splot – a new tool for global vegetation analyses

J Veg Sci 201930161ndash186 wileyonlinelibrarycomjournaljvsemsp|emsp161

Journal of Vegetation Science

Received5October2018emsp |emsp Revised5November2018emsp |emsp Accepted15November2018DOI 101111jvs12710

R E P O R T

sPlot ndash A new tool for global vegetation analyses

Helge Bruelheide12 emsp| Juumlrgen Dengler234 emsp| Borja Jimeacutenez-Alfaro125 emsp| Oliver Purschke12 emsp| Stephan M Hennekens6emsp| Milan Chytryacute7 emsp| Valeacuterio D Pillar8 emsp| Florian Jansen9emsp| Jens Kattge210 emsp| Brody Sandel11emsp| Isabelle Aubin12emsp| Idoia Biurrun13 emsp| Richard Field14 emsp| Sylvia Haider12emsp| Ute Jandt12emsp| Jonathan Lenoir15 emsp| Robert K Peet16 emsp| Gwendolyn Peyre17emsp| Francesco Maria Sabatini12 emsp| Marco Schmidt18 emsp| Franziska Schrodt14 emsp| Marten Winter2emsp| Svetlana Aćić19emsp| Emiliano Agrillo20 emsp| Miguel Alvarez21 emsp| Didem Ambarlı22emsp| Pierangela Angelini23 emsp| Iva Apostolova24emsp| Mohammed A S Arfin Khan2526 emsp| Elise Arnst27emsp| Fabio Attorre20 emsp| Christopher Baraloto2829emsp| Michael Beckmann30 emsp| Christian Berg31emsp| Yves Bergeron32 emsp| Erwin Bergmeier33 emsp| Anne D Bjorkman3435emsp| Viktoria Bondareva36emsp| Peter Borchardt37emsp| Zoltaacuten Botta-Dukaacutet38 emsp| Brad Boyle39emsp| Amy Breen40emsp| Henry Brisse41emsp| Chaeho Byun42 emsp| Marcelo R Cabido43emsp| Laura Casella23 emsp| Luis Cayuela44 emsp| Tomaacuteš Černyacute45 emsp| Victor Chepinoga46 emsp| Jaacutenos Csiky47 emsp| Michael Curran48emsp| Renata Ćušterevska49emsp| Zora Dajić Stevanović19emsp| Els De Bie50 emsp| Patrice de Ruffray51emsp| Michele De Sanctis20 emsp| Panayotis Dimopoulos52emsp| Stefan Dressler53emsp| Rasmus Ejrnaeligs54emsp| Mohamed Abd El-Rouf Mousa El-Sheikh5556emsp| Brian Enquist39emsp| Joumlrg Ewald57emsp| Jaime Faguacutendez58 emsp| Manfred Finckh59emsp| Xavier Font60 emsp| Estelle Forey61 emsp| Georgios Fotiadis62emsp| Itziar Garciacutea-Mijangos13emsp| Andreacute Luis de Gasper63 emsp| Valentin Golub36emsp| Alvaro G Gutierrez64 emsp| Mohamed Z Hatim65emsp| Tianhua He66 emsp| Pedro Higuchi67 emsp| Dana Holubovaacute7emsp| Norbert Houmllzel68 emsp| Juumlrgen Homeier69emsp| Adrian Indreica70emsp| Deniz Işık Guumlrsoy71emsp| Steven Jansen72 emsp| John Janssen6emsp| Birgit Jedrzejek68emsp| Martin Jiroušek773 emsp| Norbert Juumlrgens59 emsp| Zygmunt Kącki74emsp| Ali Kavgacı75 emsp| Elizabeth Kearsley76 emsp| Michael Kessler77 emsp| Ilona Knollovaacute7emsp| Vitaliy Kolomiychuk78emsp| Andrey Korolyuk79emsp| Maria Kozhevnikova80emsp| Łukasz Kozub81emsp| Daniel Krstonošić82emsp| Hjalmar Kuumlhl283emsp| Ingolf Kuumlhn1284 emsp| Anna Kuzemko85emsp| Filip Kuumlzmič86emsp|

These authors should be considered joint first authors

ThisisanopenaccessarticleunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicensewhichpermitsusedistributionandreproductioninanymediumprovidedtheoriginalworkisproperlycitedcopy2019TheAuthorsJournal of Vegetation SciencepublishedbyJohnWileyampSonsLtdonbehalfofInternationalAssociationofVegetationScience

162emsp |emsp emspenspJournal of Vegetation Science

BRUELHEIDE Et aL

Flavia Landucci7 emsp| Michael T Lee87emsp| Aurora Levesley88emsp| Ching-Feng Li89 emsp| Hongyan Liu90emsp| Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez88emsp| Tatiana Lysenko9192emsp| Armin Macanović93emsp| Parastoo Mahdavi94emsp| Peter Manning35 emsp| Corrado Marcenograve13 emsp| Vassiliy Martynenko95emsp| Maurizio Mencuccini96 emsp| Vanessa Minden97 emsp| Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund54 emsp| Marco Moretti98 emsp| Jonas V Muumlller99emsp| Jeacuterocircme Munzinger100 emsp| Uumllo Niinemets101 emsp| Marcin Nobis102emsp| Jalil Noroozi103emsp| Arkadiusz Nowak104 emsp| Viktor Onyshchenko85emsp| Gerhard E Overbeck8 emsp| Wim A Ozinga6 emsp| Anibal Pauchard105emsp| Hristo Pedashenko106 emsp| Josep Pentildeuelas107108 emsp| Aaron Peacuterez-Haase109110 emsp| Tomaacuteš Peterka7emsp| Petr Petřiacutek111 emsp| Oliver L Phillips88 emsp| Vadim Prokhorov80emsp| Valerijus Rašomavičius112emsp| Rasmus Revermann59emsp| John Rodwell113emsp| Eszter Ruprecht114emsp| Solvita Rūsiņa115emsp| Cyrus Samimi116 emsp| Joop HJ Schamineacutee6emsp| Ute Schmiedel59emsp| Jozef Šibiacutek117 emsp| Urban Šilc86emsp| Željko Škvorc82 emsp| Anita Smyth118emsp| Tenekwetche Sop283emsp| Desislava Sopotlieva24emsp| Ben Sparrow118emsp| Zvjezdana Stančić119emsp| Jens-Christian Svenning34 emsp| Grzegorz Swacha74 emsp| Zhiyao Tang90emsp| Ioannis Tsiripidis120emsp| Pavel Dan Turtureanu121emsp| Emin Uğurlu122 emsp| Domas Uogintas112emsp| Milan Valachovič117emsp| Kim Andreacute Vanselow123emsp| Yulia Vashenyak124emsp| Kiril Vassilev24emsp| Eduardo Veacutelez-Martin8 emsp| Roberto Venanzoni125 emsp| Alexander Christian Vibrans126emsp| Cyrille Violle127emsp| Risto Virtanen2128129 emsp| Henrik von Wehrden130emsp| Viktoria Wagner131emsp| Donald A Walker132emsp| Desalegn Wana133emsp| Evan Weiher134 emsp| Karsten Wesche2135136emsp| Timothy Whitfeld137 emsp| Wolfgang Willner103138emsp| Susan Wiser27 emsp| Thomas Wohlgemuth139emsp| Sergey Yamalov140emsp| Georg Zizka53emsp| Andrei Zverev141

1InstituteofBiologyGeobotanyandBotanicalGardenMartinLutherUniversityHalle-WittenbergHalleGermany2GermanCentreforIntegrativeBiodiversityResearch(iDiv)Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzigGermany3VegetationEcologyGroupInstituteofNaturalResourceSciences(IUNR)ZurichUniversityofAppliedSciences(ZHAW)WaumldenswilSwitzerland4PlantEcologyBayreuthCenterofEcologyandEnvironmentalResearch(BayCEER)UniversityofBayreuthBayreuthGermany5ResearchUnitofBiodiversity(CSUCUOPA)UniversityofOviedoMieresSpain6WageningenEnvironmentalResearch(Alterra)WageningenUniversityandResearchWageningenTheNetherlands7DepartmentofBotanyandZoologyMasarykUniversityBrnoCzechRepublic8DepartmentofEcologyUniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoSulPortoAlegreBrazil9FacultyofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciencesUniversityofRostockRostockGermany10MaxPlanckInstituteforBiogeochemistryJenaGermany11DepartmentofBiologySantaClaraUniversitySantaClaraCalifornia12GreatLakesForestryCentreCanadianForestServiceNaturalResourcesCanadaSaultSteMarieOntarioCanada13PlantBiologyandEcologyUniversityoftheBasqueCountryUPVEHUBilbaoSpain14SchoolofGeographyUniversityofNottinghamNottinghamUK15EcologieetDynamiquesdesSystegravemesAnthropiseacutes(EDYSANUMR7058CNRS-UPJV)UniversiteacutedePicardieJulesVerneAmiensFrance16DepartmentofBiologyUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillNorthCarolina17DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringUniversityoftheAndesBogotaColombia18DataandModellingCentreSenckenbergBiodiversityandClimateResearchCentre(BiK-F)FrankfurtamMainGermany

emspensp emsp | emsp163Journal of Vegetation Science

BRUELHEIDE Et aL

19DepartmentofAgrobotanyFacultyofAgricultureBelgrade-ZemunSerbia20DepartmentofEnvironmentalBiologyldquoSapienzardquoUniversityofRomeRomeItaly21PlantNutritionINRESUniversityofBonnBonnGermany22DepartmentofAgriculturalBiotechnologyFacultyofAgricultureandNaturalSciencesDuumlzceUniversityDuumlzceTurkey23BiodiversityConservationDepartmentISPRAndashItalianNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalProtectionandResearchRomeItaly24DepartmentofPlantandFungalDiversityandResourcesInstituteofBiodiversityandEcosystemResearchBulgarianAcademyofSciencesSofiaBulgaria25ForestryampEnvironmentalScienceShahjalalUniversityofScienceampTechnologySylhetBangladesh26DisturbanceEcologyBayreuthCenterofEcologyandEnvironmentalResearch(BayCEER)UniversityofBayreuthBayreuthGermany27ManaakiWhenuandashLandcareResearchLincolnNewZealand28InternationalCenterforTropicalBotany(ICTB)TheKampongoftheNationalTropicalBotanicalGardenCoconutGroveFlorida29DepartmentofBiologicalSciencesFloridaInternationalUniversityMiamiFlorida30LandscapeEcologyHelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearchndashUFZLeipzigGermany31BotanicalGardenUniversityofGrazGrazAustria32ForestResearchInstituteUniversiteacuteduQueacutebecenAbitibi-TeacutemiscamingueRouyn-NorandaQuebecCanada33VegetationEcologyandPhytodiversityUniversityofGoumlttingenGoumlttingenGermany34DepartmentofBioscienceCenterforBiodiversityDynamicsinaChangingWorld(BIOCHANGE)ampSectionforEcoinformaticsampBiodiversityAarhusUniversityAarhusCDenmark35SenckenbergBiodiversityandClimateResearchCentre(SBiK-F)FrankfurtamMainGermany36LaboratoryofPhytocoenologyInstituteofEcologyoftheVolgaRiverBasinTogliattiRussianFederation37InstituteofGeographyCENndashCenterforEarthSystemResearchandSustainabilityUniversityofHamburgHamburgGermany38InstituteofEcologyandBotanyMTACentreforEcologicalResearchVaacutecraacutetoacutetHungary39EcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyUniversityofArizonaTucsonArizona40InternationalArcticResearchCenterUniversityofAlaskaFairbanksAlaska41FaculteacutedesSciencesMEPMarseilleCedex20France42SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringYonseiUniversitySeoulSouthKorea43MultidisciplinaryInstituteforPlantBiology(IMBIVndashCONICET)UniversityofCordobandashCONICETCordobaArgentina44DepartmentofBiologyGeologyPhysicsandInorganicChemistryUniversidadReyJuanCarlosMoacutestolesSpain45DepartmentofForestEcologyFacultyofForestryandWoodSciencesCzechUniversityofLifeSciencesPraguePraha6ndashSuchdolCzechRepublic46LaboratoryofPhysicalGeographyandBiogeographyVBSochavaInstituteofGeographySBRASIrkutskRussianFederation47DepartmentofEcologyUniversityofPeacutecsPeacutecsHungary48InstituteofEnvironmentalEngineeringSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology(ETH)ZuumlrichZuumlrichSwitzerland49InstituteofBiologyFacultyofNaturalSciencesandMathematicsSkopjeRepublicofMacedonia50TeamBiotopeDiversityResearchInstituteforNatureandForest(INBO)BrusselsBelgium51InstitutdeBiologieMoleacuteculairedesPlantes(IBMP)UniversiteacutedeStrasbourgStrasburgFrance52DepartmentofBiologyDivisionofPlantBiologyLaboratoryofBotanyUniversityofPatrasPatrasGreece53DepartmentofBotanyandMolecularEvolutionSenckenbergResearchInstituteFrankfurtamMainGermany54DepartmentofBioscienceAarhusUniversityRoendeDenmark55BotanyandMicrobiologyDepartmentCollegeofScienceKingSaudUniversityRiyadhSaudiArabia56BotanyDepartmentFacultyofScienceDamanhourUniversityDamanhourEgypt57HochschuleWeihenstephan-TriesdorfUniversityofAppliedSciencesFreisingGermany58FacultyofScienceUniversityofACoruntildeaACoruntildeaSpain59BiodiversityEcologyandEvolutionofPlantsInstituteforPlantScienceampMicrobiologyUniversityofHamburgHamburgGermany60PlantBiodiversityResourceCentreUniversityofBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain61LaboratoireEcodivEA1293URAIRSTEANormandieUniversityMont-Saint-AignanFrance62DepartmentofForestryampNaturalEnvironmentManagementTEIofStereaElladaKarpenissiGreece63DepartmentofNaturalScienceRegionalUniversityofBlumenauBlumenauBrazil64DepartamentodeCienciasAmbientalesyRecursosNaturalesRenovablesFacultaddeCienciasAgronomicasUniversidaddeChileSantiagoChile65BotanyFacultyofScienceTantaUniversityTantaEgypt66SchoolofMolecularandLifeSciencesCurtinUniversityBentleyAustralia67ForestryDepartmentSantaCatarinaStateUniversityLagesBrazil68InstituteofLandscapeEcologyUniversityofMuumlnsterMuumlnsterGermany69PlantEcologyandEcosystemsResearchUniversityofGoumlttingenGoumlttingenGermany70DepartmentofSilvicultureTransilvaniaUniversityofBrasovBrasovRomania


