I plumageBasic II plumageAlternate II plumageDefinitive Basic plumageDefinitive Alternate plumageSupplemental plumage, if any

BARE PARTSBill and gapeIrisBare skin or wattles on head and neckLegs and feet

MEASUREMENTSLINEAR

Bill lengthWing lengthTail lengthTarsus length

MASSPRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCHACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCESABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)

HOMEIDENTIFICATION

SummarySimilar speciesVocalizationsDevelopment Vocal arrayGeographic variationPhenologyDaily patternPlaces of vocalizingRepertoire and delivery of songsSocial context and presumed functionSpecies recognitionNonvocal soundsDetailed description (appearance)Bare PartsMeasurementsMoltsGeographic VariationSystematics

DISTRIBUTIONThe AmericasBreeding rangeNonbreeding (“winter”) rangeMigrationExtralimital (“other”) recordsMigration TypeElevational RangeOutside the AmericasHabitatPrimary HabitatHistorical changes

Fossil history

LIFE HISTORYFoodMain food takenDiet TypeQuantitative analysisMicrohabitat for foragingFood capture and consumptionForage TypeForage StrataFood selection and storageNutrition and energeticMetabolism and temperature regulationDrinking, pellet-casting, and defecationBehaviorLocomotionForagingSelf-maintenanceAgonistic behaviorTerritorialitySexual behaviorMating system and sex ratiosMating systemPair bondCourtship displayExtra-pair copulationsSocial and interspecific behaviorSocialityPredationKinds of predationResponse to predationReproductionNest- includes description

Nest FormEggs – includes shape, size, color, etc.Egg ColorEggs MarkedClutch sizeClutch size min/maxIncubationParental care – condition at hatching, growth

and development, brooding, feeding, etc.

Cooperative breedingBrood parasitismPopulations and Demography

Age at first breedingLife span and survivorshipDiseases and body parasitesDispersalPopulation status [abundance, trends in population, etc.]

Population regulation

CONSERVATIONConservation statusIUCN statusCITES appendixEffects of human activity on populations

PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCHREFERENCESACKNOWLEDGMENTS

IntroductionDistinguishing CharacteristicsSystematicsMigrationHabitatFoodSoundsRangeDispersalPopulationsDemographyConservationManagementBehaviorBreedingAppearanceMeasurementsMultimedia

BiologyDescriptionSizePhysiologyMolecular BiologyEcologyConservationDistributionUseEvolutionTaxon BiologyTrophic StrategyCyclicityDispersalMigrationLife CycleReproductionGrowthLife ExpectancyGeneticsAssociationsDiseasesHabitatBehaviorPopulation BiologyGeneral DescriptionDiagnostic DescriptionLook AlikesMorphologyManagementConservation StatusThreatsTrendsRisk Statement

spm from an avian perspective jeff gerbracht ([email protected]) steve kelling ([email protected])

Documents

americas breeding range

marine range food habits

foraging food capture

fall migration winter

reuse of nests

species timing

vocalizations shell

season secondlater broods