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71DepartmentofBiologyCelalBayarUniversityManisaTurkey72InstituteofSystematicBotanyandEcologyFacultyofNaturalSciencesUlmUniversityUlmGermany73DepartmentofPlantBiologyMendelUniversityinBrnoBrnoCzechRepublic74BotanicalGardenUniversityofWrocławWrocławPoland75SilvicultureandForestBotanySouthwestAnatoliaForestResearchInstituteAntalyaTurkey76DepartmentofEnvironmentGhentUniversityGentBelgium77DepartmentofSystematicandEvolutionaryBotanyUniversityofZurichZurichSwitzerland78OVFominBotanicalGardenattheEducationalandScientificCentreInstituteofBiologyandMedicineTarasShevchenkoNationalUniversityofKyivKyivUkraine79GeosystemLaboratoryCentralSiberianBotanicalGardenSiberianBranchRussianAcademyofSciencesNovosibirskRussianFederation80InstituteofEnvironmentalSciencesKazanFederalUniversityKazanRussianFederation81DepartmentofPlantEcologyandEnvironmentalConservationFacultyofBiologyBiologicalandChemicalResearchCentreUniversityofWarsawWarsawPoland82FacultyofForestryUniversityofZagrebZagrebCroatia83PrimatologyMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology(MPI-EVA)LeipzigGermany84DepartmentofCommunityEcologyHelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearchndashUFZHalleGermany85MGKholodnyInstituteofBotanyNationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraineKyivUkraine86InstituteofBiologyResearchCentreofSlovenianAcademyofSciencesandArts(ZRCSAZU)LjubljanaSlovenia87NatureServeDurhamNorthCarolina88SchoolofGeographyUniversityofLeedsLeedsUK89SchoolofForestryandResourceConservationNationalTaiwanUniversityHsinchuTaiwan90CollegeofUrbanandEnvironmentalSciencesPekingUniversityBeijingChina91DepartmentofthePhytodiversityProblemsInstituteofEcologyoftheVolgaRiverBasinRASTogliattiRussianFederation92LaboratoryofVegetationScienceKomarovBotanicalInstituteRASSaint-PetersburgRussia93DepartmentofBiologyCenterforEcologyandNaturalResourcesndashAcademicianSulejmanRedžićUniversityofSarajevoSarajevoBosniaandHerzegovina94ResearchGroupVegetationScienceampNatureConservationDepartmentofEcologyandEnvironmentalScienceCarlvonOssietzky-UniversityOldenburgOldenburgGermany95UfaInstituteofBiologyofUfaFederalScientificCentreoftheRussianAcademyofSciencesUfaRussianFederation96CentreResearchEcologyandForestryApplications(CREAF)ICREABarcelonaSpain97InstituteofBiologyanEnvironmentalSciencesCarlvonOssietzky-UniversityOldenburgOldenburgGermany98BiodiversityandConservationBiologySwissFederalResearchInstituteWSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland99ConservationScienceRoyalBotanicGardensKewUK100AMAPndashBotanyandModellingofPlantArchitectureandVegetationIRDCIRADCNRSINRAUniversiteacuteMontpellierMontpellierFrance101CropScienceandPlantBiologyEstonianUniversityofLifeSciencesTartuEstonia102InstituteofBotanyJagiellonianUniversityKrakoacutewPoland103DepartmentofBotanyandBiodiversityResearchUniversityofViennaViennaAustria104BotanicalGardenndashCenterforBiologicalDiversityConservationPolishAcademyofSciencesWarszawaPoland105LaboratoriodeInvasionesBioloacutegicas(LIB)UniversityofConcepcioacutenConcepcioacutenChile106AmsterdamTheNetherlands107GlobalEcologyUnitCREAF-CSIC-UABCSICBellaterraSpain108CREAFCerdanyoladelVallegravesSpain109DepartmentofEvolutionaryBiologyEcologyandEnvironmentalSciencesUniversityofBarcelonaBarcelonaSpain110ContinentalEcologyCenterforAdvancedStudiesofBlanesSpanishResearchCouncil(CEAB-CSIC)BlanesGironaSpain111DepartmentofGISandRemoteSensingInstituteofBotanyTheCzechAcademyofSciencesPrůhoniceCzechRepublic112InstituteofBotanyNatureResearchCentreVilniusLithuania113LancasterUK114HungarianDepartmentofBiologyandEcologyFacultyofBiologyandGeologyBabeș-BolyaiUniversityCluj-NapocaRomania115DepartmentofGeographyUniversityofLatviaRigaLatvia116ClimatologyBayreuthCenterofEcologyandEnvironmentalResearch(BayCEER)UniversityofBayreuthBayreuthGermany117InstituteofBotanyPlantScienceandBiodiversityCentreSlovakAcademyofSciencesBratislavaSlovakia118TERNUniversityofAdelaideAdelaideAustralia119FacultyofGeotechnicalEngineeringUniversityofZagrebVaraždinCroatia120SchoolofBiologyAristotleUniversityofThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece


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121ABorzaBotanicalGardenBabeș-BolyaiUniversityCluj-NapocaRomania122ForestEngineeringDepartmentFacultyofForestryBursaTechnicalUniversityYıldırımBursaTurkey123DepartmentofGeographyUniversityofErlangen-NurembergErlangenGermany124KhmelnytskyiInstituteofInterregionalAcademyofPersonnelManagementKhmelnytskyiUkraine125DepartmentofChemistryBiologyandBiotechnologyUniversityofPerugiaPerugiaItaly126DepartamentodeEngenhariaFlorestalUniversidadeRegionaldeBlumenauBlumenauBrazil127CentredEcologieFonctionnelleetEvolutive(UMR5175)CNRSndashUniversiteacutedeMontpellierndashUniversiteacutePaul-ValeacuteryMontpellierndashEPHEMontpellierFrance128EcologyandGeneticsResearchUnitBiodiversityUnitUniversityofOuluOuluFinland129DepartmentofPhysiologicalDiversityHelmholtzCenterforEnvironmentalResearchndashUFZLeipzigGermany130InstituteofEcologyLeuphanaUniversityLuumlneburgGermany131DepartmentofBiologicalSciencesUniversityofAlbertaEdmontonCanada132InstituteofArcticBiologyUniversityofAlaskaFairbanksAlaska133DepartmentofGeographyampEnvironmentalStudiesAddisAbabaUniversityAddisAbabaEthiopia134DepartmentofBiologyUniversityofWisconsinndashEauClaireEauClaireWisconsin135BotanyDepartmentSenckenbergMuseumofNaturalHistoryGoumlrlitzGoumlrlitzGermany136InternationalInstituteZittauTechnicalUniversityDresdenZittauGermany137DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyBrownUniversityHerbariumBrownUniversityProvidenceRhodeIsland138ViennaInstituteforNatureConservationampAnalysesViennaAustria139ResearchUnitForestDynamicsSwissFederalInstituteforForestSnowandLandscapeResearchWSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland140LaboratoryofWild-GrowingFloraBotanicalGarden-InstituteUfaScientificCentreRussianAcademyofSciencesUfaRussianFederation141DepartmentofBotanyTomskStateUniversityTomskRussianFederation

CorrespondenceHelgeBruelheideInstituteofBiologyGeobotanyandBotanicalGardenMartinLutherUniversityHalle-WittenbergHalleGermanyEmailhelgebruelheidebotanikuni-hallede

Co-ordinatingEditorAlessandroChiarucci

AbstractAims Vegetation-plot records provide information on the presence and cover orabundanceofplantsco-occurringinthesamecommunityVegetation-plotdataarespread across research groups environmental agencies and biodiversity researchcentersandthusarerarelyaccessibleatcontinentalorglobalscalesHerewepre-sentthesPlotdatabasewhichcollatesvegetationplotsworldwidetoallowfortheexplorationofglobalpatternsintaxonomicfunctionalandphylogeneticdiversityattheplantcommunitylevelResults sPlotversion21containsrecordsfrom1121244vegetationplotswhichcomprise23586216recordsofplantspeciesandtheirrelativecoverorabundanceinplotscollectedworldwidebetween1885and2015Wecomplementedtheinfor-mationforeachplotbyretrievingclimateandsoilconditionsandthebiogeographiccontext(egbiomes)fromexternalsourcesandbycalculatingcommunity-weightedmeansandvariancesoftraitsusinggap-filleddatafromtheglobalplanttraitdata-baseTRYMoreoverwecreatedaphylogenetic treefor50167outof the54519speciesidentifiedintheplotsWepresentthefirstmapsofglobalpatternsofcom-munityrichnessandcommunity-weightedmeansofkeytraitsConclusions TheavailabilityofvegetationplotdatainsPlotoffersnewavenuesforvegetationanalysisattheglobalscale

K E Y W O R D S

biodiversitycommunityecologyecoinformaticsfunctionaldiversityglobalscalemacroecologyphylogeneticdiversityplotdatabasesPlottaxonomicdiversityvascularplantvegetationreleveacute


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1emsp |emspINTRODUCTION

Studyingglobalbiodiversitypatternsisatthecoreofmacroecologi-calresearch(CostelloWilsonampHoulding2012KreftampJetz2007Wiens2011)sincetheirexplorationmayprovideinsightsintotheecological and evolutionary processes acting at different spatio-temporalscales(Ricklefs2004)Theopportunitiesengenderedbythecompilationoflargecollectionsofbiodiversitydataintowidelyaccessibleglobal(GBIFwwwgbiforg)orcontinentaldatabases(egBIENwwwbiennceasucsbedubien)have recentlyadvancedourunderstandingofglobalbiodiversitypatternsespecially forverte-brates but also for vascular plants (Butler etal 2017 Engemannetal2016Lamannaetal2014Swensonetal2012)Althoughthisdevelopmenthasledtotheformulationofseveralmacroecolog-icaltheories(Currieetal2004PaumlrtelBennettampZobel2016)amoremechanisticunderstandingofhowassemblyprocessesshapeecological communities and consequently global biodiversity pat-terns is stillmissing (LessardBelmakerMyersChaseampRahbek2012)

Understanding the linksbetweenbiodiversitypatternsandas-semblyprocessesrequiresfine-graindataontheco-occurrenceofspecies in ecological communities sampled across continental orglobalspatialextents (Becketal2012Wiszetal2013)Forex-amplesuchco-occurrencedatahavebeenusedtocomparechangesin vegetation compositionover time spansofdecades (Jandt vonWehrdenampBruelheide2011Perringetal2018)Unfortunatelyup tonow informationonfine-grainvegetationdatahasnotbeenreadily available asmost of the continental to global biodiversity

datasets have been derived from occurrence data (ie presence-only data) and after being aggregated spatially have a relativelycoarse-grain scale (egone-degreegridcells)without informationonspeciesco-occurrenceatthemeaningfulscaleoflocalcommuni-ties(Boakesetal2010)Incontrastvegetation-plotdatarecordthecoverorabundanceofeachplantspeciesthatoccursinaplotofagivensizeatthedateofthesurveyrepresentingthemainreservoirofplantcommunitydataworldwide(Dengleretal2011)

Vegetation-plotdatadifferinfundamentalwaysfromdatabasesofoccurrencerecordsof individualspeciesaggregatedatthelevelofgridcellsorregionsofhundredsorthousandsofsquarekilome-ters(Figure1)Firstvegetationplotsusuallyprovideinformationontherelativecoverorrelativeabundanceofspeciesallowingforthetestingofcentraltheoriesofbiogeographysuchastheabundancendashrangesizerelationship(GastonampCurnutt1998)ortherelationshipbetween local abundanceandnichebreadth (Gastonetal2000)Secondtheycontaininformationonwhichplantspeciesco-occurinthesamelocality(Chytryacuteetal2016)whichisanecessaryprecon-dition fordirectbiotic interactions amongplant individualsThirdunrecorded species canbe considered truly absent from the abo-vegroundvegetationat this scalebecause thestandardizedmeth-odologyoftakingavegetationrecordrequiresasystematicsearchforallspeciesinaplotoratleastallspeciesofthedominantfunc-tional group Fourth many plots are spatially explicit and can beresurveyed through time to assess possible consequences of landuseandclimatechange(Perringetal2018Steinbaueretal2018)Fifthvegetationplotsrepresentasnapshotoftheprimaryproduc-ersof a terrestrial ecosystemwhich canbe functionally linked to

F IGURE 1emspConceptualfigurevisualizinghowfunctionalcomposition(inthiscaseplantheight)differsbetweencalculations based on mean traits for gridcellsandcommunitydatasampledinvegetationplotsOccurrencedata(egfromdistributionatlasesGBIFetc)canbe used to calculate mean trait values in gridcellsG1ndashG3Howevercommunityweightedmeans(CWMs)oftraitsdifferacrosslocalplots(P1ndashP6)whilethemeanvaluesofCWMsinthegridcellsdifferfromtheunweightedvaluescalculatedinthegridcellsThisexampleissimplifiedbyshowingfewspeciesandfewplotsInrealitydifferencesaregenerallymorepronounced


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organismsfromdifferenttrophicgroupssampledinthesameplots(egmultiple-taxasurveys)andrelatedprocessesandservicesbothbelow(egdecompositionnutrientcycling)andaboveground(egherbivorypollination)(egSchuldtetal2018)

Recently several projects at the regional to continental scalehavedemonstratedthepotentialofusingvegetation-plotdatabasesforexploringbiodiversitypatternsandtheunderlyingassemblypro-cessesUsingvegetationdataofFrenchgrasslandsBorgyetal(2017)demonstratedthatweightingleaftraitsbyspeciesabundanceinlocalcommunitiesispivotaltocaptureleaftraitndashenvironmentrelationshipsAnalyzingUnitedStatesforestassemblagessurveyedatthecommu-nitylevelŠiacutemovaacuteRuedaandHawkins(2017)wereabletorelatecoldordroughttolerancetoleaftraitsdispersaltraitsandtraitsrelatedtostemhydraulicsUsingplot-basedtreeinventoriesoftheUnitedStatesforestserviceZhangNiinemetsSheffieldandLichstein(2018)foundthatshiftsintreefunctionalcompositionamplifytheresponseoffor-estbiomasstodroughtsBasedongt15000plotsfromawidenum-berofhabitattypesinDenmarkMoeslundetal(2017)showedthattypicalplantspeciesthatarepartofthesite-specificspeciespoolbutareabsentinacommunitytendtodependonmycorrhizaaremostlyadaptedtolowlightandlownutrientlevelshavepoordispersalabili-tiesandareruderalsandstress-intolerantBycollatinggt40000vege-tationplotssampledinEuropeanbeechforestsJimeacutenez-Alfaroetal(2018)foundthatcurrentlocalcommunitydiversityandspeciespoolsizescalculatedatdifferentscalesweremainlyexplainedbyproximitytoglacialrefugiaandcurrentprecipitation

Although large collections of vegetation-plot data are nowavailable from national to continental levels (eg Chytryacute etal2016EnquistConditPeetSchildhauerampThiers2016PeetLeeJennings amp Faber-Langendoen 2012 Schamineacutee HennekensChytryacuteampRodwell2009Schmidtetal2012)theyarerarelyused

inglobal-scalebiodiversityresearch(FranklinSerra-DiazSyphardampRegan2017Wiser2016)This isunfortunatebecausevegetation-plotdatamayrevealimportantpatternsthatcannotbecapturedbygrid-based datasets (Table1) Functional composition patterns forinstancemay differ substantiallywhen considering vegetation-plotdataratherthansinglespeciesoccurrencesaggregatedatthelevelofcoarse-graingridcellsUsingplantheightasanillustrationrevealsthatthetraitmeanscalculatedonallthespeciesoccurringinagridcellmaydiffer strongly from the community-weightedmeans (CWMs) aver-agedacrosslocalcommunities(Figure1)Neverthelessonlythegrid-basedapproachhasbeenusedtodate instudiesofthegeographicdistributionof trait values (eg Swensonetal20122017Wrightetal2017)

HerewepresentsPlotaglobaldatabaseforcompilingandin-tegratingplantcommunitydataWedescribe(a)mainstepsininte-gratingvegetation-plotdatainarepositorythatprovidestaxonomicfunctionalandphylogeneticinformationonco-occurringplantspe-ciesandlinksittoglobalenvironmentaldrivers(b)principalsourcesandpropertiesofthedataandtheprocedurefordatausageand(c)expectedimpactsofthedatabaseinfutureecologicalresearchToil-lustratethepotentialofsPlotwealsoshowglobaldiversitypatternsthat can be readily derived from the current content

2emsp |emspCOMPILATION OF THE SPLOT DATABA SE

21emsp|emspVegetation- plot data

The sPlot consortium currently collates 110 vegetation-plot data-basesofregionalnationalorcontinentalextentSomeofthedata-baseshavepreviouslybeenaggregatedbyandcontributedthrough

TABLE 1emspTypesofinformationprovidedbysinglevegetationplotsvegetationplotsaggregatedwithingridcells(orothergeographicunits)andsinglespeciesoccurrencerecordsaggregatedwithingridcellsThethreelevelsareillustratedinFigure1

Information fromhellip Singlevegetationplots Setofvegetationplotsaggregatedwithingridcells

Grid-celldatafromfloristicinventories

To derive information on the hellip

Plot level Gridcelllevel Gridcelllevel

Typeofoccurrence Co-occurrenceoccurrencebyvegetationtype

Occurrencebyvegetationtype Occurrence

Communityassemblyrules

Yes(co-occurrenceisaprerequisiteforspeciesinteractions)

No No

Absences Yes(forthetargetplantgroupinastudy)

No(exceptforintensivesamplingschemes) Dependingonsamplingintensity

Floristiccomposition hellip of the local community hellipofthespeciespoolsofvegetationtypes hellipofthetotalsetofspecies

Diversity α γ γ

Speciesabundance Localcover-abundance Meancover-abundanceandfrequencybyvegetationtype

Occurrence only

Combinationwithtraits

Functionalcompositionofthelocalcommunity(traitsunweightedorweightedbycoverCWMCWV)

Functionalcompositionofthespeciespool(unweightedorweighted)

Functionalcompositionofthetotalsetofspecies(unweightedonly)

Environmentalfiltering

hellip at the local level hellipattheregionallevel hellipattheregionallevel


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two (sub-)continental database initiatives (Table2 and AppendixS1)AlldatafromEuropeandnearbyregionswerecontributedviatheEuropeanVegetationArchive(EVA)usingtheSynBioSystaxondatabase as a standard taxonomic backbone (Chytryacute etal 2016)ThreeAfricandatabaseswerecontributedvia theTropicalAfricanVegetationArchive(TAVA)InadditionmultipleUSdatabaseswerecontributedthroughtheVegBankarchivemaintainedinsupportoftheUSNationalVegetationClassification(PeetLeeBoyleetal2012 Peet Lee Jennings amp Faber-Langendoen 2012) The datafromotherregions(SouthAmericaAsia)werecontributedassepa-rate databases

Westoredthevegetation-plotdatafromtheindividualdatabasesinthedatabasesoftwareTURBOVEGv2(HennekensampSchamineacutee2001)Ourgeneralprocedurewastopreservetheoriginalstructureandcontentofthedatabasesasmuchaspossibleinordertofacil-itateregularupdatesthroughautomatedworkflowsTheindividualdatabaseswerethenintegratedintoasingleSQLitedatabaseusingTURBOVEGv3(SMHennekensALTERRATheNetherlandswwwsynbiosysalterranlturboveg3helpenindexhtml)TURBOVEGv3combinesthespecieslistsfromtheoriginaldatabasesinasinglere-positoryand linkstheplotattributes (so-calledheaderdata) to58descriptors of vegetation-plots (Table S21 in Appendix S2) ThemetadataofthedatabasescollatedinsPlotweremanagedthroughtheGlobalIndexofVegetation-PlotDatabases(GIVDDengleretal2011)usingtheGIVDIDastheidentifierThecurrentsPlotversion21wascreatedinOctober2016andcontains1121244vegetationplotswith23586216plantspeciestimesplotobservations(ierecordsofaspeciesinaplot)Mostrecords(1073737958)haveinfor-mationoncover29288onpresenceabsence5854onbasalarea4883onnumberofstems(ofteninadditiontobasalarea)148onimportancevalue(acombinationofbasalareaandnumberofstems)3265oncountsofindividuals1895onpercentagefrequencyandfurther2174haveamixofthesedifferenttypesofmetrics

22emsp|emspTaxonomic standardization

TocombinethespecieslistsofthedifferentdatabasesinsPlotweconstructedataxonomicbackboneTolinkco-occurrenceinforma-tion insPlotwithplant traitsweexpandedthisbackboneto inte-grateplantnamesusedintheTRYdatabase(Kattgeetal2011)Thetaxon names (without nomenclatural authors) from sPlot 21 andTRY30werefirstconcatenatedintoonelistresulting in121861names of which 61588 (505) were unique to sPlot 35429(291)uniquetoTRYand24844(204)sharedbetweenTRYandsPlotTaxonnameswereparsedandresolvedusingtheTaxonomicNameResolutionServicewebapplication(TNRSversion40Boyleetal2013iPlantCollaborative2015)usingthefiveTNRSstand-ardsourcesrankedbydefaultWeallowedfor (a)partialmatchingtothenexthigherrank(genusorfamily)ifthefulltaxonnamecouldnotbefoundand(b)fullfuzzymatchingtoreturnnamesthatwerematchedwithin amaximumnumberof four single-character edits(Levenshteineditdistanceof4)whichcorrespondstotheminimummatchaccuracyof005inTNRSwith1indicatingaperfectmatch

Weacceptedall names thatwerematchedor converted fromsynonymswithanoverallmatchscoreof1Incaseswithnoexactmatch(ietheoverallmatchscorewaslt1)nameswereinspectedonan individualbasisAllnamesthatmatchedat taxonomicranksator lowerthanspecies (egsubspeciesvarieties)wereacceptedascorrectnamesThenamematchingprocedurewasrepeatedforthe uncertain names (ie with match accuracy scores below thethresholdvaluefromthefirstmatchingrun)withapreferenceonfirstusingthesourcelsquoTropicosrsquo(MissouriBotanicalGardenhttpwwwtropicosorgaccessed19Dec2014)becauseherematchingscoreswereoftenhigherfornamesoflowtaxonomicrankThere-maining9641non-matchednameswereresolvedusing(a)theaddi-tionalsourcelsquoNCBIrsquo(Federhen2010)withinTNRS(b)thematchingtoolsinthePlantListwebapplication(ThePlantList2013)(c)thelsquotplrsquo-functionwithin theR-package lsquoTaxonstandrsquo (Cayuela SteinampOksanen2017)and(d)manualinspection(ietoresolvevernacularnames)AllsubspecieswereaggregatedtothespecieslevelNamesthatcouldnotbematchedwereclassifiedas lsquoNosuitablematchesfoundrsquoBecausesPlotandTRYcontaintaxaofnon-vascularplantswetaggedvascularplantnamesbasedontheir familyandphylumaffiliationusingthelsquorgbifrsquo libraryinR(Chamberlain2017)OfthefulllistofplantnamesinsPlotandTRY79171(946)plantnameswerematchedatthespecieslevel4343(52)atthegenuslevel152(02)atthefamilyleveland13namesathighertaxonomiclev-elsOverallthisledto58066acceptedtaxonnamesinsPlotFamilyaffiliationwasclassifiedaccordingtoAPGIII(APGIII2009)Ade-taileddescriptionoftheworkflow includingR-code isavailable inPurschke(2017a)

One potential shortcoming of our taxonomic backbone is thatformostregionsitwasnecessarytostandardizetaxausingstandardsetsoftaxonomicsynonymsThusifataxonomicnamerepresentsmultiple taxonomicconceptseg suchascreatedby thesplittingandlumpingoftaxaoranamehasbeenmisappliedinaregionwemusttrustthatthisproblemhasbeenaddressedinourcomponentdatabases(FranzPeetampWeakley2004JansenampDengler2010)Howeverdifferentcomponentdatabasesmayhaveapplieddiffer-enttaxonomicconceptsforsplittingandlumpingtaxa

23emsp|emspPhysiognomic information

Toachieveaclassificationintoforestsversusnon-foreststhatisap-plicable to all plots irrespectiveof the structural andhabitat dataprovidedby the sourcedatabasewedefinedas forestallplot re-cordsthathadgt25absolutecoverofthetreelayermakinguseofthe attribute data of sPlot This threshold is similar to the classifica-tionofEllenbergandMuumlller-Dombois(1967)whodefinedwoodlandformationswithtreescoveringmorethan30Therewere16244tree species in the sPlotdatabaseAs tree layer coverwasavaila-ble foronly25ofallplotsweadditionallyused the informationwhether the taxa present in a plotwere trees (usually defined asbeingtallerthan5m)usingtheplantgrowthforminformationfromTRY (see below) Thus plots lacking tree cover information weredefinedas forests if thesumof relativecoverofall tree taxawas


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

TABLE 2emsp Plot datasets included in sPlot 21

GIVD ID Database name of plots in sPlot 21 Custodian Deputy custodian Reference

[Aggregator] European Vegetation Archive (EVA)

950001 Milan Chytryacute Ilona Knollovaacute Chytryacute et al (2016)

00-00-004 VegetationDatabaseofEurasianTundra

1132 RistoVirtanen

00-RU-001 VegetationDatabaseForestofSouthernUral

1102 VassiliyMartynenko

00-RU-003 DatabaseMeadowsandSteppesofSouthernUral

2354 SergeyYamalov MariyaLebedeva

00-TR-001 ForestVegetationDatabaseofTurkey-FVDT

919 AliKavgacı

00-TR-002 Non-forestVegetationDatabaseofTurkey

3018 DenizIşıkGuumlrsoy DidemAmbarlı

AS-TR-002 VegetationDatabaseofOakCommunitiesinTurkey

1181 EminUğurlu

EU-00-002 Nordic-BalticGrasslandVegetationDatabase(NBGVD)

7675 JuumlrgenDengler ŁukaszKozub DenglerandRūsiņa(2012)

EU-00-011 Vegetation-PlotDatabaseoftheUniversityoftheBasqueCountry(BIOVEG)

18441 Idoia Biurrun ItziarGarciacutea-Mijangos BiurrunGarciacutea-MijangosCamposHerreraandLoidi(2012)

EU-00-013 BalkanDryGrasslandsDatabase 7683 KirilVassilev ArminMacanović VassilevDajičĆušterevskaBergmeierandApostolova(2012)

EU-00-016 MediterraneanAmmophileteaDatabase

7359 CorradoMarcenograve BorjaJimeacutenez-Alfaro MarcenograveandJimeacutenez-Alfaro(2017)

EU-00-017 EuropeanCoastalVegetationDatabase

4624 JohnJanssen

EU-00-018 TheNordicVegetationDatabase 5477 JonathanLenoir Jens-ChristianSvenning

Lenoiretal(2013)

EU-00-019 BalkanVegetationDatabase 9118 KirilVassilev HristoPedashenko Vassilevetal(2016)

EU-00-020 WetVegEurope 14111 FlaviaLanducci Landuccietal(2015)

EU-00-022 EuropeanMireVegetationDatabase

10147 TomaacutešPeterka MartinJiroušek PeterkaJiroušekHaacutejekandJimeacutenez-Alfaro(2015)

EU-AL-001 VegetationDatabaseofAlbania 290 MicheleDeSanctis GiulianoFanelli DeSanctisFanelliMullajandAttorre(2017)

EU-AT-001 AustrianVegetationDatabase 34458 WolfgangWillner ChristianBerg WillnerBergandHeiselmayer(2012)

EU-BE-002 INBOVEG 25665 ElsDeBie

EU-BG-001 BulgarianVegetationDatabase 5254 IvaApostolova DesislavaSopotlieva ApostolovaSopotlievaPedashenkoVelevandVasilev(2012)

EU-CH-005 SwissForestVegetationDatabase

14193 ThomasWohlgemuth Wohlgemuth(2012)

EU-CZ-001 CzechNationalPhytosociologicalDatabase

104697 MilanChytryacute DanaHolubovaacute ChytryacuteandRafajovaacute(2003)

(Continues)


BRUELHEIDE Et aL


EU-DE-001 VegMV 53822 FlorianJansen ChristianBerg JansenDenglerandBerg(2012)

EU-DE-013 VegetWebGermany 23078 JoumlrgEwald EwaldMayandKleikamp(2012)

EU-DE-014 GermanVegetationReferenceDatabase(GVRD)

30840 UteJandt HelgeBruelheide JandtandBruelheide(2012)

EU-DK-002 NationalVegetationDatabaseofDenmark

24264 JesperErenskjoldMoeslund

RasmusEjrnaeligs

EU-ES-001 IberianandMacaronesianVegetationInformationSystem(SIVIM)Wetlands

6560 AaronPeacuterez-Haase XavierFont

EU-FR-003 SOPHY 209864 HenryBrisse Patrice de Ruffray BrissedeRuffrayGrandjouanandHoff(1995)

EU-GB-001 UKNationalVegetationClassificationDatabase

28533 JohnSRodwell

EU-GR-001 KRITI 292 ErwinBergmeier

EU-GR-005 HellenicNatura2000VegetationDatabase(HelNatVeg)

5168 PanayotisDimopoulos IoannisTsiripidis DimopoulosandTsiripidis(2012)

EU-GR-006 HellenicWoodlandDatabase 3199 GeorgiosFotiadis IoannisTsiripidis FotiadisTsiripidisBergmeierandDimopoulos(2012)

EU-HR-001 PhytosociologicalDatabaseofNon-ForestVegetationinCroatia

5057 ZvjezdanaStančić Stančić(2012)

EU-HR-002 CroatianVegetationDatabase 8734 ŽeljkoŠkvorc DanielKrstonošić

EU-HU-003 CoenoDatHungarianPhytosociologicalDatabase

8505 JaacutenosCsiky ZoltaacutenBotta-Dukaacutet Laacutejeretal(2008)

EU-IT-001 VegItaly 15332 RobertoVenanzoni FlaviaLanducci Landuccietal(2012)

EU-IT-010 ItalianNationalVegetationDatabase(BVNISPRA)

3562 LauraCasella PierangelaAngelini CasellaBiancoAngeliniandMorroni(2012)

EU-IT-011 Vegetation-PlotDatabaseSapienzaUniversityofRome(VPD-Sapienza)

12780 EmilianoAgrillo FabioAttorre Agrilloetal(2017)

EU-LT-001 LithuanianVegetationDatabase 7821 ValerijusRašomavičius DomasUogintas

EU-LV-001 Semi-naturalGrasslandVegetationDatabaseofLatvia

5594 SolvitaRūsiņa Rūsiņa(2012)

EU-MK-001 VegetationDatabaseoftheRepublicofMacedonia

1417 RenataĆušterevska

EU-NL-001 DutchNationalVegetationDatabase

102327 JoopHJSchamineacutee StephanMHennekens

Schamineacuteeetal(2006)

EU-PL-001 PolishVegetationDatabase 22229 ZygmuntKącki GrzegorzSwacha KąckiandŚliwiński(2012)

EU-RO-007 RomanianForestDatabase 6017 AdrianIndreica Pavel Dan Turtureanu IndreicaTurtureanuSzaboacuteandIrimia(2017)

EU-RO-008 RomanianGrasslandDatabase 1921 EszterRuprecht KirilVassilev Vassilevetal(2018)

EU-RS-002 VegetationDatabaseGrasslandVegetationofSerbia

5587 SvetlanaAćić ZoraDajićStevanović AćićPetrovićŠilcandDajićStevanović(2012)

TABLE 2emsp (Continued)

(Continues)


BRUELHEIDE Et aL


EU-RU-002 LowerVolgaValleyPhytosociologicalDatabase

14853 ValentinGolub ViktoriaBondareva Golubetal(2012)

EU-RU-003 VegetationDatabaseoftheVolgaandtheUralRiversBasins

1516 TatianaLysenko LysenkoMitroshenkovaandKalmykova(2012)

EU-RU-011 VegetationDatabaseofTatarstan

7471 VadimProkhorov MariaKozhevnikova ProkhorovRogovaandKozhevnikova(2017)

EU-SI-001 VegetationDatabaseofSlovenia 10986 UrbanŠilc FilipKuumlzmič Šilc(2012)

EU-SK-001 SlovakVegetationDatabase 36405 MilanValachovič JozefŠibiacutek Šibiacutek(2012)

EU-UA-001 UkrainianGrasslandsDatabase 4043 AnnaKuzemko YuliaVashenyak Kuzemko(2012)

EU-UA-006 VegetationDatabaseofUkraineandAdjacentPartsofRussia

3326 ViktorOnyshchenko VitaliyKolomiychuk

[Aggregator] Tropical African Vegetation Archive (TAVA)

6677 Marco Schmidt Stefan Dressler Janszligen et al (2011)

AF-00-001 WestAfricanVegetationDatabase

3129 MarcoSchmidt GeorgZizka Schmidtetal(2012)

AF-00-008 PANAFVegetationDatabase 2469 HjalmarKuumlhl TeneKwetcheSop

AF-BF-001 SahelVegetationDatabase 1079 JonasVMuumlller MarcoSchmidt Muumlller(2003)

Other databases 164566

00-00-001 RAINFORdatamanagedbyForestPlotsnet

1827 OliverLPhillips AuroraLevesley Lopez-GonzalezLewisBurkittandPhillips(2011)

00-00-003 SALVIAS 4883 BrianEnquist Brad Boyle

00-00-005 TundraVegetationPlots(TundraPlot)

577 AnneDBjorkman SarahElmendorf Elmendorfetal(2012)

00-RU-002 DatabaseofMasarykUniversityrsquosVegetationResearchinSiberia

1547 MilanChytryacute Chytryacute(2012)

AF-00-003 BIOTASouthernAfricaBiodiversity Observatories VegetationDatabase

1666 NorbertJuumlrgens GerhardMuche MucheSchmiedelandJuumlrgens(2012)

AF-00-006 SWEA-Dataveg 2704 MiguelAlvarez MichaelCurran

AF-00-009 VegetationDatabaseoftheOkavangoBasin

590 Rasmus Revermann ManfredFinckh Revermann et al (2016)

AF-CD-001 ForestDatabaseofCentralCongoBasin

292 ElizabethKearsley HansVerbeeck Kearsleyetal(2013)

AF-ET-001 VegetationDatabaseofEthiopia 74 DesalegnWana AnkeJentsch WanaandBeierkuhnlein(2011)

AF-MA-001 VegetationDatabaseofSouthernMorocco

1337 ManfredFinckh Finckh(2012)

AF-ZA-003 SynBioSysFynbosVegetationDatabase

3810 JohnJanssen

AF-ZW-001 VegetationDatabaseofZimbabwe

36 CyrusSamimi Samimi(2003)

AS-00-001 KoreanForestDatabase 4885 TomaacutešČernyacute PetrPetřiacutek Černyacuteetal(2015)

AS-00-003 VegetationofMiddleAsia 1381 ArkadiuszNowak MarcinNobis Nowaketal(2017)

AS-00-004 RiceFieldVegetationDatabase 179 ArkadiuszNowak


(Continues)


BRUELHEIDE Et aL


AS-BD-001 TropicalForestDatasetofBangladesh

211 MohammedASArfinKhan

FahmidaSultana

AS-CN-001 ChinaForest-SteppeEcotoneDatabase

148 HongyanLiu FengjunZhao LiuCuiPottandSpeier(2000)

AS-CN-002 Tibet-PaDeMoSGrazingTransect

146 KarstenWesche Wangetal(2017)

AS-CN-003 VegetationDatabaseoftheBEFChinaProject

27 HelgeBruelheide Bruelheide et al (2011)

AS-CN-004 VegetationDatabaseoftheNorthernMountainsinChina

485 ZhiyaoTang

AS-CN-005 DatabaseSteppeVegetationofXinjiang

129 KoheiSuzuki

AS-EG-001 VegetationDatabaseofSinaiinEgypt

926 MohamedZHatim Hatim(2012)

AS-ID-001 SulawesiVegetationDatabase 24 MichaelKessler

AS-IR-001 VegetationDatabaseofIran 2335 JalilNoroozi ParastooMahdavi

AS-KG-001 VegetationDatabaseofSouth-WesternKyrgyzstan

452 Peter Borchardt UdoSchickhoff Borchardt and Schickhoff(2012)

AS-KZ-001 DatabaseofMeadowVegetationintheNWTianShanMountains

94 ViktoriaWagner Wagner(2009)

AS-MN-001 SouthernGobiProtectedAreasDatabase

1516 HenrikvonWehrden KarstenWesche vonWehrdenWescheandMiehe(2009)

AS-RU-001 WetlandVegetationDatabaseofBaikalSiberia(WETBS)

2381 VictorChepinoga Chepinoga(2012)

AS-RU-002 DatabaseofSiberianVegetation(DSV)

9116 AndreyKorolyuk AndreiZverev

AS-RU-004 DatabaseoftheUniversityofMuumlnster-BiodiversityandEcosystemResearchGrouprsquosVegetationResearchinWesternSiberiaandKazakhstan

445 NorbertHoumllzel WanjaMathar

AS-SA-001 VegetationDatabaseofSaudiArabia

919 MohamedAbdEl-RoufMousaEl-Sheikh

AS-TJ-001 EasternPamirs 282 KimAndreacuteVanselow Vanselow(2016)

AS-TW-001 NationalVegetationDatabaseofTaiwan

930 Ching-FengLi Chang-FuHsieh

AS-YE-001 SocotraVegetationDatabase 396 MicheleDeSanctis FabioAttorre DeSanctisandAttorre(2012)

AU-AU-002 TERNAEKOS 21261 AnitaSmyth BenSparrow TurnerSmythWalkerandLowe(2017)

AU-NC-001 NewCaledonianPlantInventoryandPermanentPlotNetwork(NC-PIPPN)

201 JeacuterocircmeMunzinger PhilippeBirnbaum Ibanezetal(2014)

AU-NZ-001 NewZealandNationalVegetationDatabank

1895 SusanWiser WiserBellinghamandBurrows(2001)

AU-PG-001 ForestPlotsfromPapuaNewGuinea

63 TimothyWhitfeld GeorgeWeiblen Whitfeldetal(2014)


(Continues)


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

gt25Similarlywedefinednon-forestsbycalculatingthecoverofalltaxathatwerenotdefinedastreesorshrubs(alsotakenfromtheTRYplant growth form information) and thatwerenot taller than2musingtheTRYdataonmeanplantheightIntotal21888taxabelongedtothiscategoryWedefinedallplotsasnon-forestsifthesumofrelativecoveroftheselow-staturenon-treeandnon-shrubtaxawasgt90Aswedidnothavethegrowthformandheightin-formationforalltaxaafractionofabout25oftheplotsremainedunassigned (ie neither forest nor non-forest) In addition moredetailedclassificationsofplotsintophysiognomicformations(TableS32 inAppendixS3)andnaturalness (TableS33 inAppendixS3)werederivedfromvarioustypesofplot-levelordatabase-level in-formationprovidedbythesourcesandstoredinfiveseparatefields(seeTableS21inAppendixS2)

24emsp|emspPhylogenetic information

Wedeveloped aworkflow to generate a phylogeny of the vascu-larplantspeciesinsPlotusingthephylogenyofZanneetal(2014)updatedbyQianandJin(2016)Speciespresent insPlotbutmiss-ing from this phylogenywere added next to a randomly selectedcongener (see also Maitner etal 2018) This approach has beendemonstratedtointroducelessbiasintosubsequentanalysesthanadding missing species as polytomies to the respective genera(DaviesKraftSalaminampWolkovich2012)Weonlyaddedspeciesbasedontaxonomicinformationonthegenuslevelthusnotmak-inguseoffamilyaffiliationBecauseoftheabsenceofcongenersinthereferencephylogeny7147speciescouldnotbeadded (117ofallresolvedtaxainsPlotandTRY)Thisresultedinaphylogeny


NA-00-002 TreeBiodiversityNetwork(BIOTREE-NET)

1757 LuisCayuela Cayuelaetal(2012)

NA-CA-003 Database of Timberline VegetationinNWNorthAmerica

110 ViktoriaWagner TobySpribille WagnerSpribilleAbrahamczykandBergmeier(2014)

NA-CA-004 UnderstoryofSugarMapleDominatedStandsinQuebecandOntario(Canada)

156 IsabelleAubin AubinGachetMessierandBouchard(2007)

NA-CA-005 BorealForestofCanada 89 YvesBergeron LouisDeGrandpreacute

NA-GL-001 VegetationDatabaseofGreenland

664 BirgitJedrzejek FredJADanieumlls SiegDreesandDanieumlls(2006)

NA-US-002 VegBank 67352 RobertKPeet MichaelTLee Peetetal(2012)

NA-US-006 CarolinaVegetationSurveyDatabase

17221 RobertKPeet MichaelTLee Peetetal(2012)

NA-US-014 Alaska-ArcticVegetationArchive 1363 DonaldAWalker AmyBreen Walkeretal(2016)

SA-00-002 VegPaacuteramo 2643 GwendolynPeyre XavierFont Peyreetal(2015)

SA-AR-002 VegetationDatabaseofCentralArgentina

218 MarceloRCabido AliciaAcosta

SA-BO-003 BoliviaForestPlots 75 MichaelKessler SebastianHerzog

SA-BR-002 ForestInventoryStateofSantaCatarinaBrazil(IFFSCProject)

1669 AlexanderChristianVibrans

AndreacuteLuisdeGasper VibransSevegnaniLingnerdeGasperandSabbagh(2010)

SA-BR-003 GrasslandsofRioGrandedoSulBrazil

320 EduardoVeacutelez-Martin ValeacuterioDePattaPillar

SA-BR-004 GrasslandDatabaseofCamposSulinos

161 GerhardEOverbeck ValeacuterioDePattaPillar

SA-CL-002 SSAForests_Plots_db 261 AlvaroGGutierrez

SA-CL-003 ChileanParkTransects-Fondecyt1040528

165 AniacutebalPauchard AliciaMarticorena PauchardFuentesJimeacutenezBustamanteandMarticorena(2013)

SA-EC-001 EcuadorForestPlotDatabase 172 JuumlrgenHomeier

NoteGIVDIDreferstotheIDintheGlobalIndexofVegetation-PlotDatabases(httpwwwgivdinfo)whichmanagesthemetadataforsPlotandprovidesupdatedonlinedescriptionsofthesedatabasesaftertheGIVDIDindicatesthattherespectivedatabasedescriptioniscurrentlynotvisibleontheGIVDwebsiteDatasetscontributedinharmonizedformatfromacontinentaldataaggregator(ldquocollectivedatabaserdquoaccordingtothesPlotRules)arelistedunderitsnameFurtherreferencesattributionsanddisclaimersforparticulardatasetsarefoundAppendixS1



BRUELHEIDE Et aL

with54067 resolved taxonnames from61214standardized taxainthecombined listofsPlotandTRYThetreewasfinallyprunedtothevascularplanttaxaofthecurrentsPlotversion21resultinginaphylogenetictreefor53489outofthe58066taxainsPlotOfthese53489names16026arealsofoundamongthe31389taxainthephylogenetictreeofQianandJin(2016)ie511ThefullprocedureandtheRcodeareavailableinPurschke(2017b)

25emsp|emspAssociated environmental plot information

To complement the plot data we harmonized geographical coor-dinates (in decimal degrees) elevation (m above sea level) aspect(degrees)andslope(degrees)asprovidedbythecontributingdata-basesAllothervariablesweretoosparselyandtoo inconsistentlysampledacrossdatabasestobecombinedintheglobalsetbutwereretained in theoriginaldata sourcesandcanbe retrieved forpar-ticularpurposes

WeusedthegeographiccoordinatestocreateageodatabaseinArcGIS141 (ESRIRedlandsCA)to linksPlot21totheseclimateandsoildataWeretrieveddataforallthe19bioclimaticvariablesprovidedbyCHELSAv11(Kargeretal2017)byaveragingclimaticdatafromtheperiod1979ndash2013at30arcseconds (about1kmingridcellsneartotheequator)Thesevariablesarethesameastheones used in WorldClim (wwwworldclimorg Hijmans CameronParra Jones amp Jarvis 2005) but calculated with a downscalingapproachbasedonestimatesof theERA-Interimclimatic reanaly-sis(Deeetal2011)WhiletheCHELSAclimatologicaldatahaveasimilaraccuracyasotherproductsfortemperature theyaremoreprecise for precipitation patterns (Karger etal 2017) We also

calculated growing degree days for 1degC (GDD1) and 5degC (GDD5)accordingtoSynesandOsborne(2011)andbasedonCHELSAdataand included the indexof aridityandpotential evapotranspirationextractedfromtheCGIAR-CSIwebsite(wwwcgiar-csiorg)Inaddi-tionweextractedsevensoilvariablesfromtheSOILGRIDSproject(httpssoilgridsorg licensedby ISRICndashWorldSoil Information)downloadedat250-m resolutionand thenconverted to the same30-arcsecondgrid formatofCHELSAToexplore thedistributionofsPlotdataintheglobalenvironmentalspacewesubjectedall30climateandsoilvariablesoftheglobalterrestrialsurfacerasterizedona25arc-minutegridresolutiontoaprincipalcomponentanalysis(PCA)onstandardizedandcentereddataWesubsequentlycreateda grid of 100 cellstimes100 cells within the bi-dimensional environ-mentalspacedefinedbythefirsttwoPCAaxes(PC1andPC2)andcountedthenumberofterrestrialcellsperenvironmentalgridcellofthePC1ndashPC2spaceThenwecountedthenumberofplotsinsPlotinthesamePCAgrid(Figure2)

We linked all vegetationplots to twoglobal biome classifica-tionsWe used theWorldWildlife Fund (WWF) spatial informa-tion on terrestrial ecoregions (Olson etal 2001) to assign plotstooneofthe867ecoregions14biomesandeightbiogeographicrealmsTheWWFapproach isbasedonabottom-upexpertsys-tem using various regional biodiversity sources to define ecore-gions which in turn are grouped into realms and biomes (Olsonetal2001) Inadditionwecreatedashapefile for theecozonesdefinedbySchultz(2005)torepresentmajorbiomesinresponsetoglobalclimaticvariationSincethesezonesareclimaticallyhetero-geneous inmountain regionswedifferentiatedanadditional ldquoal-pinerdquobiomeformountainareasabovethelowermountainthermal

F IGURE 2emspDistributionofvegetationplotsfromsPlot21intheglobalenvironmentalspaceComparisonofthedistributionofallterrestrial25arc-minutecells(a)andplotsinsPlot21(b)intheprincipalcomponentanalysis(PCA)spacedefinedon30environmental(climateandsoil)variablesThePCAspacewasdividedintoa100times100regulargridForeachelementofthisgridthegraphsshowthenumberof25arc-minutecells(a)andplots(b)respectivelyColorsrefertothelogarithmofnumberofplotswiththelegendshowinguntransformednumberofplotsThefirstandsecondPCAaxisexplained486and273ofthetotalvariance


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

beltasdefinedintheclassificationofworldmountainregionsbyKoumlrner etal (2017) This resulted in adistinctionof10majorbi-omes(FigureS45inAppendixS4)whoseshapefileisfreelyavail-able(AppendixS5)

26emsp|emspTrait information

Tobroadenthepotentialapplicationsoftheglobalvegetationda-tabaseinfunctionalcontextswelinkedsPlottoTRYWeaccessedplanttraitdatafromTRYversion30onAugust102016andin-cluded18traitsthatdescribetheleafwoodandseedeconomicsspectra(Westoby1998Reich2014TableS64inAppendixS6)andareknowntoaffectdifferentkeyecosystemprocessesandtorespond tomacroclimatic drivers These traits were representedacross all species in theTRYdatabaseby at least 1000 trait re-cordsWe excluded trait records frommanipulative experimentsandoutliers (Kattgeetal 2011)which resulted in amatrixwith632938 individual plant records on 52032 taxa in TRY havingdata records foranaverageof308of the18selected traitsOnaverageeachtraithasbeenmeasuredatleastoncein171ofalltaxaInordertoattaindataforthese18traitsforallspecieswithatleastonetraitvalueinTRYweemployedhierarchicalBayesianmodelingusingtheRpackagelsquoBHPMFrsquo(FazayeliBanerjeeKattgeSchrodt amp Reich 2017 Schrodt etal 2015) to fill a gap in thematrixofindividualplantrecordsinTRYGapfillingallowsobtain-ingtraitvaluesforaspeciesonwhichthistraithasnotbeenmeas-uredbutforwhichothertraitsareavailableToassessgap-fillingqualityweusedtheprobabilitydensitydistributionsprovidedbyBHPMFforeachimputationandremovedhighlyuncertainimputa-tionswithacoefficientofvariationgt1Wethenloge-transformedallgap-filledtraitvaluesandaveragedeachtraitbytaxonFortaxarecorded at genus level onlywe calculated genusmeans result-inginafulltraitmatrixfor26632outofthe54519taxainsPlot(459)with61510and25116taxaatthefamilygenusandspe-cieslevelrespectivelyThesespeciescovered887ofallspecies-by-plotcombinations

Foreverytraitjandplotkwecalculatedthecommunity-weightedmean(CWM)andthecommunity-weightedvariance(CWV)foreachofthe18traitsinaplot(Enquistetal2015)

where nk is thenumberof specieswith trait information inplotkpikistherelativeabundanceofspecies iinplotk calculated as the speciesrsquofractionincoverorabundanceoftotalcoverorabundanceand tij is themeanvalueofspecies i for trait jCWMsandCWVswerecalculatedfor18traits in1117369and1099463plots re-spectivelythesecondbeingasmallernumberasat leasttwotaxawereneededforCWVcalculation

3emsp |emspCONTENT OF SPLOT 2 1

31emsp|emspPlot community data

sPlot 21 contains 1121244 vegetation plots from 160 countriesand from all continents (Figure3) The global coverage is biasedtowards Europe North America and Australia reflecting unequalsampling effort across the globe (Table1) At the ecoregion levelmajorgapsoccur inthewettropicsofSouthAmericaandAsiaaswellasinsubtropicaldesertsworldwideandintheNorthAmericantaigaAlthough theplotsarehighlyclusteredgeographically theircoverageintheenvironmentalspaceismuchmorerepresentativethehighestconcentrationofplotsisfoundinenvironmentsthataremostabundantglobally(Figure2)whiletheyarelackingintheverymoistpartsoftheenvironmentalspacewhicharealsospatiallyrareandintheverycoldpartswhicharesparselyvegetated

Inmostcases(984)plotrecordsinsPlotincludefullspecieslistsofvascularplantswhile16hadonlywoodspeciesabovea certain diameter or only themost dominant species recordedTerricolous bryophytes and lichens were additionally identifiedin 14 and 7 of plots respectively (Table S21 in AppendixS2) Forest and non-forest plots comprise 330873 (297) and513035 (460)ofallplots insPlot respectively Inmostcasesspeciesabundancewasestimatedusingdifferentvariantsof theBraun-Blanquet coverndashabundance scale (66) followed by per-centagecover (15)and55othernumericorordinalscalesThetemporalextentofthedataspansfrom1885to2015butgt94of vegetation plots were recorded later than 1960 (Figure S21in Appendix S2) Almost all plots are georeferenced (1120686)andthemajorityofplotshavelocationuncertaintyof10morless(FigureS22inAppendixS2)

Vascularplant richnessperplot ranges from1 to723species(median=17species)Themostfrequentrichnessclassisbetween20and25species(FigureS23inAppendixS2)Plotsizeisreportedin654ofplots ranging fromlt1m2 to25hawith amedianof36 m2Whileforestplotshaveplotsizesge100m2andinmostcasesle1000m2 non-forestplots rangebetween5and100m2 (FigureS24 inAppendix S2)Whenusing these size ranges forest plotstendtobericher inspecies(Figure4a)Thefactthatthegradientinrichnessfoundinourplotswasatleastoneorderofmagnitudestronger than differences that could be expected by the differ-encesinplotsizepromptedustoproducethefirstglobalmapsofplot-scalespeciesrichnessseparatelyforforestsandnon-forests(Figure4a)Whileplotswithcompletevascularspeciescompositionarelargelylackingfromthewettropicsfortheremainingbiomestheplot-scalerichnessdatadonotshowthetypicallatitudinalrich-nessgradient ineither formationParticularlyspecies-richforestsarefoundinthewetsubtropics(suchasSEUnitedStatesTaiwanandtheEastcoastofAustralia)aswellasinsomemountainousre-gionsofthenemoralandsteppicbiomesofEurasiaLikewisenon-forest communities have a particularly high mean vascular plantspeciesinmountainousregionsofthenemoralandsteppicbiomesofEurasia

CWMjk =

nksum

i

piktij

CWVjk =

nksum

i

pik(tijminusCWMjk)2


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

F IGURE 3emspGlobalcoverageofsPlot21(a)Contributingdatabasesidentifiedbydifferentcolourswithindicationofthetwodataaggregators(EVATAVA)andafewparticularlylargeindividualdatabases(b)availableplotnumbersperWWFEcoregionand(c)availableplotdensityingridcellsof100kmtimes100km


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

F IGURE 4emspExamplesofglobalcommunity-levelpatternsthatcanbederivedfrom(a)sPlotaloneand(bndashd)sPlotcombinedwithTRYhereshownasrawdataaveragedby1-degreegridcellsThereareonlyaveryfewcells(142outof2633)comprisingonlyasingleplotForthemapsonlyplotswithfullvascularspeciescompositionandspatialaccuracylt5kmwereusedTheyarebasedon148474and218051plotsforforestsandnon-forestsrespectivelyNotethatthesemapsarenotcorrectedforbiasescausedbythefactsthatnotallcommunitytypeswererecordedinallgridcellsandthatplotsizesaswellasthefractionofspecieswithavailabletraitdatavariedspatiallyMapsshowpatternsof(a)fine-grainalphadiversityexpressedasvascularplantspeciesrichness(onlyplotswithplotsizesof100ndash1000msup2forforestsand5ndash100msup2fornon-forests)(b)community-weightedmeans(CWMs)forloge-transformedtraitvaluesofspecificleafarea(SLAm

2kg)(c)plantheight(m)and(d)seedmass(mg)


BRUELHEIDE Et aL


Thephylogenetic treeforsPlotwasproducedfrom53489vascu-larplantnamescontainedinthedatabasecomprising5518genera(AppendixS7)ModeratelytohighlyfrequentspeciesinsPlot21areequallydistributedacrossthephylogeny(correspondingtoyellow-ishtoreddishcolorsforlowandhighpeaksrespectivelyinFigureS76 inAppendixS7)Coverageof species included in thephylog-eny ranges from 89 of species that occur only once in all plotsto100ofspecieswithafrequencygt10000plots (FigureS77 inAppendixS7)

33emsp|emspFunctional information

Theproportionofspecieswithtraitinformationincreaseswiththespeciesrsquo frequency inplotsGap-filledtrait information isavailablefor772and962fortaxathatoccurred inmorethan100and1000 plots respectively Trait coverage is similar across biomes(FigureS88 inAppendixS8)Acrossallbiomes theproportionofspeciesforwhichgap-filledtraitdataareavailableincreaseswiththespeciesrsquo frequencyacrossplotsCompared togap-filleddata traitcoveragefortheoriginaltraitdataisconsiderablylowerbeinghigh-estforheightseedmassleafareaandspecificleafarea(SLAFigureS89inAppendixS8)

Thehighrepresentationofthe18traitsinthegap-filledtraitdataandthehighdegreeoftraitcoverageforfrequentspeciesacrossallbiomes(gt75)madeusconfidenttoproducethefirstmapsofglobalpatternsofcommunity-weightedmeans(CWMs)(Figure4bndashd)ThemapsshowthemaintraitdimensionsofSLAheightandseedmassseparatelyforforestsandnon-forestsforthoseregionsoftheworldthat are already sufficiently covered by sPlot data AccordinglyCWMsofSLAarequitesimilarforforestandnon-forestplotsbeinghighest inwesternNorthAmericaandEuropeand lowest ineast-ernNorthAmericaEastandSouthAustralia(Figure4b)Non-forestvegetation shows lowest CWMs of SLA in the desert regions oftheNamibandSinaiForestswithhighestCWMsofcanopyheightare foundalong thewesternandeasterncoastofNorthAmericasomeregionsinEuropeEastAsiaandsouthernAustralia(Figure4c)Theseareasonlypartlycoincidewiththoseofhighestseedmassesfor forestswhile seedmass in non-forests is highest in the east-ernMediterraneanBasinandinCentralAsia(Figure4d)Thecorre-spondingpatternsforCWVareshowninFigureS910inAppendixS9

4emsp |emspDATA USAGE

ThesPlotdatabase(thevegetation-plotdataincludingtheenviron-mental informationforeachplotandthespeciesphylogeny) is re-leasedinfixedversionstoallowreproducibilityofresultsbutalsoduetotheenormouseffortneededfordataintegrationandharmo-nizationandforupdatingthephylogenyBydeliveringfewfixedver-sionswhile keeping older versions available the sPlot consortium

ensuresthatthesamedatacanbeusedinparallelprojectsandthatthedataunderlyingaspecificstudyremainaccessibleinthefuturethusallowingre-analysisEachnewversionwillbematchedtothecurrentTRYdatabase

Dataaccess to sPlot is regulatedby theGovernanceandDataPropertyRules(wwwidivdesPlot)toensureafairbalancebetweenthe interests of data contributors and data analysts In brief thesPlotRulesstatethat(a)allcontributingvegetation-plotdatabasesbecomemembersofthesPlotconsortiumrepresentedbytheircus-todian and deputy custodian (b) vegetation-plot data contributedto sPlot remain the property of the data contributors and can bewithdrawnatany timeexcept forapprovedprojects (c)othersci-entists(egdatamanagersorparticipantsofthesPlotworkshops)with particular responsibilitiesmay also be appointed as personalmembers to thesPlotconsortium (d) sPlotdatacanbe requestedforprojects that involveat leastonememberof thesPlotconsor-tium(e)wheneveraprojecthasbeenproposedallsPlotconsortiummemberswillbeinformedandcandeclaretheirinterestinbecomingco-authorsofmanuscriptsresultingfromthisprojectandthenbe-comingactivelyinvolvedindataevaluationandwritingand(f)ifalsothematchedgap-filledororiginaltraitdatafromTRYarerequestedforaprojectlikewisemembersfromtheTRYconsortiumcanopt-inasco-authorsThesPlotdatabaseisthereforeavailableaccordingtoa lsquogive-and-receiversquo systemMoreover thedataareavailable toany researcherbyestablishingacollaboration that includesand issupportedbyatleastonesPlotconsortiummember

The sPlot consortium is governed by a Steering Committeeelectedbyallconsortiummembersfortwo-yearrenewabletermsProject proposals can be submitted to the Steering CommitteewhichensuresthatthesPlotRulesarefollowedandredundantworkbetween overlapping projects is avoided The lists of databasessPlot consortiummembers and the SteeringCommitteemembersareupdatedregularlyonthesPlotwebsiteasarethesPlotRulesandthelistofapprovedprojects

5emsp |emspEXPECTED IMPACT AND LIMITATIONS

Themain aim of the sPlot database is to catalyze a collaborativenetwork forunderstandingglobaldiversitypatternsofplantcom-munities in space and time sPlot provides a unique integratedglobal repository of data that would otherwise be fragmented inunconnected and structurally inconsistent databases at regionalnational or continental levels Togetherwith the provision of har-monized phylogenetic functional and environmental informationsPlotallowsforthefirsttimeglobalanalysesofplantcommunitydataComparedtoapproachesusingdataaggregatedfromspeciesoccurrences ingridcellssPlotwillsignificantlyadvanceecologicalanalysesandfutureinterdisciplinaryresearchinatleastfourdiffer-ent ways

1 Using sPlot one can predict the species that can co-exist ina community and also the frequencies of their co-occurrence


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

(Breitschwerdt Jandt amp Bruelheide 2015) or niche overlap(Broennimann etal 2012) In addition emerging tools such asMarkovnetworkscanbeusedtoinferstrengthsofinterspecificinteractions (Harris 2016) When investigating community as-sembly rules the same information can be used to derivespeciespoolsforspecificvegetationtypes(deBelloetal2016Karger etal 2016 Lewis Szava-Kovats amp Paumlrtel 2016)Moreover the co-occurrence data from sPlot can be used toaddress fundamental patterns and drivers of plant invasionsbetter than information on large geographic entities (eg vanKleunen etal 2015) alone could

2 sPlot data canbe aggregated across all typesof plots by gridcellsecoregionsenvironmentorevenvegetationtypeorforma-tionFurthermorereplicatedplotswithingridcellsecoregionsoranyothersubdivisionofenvironmentalconditionsorvegetationtypesallowuserstoderivemeasuresofcompositionaldifferencesbetween plant communities within grid cells (= beta diversityTable1)Thusthecommunitydataareanimportantcomplementto regional-scale species occurrence data (eg Enquist etal2016KreftampJetz2007)

3 sPlotdataprovideinformationontheproportionofspeciesinacommunity(intermsofcoverbasalareafrequency)Whencom-binedwithfunctionaltraitinformationrelativeabundanceofspe-ciesallowscalculationofcommunityabundance-weightedmeantraitvalues (Bruelheideetal2018) Informationontherelativecontributionofspeciestoacommunity-aggregatedtraitvalueisparticularlynecessarywhentraitsareusedasproxiesforvegeta-tionfunctionsandprocessesallowingtotestamongotherthingsthemassratiohypothesis(Garnieretal2004Grime1998)andtoassess the rolesofdivergent traits (Diacuteazetal 2007Kroumlberetal2015)

4 Plantspecieswithinplotscanbelinkedtotraitsthatpredictinter-actionswithorganisms fromother trophic groupsbothbelow-ground (mycorrhizae soil decomposers) and above-ground(herbivoresandpollinators)Thiswillallowlinkingvegetationplotinformation to ecosystem processes and services such as pestcontrolpollinationandnutrientcycling(egdeBelloetal2010)

Despitethe largeamountofavailabledataand itspotentialsuit-abilityforglobalresearchanumberoflimitationsmustbeconsideredbyfutureusersofsPlotsuchas(a)biasestowardscertainregionsandcommunities (b)near-complete lackofplotswithcompletevascularplant species composition for certain regions (eg thewet tropics)(c) identificationorsamplingerrorsbythesurveyorsandincompleterecordsbecausethedetectionofsomespeciesmaybeprecludedincertainseasonsbytheirphenology(d)taxonomicuncertaintyparticu-larlyinthetropics(e)stronglyvaryingplotsizesemployedindifferentstudiesandregions(f)lackoftraitmeasuresattheplotlevelForex-amplepatternsofdiversitycomponentsaretypicallyaffectedbygrainsizeThismeansthatusingsPlotdataforsuchstudieseitherrequiresfiltering forplotswith identicalorat least similar sizeoraccountingfortheplot-sizeeffectsinthestatisticalmodelInadditionanalysesof functional diversity with sPlot data are limited by the absence of

traitdatafora(small)portionofthespeciesandbythelackofplot-specifictraitmeasuresFurthermorethenon-randomandgeographi-callyandecologicallyveryunequaldistributionoftheplotscontainedin sPlot call for stratified resampling tobalance recordsofdifferentenvironments(egstratifiedbyclimateFigure2)orphysiognomicfor-mations(Figure4)UsersofsPlotneedtobeawareoftheseandotherlimitationsand tocorrectpotentialbiases for their specific researchquestion

6emsp |emspCONCLUSION

sPlotisauniqueglobaldatabaseofplantcommunityrecordssam-pledwithrelativelysimilarmethodswidelyusedinvegetationecol-ogyThe integrationofco-occurrencedata intoaunifieddatabasethatcanbedirectlylinkedtoenvironmentalfunctionalandphyloge-neticinformationmakessPlotanunprecedentedandessentialtoolforanalyzingglobalplantdiversity thestructureofplantcommu-nitiesandtheco-occurrenceofplantspeciesThecompatibilityofthis consolidated databasewith other global databases eg via ajointtaxonomicbackbonewithTRYandtheGlobalNaturalizedAlienFlora (GloNAF vanKleunenetal 2015) (via taxonnames) or viastandardizedgeo-referencewithdatabasesofenvironmentalinfor-mationsuchasCHELSAWorldClimorSoilGrids (Bruelheideetal2018)facilitatesdataintegrationandcreatesnewresearchoppor-tunitiesTheadaptivemanagementofthedatabaseemployedbythesPlotconsortiumallowsregularincorporationofnewdataresultinginadynamicplatformforstoringandanalyzing themostcompre-hensivecompilationofplantcommunitydataworldwide

ACKNOWLEDG EMENTS

We are grateful to thousands of vegetation scientistswho sam-pledvegetationplots in the fieldordigitized them into regionalnational or international databasesWe also appreciate the sup-portoftheGermanResearchFoundationforfundingsPlotasoneoftheiDiv(DFGFZT118)researchplatformsandtheorganizationofthreeworkshopsthroughthesDivcallsWeacknowledgethissupportwithnamingthedatabaseldquosPlotrdquowheretheldquosrdquoreferstothe sDiv synthesis workshops The studywas supported by theTRY initiativeonplant traits (httpwwwtry-dborg) For all fur-theracknowledgementsseeAppendixS10WethankMeelisPaumlrtelforhisveryfastandconstructivefeedbackonanearlierversionofthismanuscript

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

HBruhadtheoriginalideaandledtheconsortiumfromthestartwhileOPuandJDcoordinatedthesPlotworkshopsJDSMHandUJcompiledthedatabasestobeincludedinsPlotJDandlaterBJ-AandFMScoordinatedthenetworkandthedatabaseOPpreparedthetaxonomicandphylogeneticdataSMHprogrammedtheTurbovegsoftwareBSaFJHBruJDJKMChandVDP


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

organizedthenetworkintheSteeringCommitteeBJ-AandHBruled the writing together with JD and input from SMH OPuMChFJ JKVDPBSa IAu IBRKPRFSHUJ JLGPFMSMSFSandMWTherestofauthors(orderedalpha-betically)contributedtheplotandtraitdataAllauthorsagreedwiththefinalmanuscript

DATA ACCE SSIBILIT Y

ThedatacontainedinsPlot(thevegetation-plotdatacomplementedbyspeciesphylogenyandenvironmentalinformation)areavailableonrequestthroughcontactinganyoftheconsortiummembersforsub-mittingapaperproposalTheproposalsshouldfollowtheGovernanceandDataPropertyRulesofthesPlotWorkingGroupwhichareavail-ableonthesPlotwebsite(wwwidivdesPlot)AfteracceptancetherespectivedatawillbeprovidedInadditiontotheplotdataCWMsandCWVsof18planttraitsareavailableforeveryplot

ORCID

Helge Bruelheide httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3135-0356

Juumlrgen Dengler httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3221-660X

Borja Jimeacutenez-Alfaro httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6601-9597

Oliver Purschke httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0444-0882

Milan Chytryacute httpsorcidorg0000-0002-8122-3075

Valeacuterio D Pillar httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6408-2891

Jens Kattge httpsorcidorg0000-0002-1022-8469

Idoia Biurrun httpsorcidorg0000-0002-1454-0433

Richard Field httpsorcidorg0000-0003-2613-2688

Jonathan Lenoir httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0638-9582

Robert K Peet httpsorcidorg0000-0003-2823-6587

Francesco Maria Sabatini httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7202-7697

Marco Schmidt httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6087-6117

Franziska Schrodt httpsorcidorg0000-0001-9053-8872

Emiliano Agrillo httpsorcidorg0000-0003-2346-8346

Miguel Alvarez httpsorcidorg0000-0003-1500-1834

Pierangela Angelini httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5321-9757

Mohammed A S Arfin Khan httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6275-7023

Fabio Attorre httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7744-2195

Michael Beckmann httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5678-265X

Yves Bergeron httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3707-3687

Erwin Bergmeier httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6118-4611

Zoltaacuten Botta-Dukaacutet httpsorcidorg0000-0002-9544-3474

Chaeho Byun httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3209-3275

Laura Casella httpsorcidorg0000-0003-2550-3010

Luis Cayuela httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3562-2662

Tomaacuteš Černyacute httpsorcidorg0000-0003-2637-808X

Victor Chepinoga httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3809-7453

Jaacutenos Csiky httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7920-5070

Els De Bie httpsorcidorg0000-0001-7679-743X

Michele De Sanctis httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7280-6199

Jaime Faguacutendez httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6605-7278

Xavier Font httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7253-8905

Estelle Forey httpsorcidorg0000-0001-6082-3023

Andreacute Luis Gasper httpsorcidorg0000-0002-1940-9581

Alvaro G Gutierrez httpsorcidorg0000-0001-8928-3198

Tianhua He httpsorcidorg0000-0002-0924-3637

Pedro Higuchi httpsorcidorg0000-0002-3855-555X

Norbert Houmllzel httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6367-3400

Steven Jansen httpsorcidorg0000-0002-4476-5334

Martin Jiroušek httpsorcidorg0000-0002-4293-478X

Norbert Juumlrgens httpsorcidorg0000-0003-3211-0549

Ali Kavgacı httpsorcidorg0000-0002-4549-3668

Elizabeth Kearsley httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0046-3606

Michael Kessler httpsorcidorg0000-0003-4612-9937

Ingolf Kuumlhn httpsorcidorg0000-0003-1691-8249

Flavia Landucci httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6848-0384

Ching-Feng Li httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0744-490X

Peter Manning httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7940-2023

Corrado Marcenograve httpsorcidorg0000-0003-4361-5200

Maurizio Mencuccini httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0840-1477

Vanessa Minden httpsorcidorg0000-0002-4933-5931

Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund httpsorcidorg0000-0001-8591-7149

Marco Moretti httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5845-3198

Jeacuterocircme Munzinger httpsorcidorg0000-0001-5300-2702

Uumllo Niinemets httpsorcidorg0000-0002-3078-2192

Arkadiusz Nowak httpsorcidorg0000-0001-8638-0208

Gerhard E Overbeck httpsorcidorg0000-0002-8716-5136

Wim A Ozinga httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6369-7859

Hristo Pedashenko httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6743-0625

Josep Pentildeuelas httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7215-0150

Aaron Peacuterez-Haase httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5974-7374

Petr Petřiacutek httpsorcidorg0000-0001-8518-6737

Oliver L Phillips httpsorcidorg0000-0002-8993-6168

Cyrus Samimi httpsorcidorg0000-0001-7001-7893

Jozef Šibiacutek httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5949-862X

Željko Škvorc httpsorcidorg0000-0002-3052-699X


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

Jens-Christian Svenning httpsorcidorg0000-0002-3415-0862

Grzegorz Swacha httpsorcidorg0000-0002-6380-2954

Emin Ugurlu httpsorcidorg0000-0003-0824-1426

Eduardo Veacutelez-Martin httpsorcidorg0000-0001-8028-8953

Roberto Venanzoni httpsorcidorg0000-0002-7768-0468

Risto Virtanen httpsorcidorg0000-0002-8295-8217

Evan Weiher httpsorcidorg0000-0002-5375-9964

Timothy Whitfeld httpsorcidorg0000-0003-1850-6432

Susan Wiser httpsorcidorg0000-0002-8938-8181

R E FE R E N C E S

AćićSPetrovićMŠilcUampDajićStevanovićZ(2012)VegetationdatabaseGrasslandVegetationofSerbia In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4418httpsdoiorg107809b-e00206

AgrilloEAlessiNMassimiMSpadaFDeSanctisMFrancesconiF hellip Attorre F (2017) Nationwide Vegetation Plot Database ndashSapienzaUniversityofRomestateoftheartbasicfiguresandfutureperspectivesPhytocoenologia47221ndash229httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170139

APGIII(2009)AnupdateoftheAngiospermPhylogenyGroupclassifica-tionfortheordersandfamiliesoffloweringplantsAPGIIIBotanical Journal of the Linnean Society161105ndash121

Apostolova I SopotlievaD PedashenkoH VelevNampVasilev K(2012)BulgarianVegetationDatabasehistoricbackgroundcurrentstatusandfutureprospects In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation data-bases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4141ndash148httpsdoiorg107809b-e

AubinIGachetSMessierCampBouchardA(2007)Howresilientarenorthernhardwood forests tohumandisturbanceAnevaluationusingaplantfunctionalgroupapproachEcoscience14259ndash271httpsdoiorg1029801195-6860(2007)14[259hranhf]20co2

Beck J Ballesteros-Mejia L Buchmann C M Dengler J FritzS A Gruber B hellip Dormann C F (2012) Whats on the hori-zon for macroecology Ecography 35 673ndash683 httpsdoiorg101111j1600-0587201207364x

BiurrunIGarciacutea-MijangosICamposJAHerreraMampLoidiJ(2012)Vegetation-PlotDatabaseof theUniversityof theBasqueCountry(BIOVEG)In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4 328 httpsdoiorg107809b-e 00121

BoakesEHMcGowanPJFullerRAChang-qingDClarkNEOConnorKampMaceGM(2010)Distortedviewsofbiodiversityspatial and temporalbias in speciesoccurrencedataPLoS Biology8(6)e1000385

Borchardt P amp SchickhoffU (2012) VegetationDatabase of South-WesternKyrgyzstanndash thewalnut-wildfruit forestsandalpinepas-tures In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st cen-tury Biodiversity amp Ecology4309httpsdoiorg107809b-e

BorgyBViolleCCholerPDenellePMunozFKattgeJhellipGarnierE(2017)PlantcommunitystructureandnitrogeninputsmodulatetheclimatesignalonleaftraitsGlobal Ecology and Biogeography261138ndash1152httpsdoiorg101111geb12623

BoyleBHopkinsNLuZRaygozaGarayJAMozzherinDReesThellipEnquistBJ (2013)ThetaxonomicnameresolutionserviceAnonlinetool forautomatedstandardizationofplantnamesBMC Bioinformatics1416httpsdoiorg1011861471-2105-14-16

BreitschwerdtEJandtUampBruelheideH(2015)Donewcomersstickto the rulesof the residentsDesigning trait-basedcommunityas-sembly tests Journal of Vegetation Science26219ndash232httpsdoiorg101111jvs12235

Brisse H de Ruffray P Grandjouan G amp Hoff M (1995) ThePhytosociologicalDatabaseldquoSOPHYrdquoPart1CalibrationofindicatorplantsPartIISocio-ecologicalclassificationofthereleveacutesAnnali di Botanica53177ndash223

Broennimann O Fitzpatrick M C Pearman P B Petitpierre BPellissierLYoccozNGhellipGuisanA (2012)Measuringecolog-icalnicheoverlapfromoccurrenceandspatialenvironmentaldataGlobal Ecology and Biogeography21481ndash497

BruelheideHBoumlhnkeMBothSFangTAssmannTBaruffolMhellipSchmidB(2011)CommunityassemblyduringsecondaryforestsuccessioninaChinesesubtropicalforestEcological Monographs8125ndash41httpsdoiorg10189009-21721

BruelheideHDengler J PurschkeO Lenoir J Jimeacutenez-AlfaroBHennekensSMhellipJandtU (2018)Globaltraitndashenvironmentre-lationships of plant communities Nature Ecology and Evolution 21906ndash1917httpsdoiorg101038s41559-018-0699-8

Butler E E Datta A Flores-Moreno H Chen MWythers K RFazayeliFhellipReichPB(2017)Mappinglocalandglobalvariabil-ity in plant trait distributionsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 E10937ndashE10946httpsdoiorg101073pnas1708984114

Casella L Bianco P M Angelini P amp Morroni E (2012) ItalianNational Vegetation Database (BVNISPRA) In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4404httpsdoiorg107809b-e

CayuelaLGaacutelvez-BravoLPeacuterezPeacuterezRAlbuquerqueFSGolicherDJZahawiRAhellipZamoraR(2012)TheTreeBiodiversityNetwork(BIOTREE-NET)prospectsforbiodiversityresearchandconservationintheNeotropicsIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4211ndash224httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Cayuela L Stein A amp Oksanen J (2017) Taxonstand Taxonomic Standardization of Plant Species Names R package version 20 RetrievedfromhttpsCRANR-projectorgpackage=Taxonstand

ČernyacuteTKopeckyacuteMPetřiacutekPSongJ-SŠrůtekMValachovičMhellipDoležalJ(2015)ClassificationofKoreanforestspatternsalonggeographicandenvironmentalgradientsApplied Vegetation Science185ndash22

Chamberlain S (2017) rgbif Interface to the Global lsquoBiodiversityrsquo Information Facility lsquoAPIrsquo R package version 098 Retrieved from httpsCRANR-projectorgpackage=rgbif

ChepinogaVV(2012)WetlandVegetationDatabaseofBaikalSiberia(WETBS)In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st cen-tury Biodiversity amp Ecology4311httpsdoiorg107809b-e

ChytryacuteM(2012)DatabaseofMasarykUniversitysVegetationResearchinSiberia In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st cen-tury Biodiversity amp Ecology4290httpsdoiorg107809b-e

ChytryacuteMHennekensSMJimeacutenez-AlfaroBKnollovaacute IDenglerJ Jansen F hellip Yamalov S (2016) European Vegetation Archive(EVA)AnintegrateddatabaseofEuropeanvegetationplotsApplied Vegetation Science19173ndash180httpsdoiorg101111avsc12191

Chytryacute M amp Rafajovaacute M (2003) Czech National PhytosociologicalDatabase basic statistics of the available vegetation-plot dataPreslia751ndash15


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CostelloMJWilsonSampHouldingB(2012)Predictingtotalglobalspecies richness using rates of species description and estimatesof taxonomic effort Systematic Biology 61 871ndash883 httpsdoiorg101093sysbiosyr080

Currie D J Mittelbach G G Cornell H V Field R Gueacutegan J-FHawkins BAhellipTurner J RG (2004) Predictions and testsof climate-based hypotheses of broad-scale variation in tax-onomic richness Ecology Letters 7 1121ndash1134 httpsdoiorg101111j1461-0248200400671x

Davies T J Kraft N J B Salamin N amp Wolkovich E M (2012)Incompletely resolved phylogenetic trees inflate estimates ofphylogenetic conservatism Ecology 93 242ndash247 httpsdoiorg10189011-13601

deBelloFFibichPZelenyacuteDKopeckyacuteMMudraacutekOChytryacuteMhellipPaumlrtelM(2016)Measuringsizeandcompositionofspeciespoolsa comparison of dark diversity estimatesEcology and Evolution64088ndash4101httpsdoiorg101002ece32169

de Bello F Lavorel S Diacuteaz S Harrington R Cornelissen J HC Bardgett R D hellip Harrison P A (2010) Towards an assess-ment ofmultiple ecosystem processes and services via functionaltraits Biodiversity and Conservation 19 2873ndash2893 httpsdoiorg101007s10531-010-9850-9

DeSanctisMampAttorreF(2012)SocotraVegetationDatabaseIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4315httpsdoiorg107809b-e

De SanctisM Fanelli GMullaj A ampAttorre F (2017) Vegetationdatabase of Albania Phytocoenologia 47 107ndash108 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170178

DeeDPUppalaSMSimmonsAJBerrisfordPPoliPKobayashiShellipVitartF(2011)TheERAInterimreanalysisconfigurationandperformanceofthedataassimilationsystemQuarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society137553ndash597httpsdoiorg101002qj828

Dengler J Jansen F Gloumlckler F Peet R K De Caacuteceres MChytryacuteMhellipSpencerN (2011)TheGlobal IndexofVegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD) a new resource for vegetation sci-ence Journal of Vegetation Science 22 582ndash597 httpsdoiorg101111j1654-1103201101265x

DenglerJampRūsiņaS(2012)DatabaseDryGrasslandsintheNordicandBaltic region In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4 319ndash320 httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Diacuteaz S Lavorel S deBello FQueacutetier FGrigulis K ampRobson TM (2007) Incorporating plant functional diversity effects in eco-system service assessments Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America10420684ndash20689httpsdoiorg101073pnas0704716104

DimopoulosPampTsiripidisI(2012)HellenicNatura2000VegetationDatabase (HelNAtVeg) In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation data-bases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4388httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Ellenberg H amp Muumlller-Dombois D (1967) Tentative physiognomic-ecological classification of plant formations on earth Berichte des Geobotanischen Institutes der Eidg Techn Hochschule Stiftung Ruumlbel37(196566)21ndash55

Elmendorf S C Henry G H R Hollister R D Bjoumlrk R GBoulanger-LapointeNCooperEJhellipWipfS(2012)Plot-scaleevidenceoftundravegetationchangeandlinkstosummerwarm-ingNature Climate Change2 453ndash457httpsdoiorg101038nclimate1465

Engemann K Sandel B Enquist B J Joslashrgensen P M Kraft NMarcuse-KubitzaAhellipSvenningJ-C(2016)Patternsanddriversof

plantfunctionalgroupdominanceacrosstheWesternHemisphereamacroecologicalre-assessmentbasedonamassivebotanicaldata-set Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society180141ndash160httpsdoiorg101111boj12362

Enquist B J Condit R Peet R K SchildhauerM amp Thiers BM(2016) Cyberinfrastructure for an integrated botanical informa-tionnetworktoinvestigatetheecologicalimpactsofglobalclimatechange on plant biodiversityPeerJ Preprints e2615v1 httpsdoiorg107287peerjpreprints2615v2

EnquistBJNorbergJBonserSPViolleCWebbCTHendersonAhellip Savage VM (2015) Scaling from traits to ecosystems de-velopingageneraltraitdrivertheoryviaintegratingtrait-basedandmetabolicscalingtheoriesAdvances in Ecological Research52249ndash318httpsdoiorg101016bsaecr201502001

Ewald J May R amp Kleikamp M (2012) VegetWeb ndash the nationalonline-repositoryofvegetationplotsfromGermanyIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4173ndash175httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Fazayeli F Banerjee A Kattge J Schrodt F amp Reich P B (2017)BHPMF Uncertainty Quantified Matrix Completion using Bayesian Hierarchical Matrix Factorization R Package Version 10 Retrieved fromhttpsrdrriocranBHPMF

FederhenS (2010)The taxonomyproject In JMcEntyreamp JOstell(Eds)The NCBI handbook [Internet] BethesdaMDUSANationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation[Accessed25October2011]Retrievedfromhttpwwwncbinlmnihgovguidetaxonomy

Finckh M (2012) Vegetation Database of Southern Morocco In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4297httpsdoiorg107809b-e

FotiadisGTsiripidisIBergmeierEampDimopoulosP(2012)HellenicWoodlandDatabase In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4 389 httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Franklin J Serra-Diaz J M Syphard A D amp Regan HM (2017)Bigdataforforecastingtheimpactsofglobalchangeonplantcom-munities Global Ecology and Biogeography 26 6ndash17 httpsdoiorg101111geb12501

FranzNMPeetRKampWeakleyAS (2004)Ontheuseoftaxo-nomic concepts in support of biodiversity and taxonomy InQDWheeler(Ed)The new taxonomy(pp63ndash86)BocaRatonFLUSATaylorampFrancis

GarnierECortez JBillegravesGNavasM-LRoumetCDebusscheMhellipToussaintJ-P(2004)Plantfunctionalmarkerscaptureeco-systempropertiesduringsecondarysuccessionEcology852630ndash2637httpsdoiorg10189003-0799

Gaston K J Blackburn T M Greenwood J J D Gregory R DQuinn R M amp Lawton J H (2000) Abundancendashoccupancy re-lationships Journal of Applied Ecology 37 39ndash59 httpsdoiorg101046j1365-2664200000485x

GastonKJampCurnuttJL(1998)ThedynamicsofabundancendashrangesizerelationshipsOikos8138ndash44httpsdoiorg1023073546465

Golub V Sorokin A Starichkova K Nikolaychuk L BondarevaV amp Ivakhnova T (2012) Lower Volga Valley PhytosociologicalDatabase In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st cen-tury Biodiversity amp Ecology4419

GrimeJP(1998)Benefitsofplantdiversitytoecosystemsimmediatefilter and founder effects Journal of Ecology86902ndash910httpsdoiorg101046j1365-2745199800306x

Harris D J (2016) Inferring species interactions from co-occurrencedata with Markov networks Ecology 97 3308ndash3314 httpsdoiorg101002ecy1605


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

HatimM(2012)VegetationDatabaseofSinaiinEgyptIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4303httpsdoiorg107809b-e

HennekensSMampSchamineacutee JH J (2001)TURBOVEGa com-prehensive data base management system for vegetation dataJournal of Vegetation Science 12 589ndash591 httpsdoiorg 1023073237010

HijmansRJCameronSEParraJLJonesPGampJarvisA(2005)Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global landareas International Journal of Climatology251965ndash1978httpsdoiorg101002(issn)1097-0088

IbanezTMunzingerJDagostiniGHequetVRigaultFJaffreacuteTampBirnbaumP(2014)StructuralandfloristicdiversityofmixedrainforestinNewCaledoniaNewdatafromtheNewCaledonianPlant Inventory and Permanent Plot Network (NC-PIPPN)Applied Vegetation Science17 386ndash397httpsdoiorg101111avsc12070

IndreicaA TurtureanuPD SzaboacuteAamp Irimia I (2017)RomanianForest Database a phytosociological archive of woody vege-tation Phytocoenologia 47 389ndash393 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170201

iPlant Collaborative (2015) The Taxonomic Name Resolution Service Version 40[Accessed20September2015]Retrievedfromhttptnrsiplantcollaborativeorg

Jandt U amp Bruelheide H (2012) German Vegetation ReferenceDatabase (GVRD) In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4 355 httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Jandt U vonWehrden H amp Bruelheide H (2011) Exploring largevegetation databases to detect temporal trends in species oc-currences Journal of Vegetation Science 22 957ndash972 httpsdoiorg101111j1654-1103201101318x

JansenFampDenglerJ (2010)Plantnames invegetationdatabasesndashaneglectedsourceofbiasJournal of Vegetation Science211179ndash1186httpsdoiorg101111j1654-1103201001209x

JansenFDengler JampBergC (2012)VegMVndash thevegetationda-tabase of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4149ndash160httpsdoiorg107809b-e

JanszligenTSchmidtMDresslerSHahnKHienMKonateacuteShellipZizkaG(2011)Addressingdatapropertyrightsconcernsandpro-viding incentives forcollaborativedatapooling theWestAfricanVegetation Database approach Journal of Vegetation Science 22614ndash620httpsdoiorg101111j1654-1103201101271x

Jimeacutenez-Alfaro B GirardelloM ChytryacuteM Svenning J-CWillnerW Geacutegout J-C hellipWohlgemuth T (2018) History and environ-ment shape species pools and community diversity in Europeanbeech forests Nature Ecology amp Evolution2 483ndash490 httpsdoiorg101038s41559-017-0462-6

Kącki Z amp Śliwiński M (2012) The Polish Vegetation Databasestructure resources and developmentActa Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae8175ndash79httpsdoiorg105586asbp2012014

KargerDNConradOBoumlhner JKawohlTKreftHSoria-AuzaRWhellipKesslerM(2017)ClimatologiesathighresolutionfortheearthslandsurfaceareasScientific Data4Article170122httpsdoiorg101038sdata2017122

KargerDNCordAFKesslerMKreftHKuumlhn IPompeShellipWesche K (2016)Delineating probabilistic species pools in ecol-ogyandbiogeographyGlobal Ecology and Biogeography25489ndash501httpsdoiorg101111geb12422

Kattge J Diacuteaz S Lavorel S Prentice I C Leadley P BoumlnischG hellip Wirth C (2011) TRY ndash a global database of plant

traits Global Change Biology 17 2905ndash2935 httpsdoiorg101111j1365-2486201102451x

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KoumlrnerCJetzWPaulsenJPayneDRudmann-MaurerKampSpehnEM (2017)Aglobal inventoryofmountains forbio-geographicalapplications Alpine Botany 127 1ndash15 httpsdoiorg101007s00035-016-0182-6

KreftHampJetzW(2007)GlobalpatternsanddeterminantsofvascularplantdiversityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1045925ndash5930httpsdoiorg101073pnas0608361104

Kroumlber W Li Y Haumlrdtle W Ma K Schmid B Schmidt K hellipBruelheideH (2015) Early subtropical forest growth is drivenbycommunity mean trait values and functional diversity rather than the abiotic environment Ecology and Evolution5 3541ndash3556 httpsdoiorg101002ece31604

Kuzemko A (2012) Ukrainian Grasslands Database In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4430httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Laacutejer K Botta-Dukaacutet Z Csiky J Horvaacuteth F Szmorad F BagiI hellip Reacutedei T (2008) Hungarian Phytosociological database(COENODATREF)samplingmethodologynomenclatureanditsac-tualstageAnnali di Botanica Nuova Serie7197ndash201

LamannaCBlonderBViolleCKraftNJBSandelBŠiacutemovaacuteIhellipEnquistBJ(2014)Functionaltraitspaceandthelatitudinaldiver-sitygradientProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America11113745ndash13750httpsdoiorg101073pnas1317722111

LanducciFAcostaATRAgrilloEAttorreFBiondiECambriaVEhellipVenanzoniR(2012)VegItalyTheItaliancollaborativeprojectforanationalvegetationdatabasePlant Biosystems146756ndash763httpsdoiorg101080112635042012740093

Landucci F Řezniacutečkovaacute M Šumberovaacute K Chytryacute M Aunina LBiţă-NicolaeChellipWillnerW (2015)WetVegEuropeAdatabaseof aquatic andwetland vegetation of EuropePhytocoenologia45187ndash194httpsdoiorg101127phyto20150050

Lenoir JGraaeB JAarrestadPAAlsos IGArmbrusterWSAustrheimGhellipSvenningJ-C(2013)LocaltemperaturesinferredfromplantcommunitiessuggeststrongspatialbufferingofclimatewarmingacrossNorthernEuropeGlobal Change Biology191470ndash1481httpsdoiorg101111gcb12129

LessardJ-PBelmakerJMyersJAChaseJMampRahbekC(2012)Inferring local ecological processes amid species pool influencesTrends in Ecology amp Evolution27600ndash607httpsdoiorg101016jtree201207006

Lewis R J Szava-Kovats R amp PaumlrtelM (2016) Estimating dark di-versity and species pools an empirical assessment of two meth-ods Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7 104ndash113 httpsdoiorg1011112041-210x12443

Liu H Cui H Pott R amp Speier M (2000) Vegetation of thewoodland-steppe ecotone in southeastern Inner MongoliaChina Journal of Vegetation Science 11 525ndash532 httpsdoiorg1023073246582

Lopez-Gonzalez G Lewis S L Burkitt M amp Phillips O L (2011)ForestPlotsnetawebapplicationandresearchtooltomanageandanalyse tropical forest plot data Journal of Vegetation Science22610ndash613httpsdoiorg101111j1654-1103201101312x

Lysenko T Kalmykova O amp Mitroshenkova A (2012) VegetationDatabase of the Volga and the Ural Rivers Basins In J DenglerJ Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ


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MaitnerBSBoyleBCaslerNConditRDonoghue II JDuraacutenSM hellip Enquist B J (2018) The BIEN R package A tool to ac-cess the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) da-tabase Methods in Ecology and Evolution 9 373ndash379 httpsdoiorg1011112041-210x12861

Marcenograve C amp Jimeacutenez-Alfaro B (2017) The MediterraneanAmmophiletea Database a comprehensive dataset of coastal dunevegetationPhytocoenologia4795ndash105

Moeslund J E Brunbjerg A K Clausen K K Dalby LFloslashjgaard C Juel A amp Lenoir J (2017) Using dark diver-sity and plant characteristics to guide conservation and resto-ration Journal of Applied Ecology 54 1730ndash1741 httpsdoiorg1011111365-266412867

MucheGSchmiedelUampJuumlrgensN(2012)BIOTASouthernAfricaBiodiversity Observatories Vegetation Database In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4111ndash123httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Muumlller J (2003) Zur Vegetationsoumlkologie der Savannenlandschaften im Sahel Burkina FasosPhDthesisFBBiologieundInformatikJW Goethe-Universitaumlt Frankfurt aM Frankfurt am MainGermany

NowakANobisMNowakSNobisASwachaGampKąckiZ(2017)VegetationofMiddleAsiatheprojectstateoftheartaftertenyearsof survey and future perspectives Phytocoenologia 47 395ndash400httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170208

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PaumlrtelMBennettJAampZobelM(2016)Macroecologyofbiodiver-sity disentangling local and regional effectsNew Phytologist211404ndash410httpsdoiorg101111nph13943

PauchardAFuentesNJimeacutenezABustamanteRampMarticorenaA (2013) Alien plants homogenise protected areas evidencefrom the landscape and regional scales in south central Chile InL-C Foxcroft P Pyšek D M Richardson amp P Genovesi (Eds)Plant invasions in protected areas Patterns problems and challenges (pp 191ndash208) Dordrecht The lrmNetherlands Springer httpsdoiorg101007978-94-007-7750-7

PeetRK LeeMTBoyleMFWentworthTRSchafaleMPampWeakley A S (2012) Vegetation-plot database of theCarolinaVegetation Survey In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4 243ndash253 httpsdoiorg107809b-e

PeetRKLeeMTJenningsMDampFaber-LangendoenD(2012)VegBank ndash a permanent open-access archive for vegetation-plot data In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4 233ndash241 httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Perring M P Bernhardt-Roumlmermann M Baeten L Midolo GBlondeelHDepauwLLanduytDhellipVerheyenK(2018)Globalenvironmentalchangeeffectsonplantcommunitycompositiontra-jectoriesdependuponmanagementlegaciesGlobal Change Biology241722ndash1740httpsdoiorg101111gcb14030

Peterka T Jiroušek M Haacutejek M amp Jimeacutenez-Alfaro B (2015)EuropeanMire Vegetation Database a gap-oriented database forEuropeanfensandbogsPhytocoenologia45291ndash297httpsdoiorg101127phyto20150054

Peyre G Balslev H Martiacute D Sklenaacuteř P Ramsay P Lozano P hellipFont X (2015) VegPaacuteramo a flora and vegetation database forthe Andean paacuteramo Phytocoenologia 45 195ndash201 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20150045

Prokhorov V Rogova T amp KozhevnikovaM (2017) Vegetation da-tabase of Tatarstan Phytocoenologia 47 309ndash313 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170172

Purschke O (2017a) oliverpurschkeTaxonomic_Backbone First release of the workflow to generate the taxonomic backbone for sPlot v21 and TRY v30 Zenodo Retrieved from httpsdoiorg105281zenodo845445

PurschkeO(2017b)Phylogenetic tree for the taxa in sPlot 21 Retrieved fromhttpsgithubcomoliverpurschkesPlot_Phylogeny

QianHampJinY(2016)Anupdatedmegaphylogenyofplantsatoolforgeneratingplantphylogeniesandananalysisofphylogeneticcom-munity structure Journal of Plant Ecology 9 233ndash239 httpsdoiorg101093jpertv047

Reich P B (2014) Theworld-wide lsquofastndashslowrsquo plant economics spec-trum a traits manifesto Journal of Ecology102 275ndash301 httpsdoiorg1011111365-274512211

RevermannRGomesA LGonccedilalvesFMWallenfang JHocheT Juumlrgens N amp Finckh M (2016) Vegetation database of theOkavango Basin Phytocoenologia 46 103ndash104 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20160103

Ricklefs R E (2004) A comprehensive framework for global pat-terns in biodiversity Ecology Letters 7 1ndash15 httpsdoiorg101046j1461-0248200300554x

RūsiņaS(2012)Semi-naturalGrasslandVegetationDatabaseofLatviaInJDenglerJOldelandFJansenMChytryacuteJEwaldMFinckhampJHJSchamineacutee[Eds]Vegetationdatabasesforthe21stcenturyBiodiversityampEcology4409

Samimi C (2003) Das Weidepotential im Gutu-Distrikt (Zimbabwe) ndash Moumlglichkeiten und Grenzen der Modellierung unter Verwendung von Landsat TM-5 Karlsruher Schriften zur Geographie undGeooumlkologie Vol 19 Karlsruhe Germany Institut fuumlr GeographieundGeooumlkologieUniversitaumltKarlsruhe

SchamineacuteeJHJHennekensSMChytryacuteMampRodwellJS(2009)Vegetation-plotdataanddatabasesinEuropeanoverviewPreslia81173ndash185

Schamineacutee JH J Janssen JAMHavemanRHennekens SMHeuvelinkGBMHuiskesHPJampWeedaEJ(2006)Schatten voor de natuur Achtergronden inventaris en toepassingen van de Landelijke Vegetatie Databank Utrecht The Netherlands KNNVUitgeverij

SchmidtM JanszligenTDressler SHahnKHienMKonateacute ShellipZizka G (2012) The West African Vegetation Database In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity and Ecology4105ndash110httpsdoiorg107809b-e

SchrodtFKattge JShanHFazayeliF Joswig JBanerjeeAhellipReich P B (2015) BHPMF ndash a hierarchical Bayesian approach togap-fillingandtraitpredictionformacroecologyandfunctionalbio-geographyGlobal Ecology and Biogeography241510ndash1521httpsdoiorg101111geb12335

SchuldtAAssmannTBrezziMBuscotFEichenbergDGutknechtJhellipBruelheideH(2018)BiodiversityacrosstrophiclevelsdrivesmultifunctionalityinhighlydiverseforestsNature Communications92989httpsdoiorg101038s41467-018-05421-z

Schultz J (2005) The ecozones of the world the ecological divisionsof the geosphere 2nd ed Berlin Germany Springer httpsdoiorg1010073-540-28527-x

Šibiacutek J (2012) SlovakVegetationDatabase In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4429


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SiegBDreesBampDanieumllsFJA(2006)Vegetationandaltitudinalzonation in continentalWest GreenlandMeddelelser om Groslashnland Bioscience571ndash93

ŠilcU(2012)VegetationDatabaseofSloveniaIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology 4428

Šiacutemovaacute I Rueda M amp Hawkins B A (2017) Stress from cold anddroughtasdriversoffunctionaltraitspectrainNorthAmericanan-giospermtreeassemblagesEcology and Evolution77548ndash7559

StančićZ(2012)PhytosociologicalDatabaseofNon-ForestVegetationinCroatiaIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st cen-tury Biodiversity amp Ecology4391

SteinbauerM J Grytnes J-A JurasinskiG Kulonen A Lenoir JPauli H hellipWipf S (2018) Accelerated increase in plant speciesrichness on mountain summits is linked to warmingNature 556231ndash234httpsdoiorg101038s41586-018-0005-6

Swenson N G Enquist B J Pither J Kerkhoff A J Boyle BWeiserMDhellipNolting KM (2012) The biogeography and fil-tering of woody plant functional diversity in North and SouthAmericaGlobal Ecology and Biogeography21798ndash808httpsdoiorg101111j1466-8238201100727x

SwensonNGWeiserMDMaoLArauacutejoMBDiniz-FilhoJAFKollmannJhellipSvenningJ-C(2017)PhylogenyandthepredictionoftreefunctionaldiversityacrossnovelcontinentalsettingsGlobal Ecology and Biogeography26553ndash562httpsdoiorg101111geb12559

SynesNWampOsbornePE(2011)Choiceofpredictorvariablesasasourceofuncertaintyincontinental-scalespeciesdistributionmod-elling under climate change Global Ecology and Biogeography 20904ndash914httpsdoiorg101111j1466-8238201000635x

ThePlantList(2013)[Internet] Version 11[Accessed19August2015]Retrievedfromhttpwwwtheplantlistorg

TurnerDJSmythAKWalkerCMampLoweAJ (2017)AEligKOSNext-generationonlinedataand information infrastructurefor theecologicalsciencecommunityInAChabbiampHWLoescher(Eds)Terrestrial ecosystem research infrastructures (pp 341ndash368) BocaRatonCRCPresshttpsdoiorg1012019781315368252

van KleunenM DawsonW Essl F Pergl JWinter MWeberEhellipPyšekP (2015)Globalexchangeandaccumulationofnon-native plants Nature 525 100ndash103 httpsdoiorg101038nature14910

Vanselow K A (2016) Eastern Pamirs ndash A vegetation-plot databasefor the high mountain pastures of the Pamir Plateau (Tajikistan)Phytocoenologia 46 105 httpsdoiorg101127phyto2016 0122

Vassilev K Stevanović Z D Cušterevska R Bergmeier E ampApostolovaI(2012)BalkanDryGrasslandsDatabaseIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4330ndash330httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Vassilev K Pedashenko H Alexandrova A Tashev A GanevaA Gavrilova A hellip Vulchev V (2016) Balkan VegetationDatabase historical background current status and future per-spectives Phytocoenologia 46 89ndash95 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20160109

Vassilev K Ruprecht E Alexiu V Becker T Beldean M Biță-NicolaeChellipDenglerJ(2018)TheRomanianGrasslandDatabase(RGD) Historical background current status and future per-spectives Phytocoenologia 48 91ndash100 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20170229

VibransACSevgnaniLLingnerDVdeGasperALampSabbaghS(2010)TheFloristicandForestInventoryofSantaCatarinaState(IFFSC)methodological andoperational aspectsPesquisa Florestal Brasileira30291ndash302httpsdoiorg1043362010jvip

vonWehrdenHWescheKampMieheG(2009)PlantcommunitiesofthesouthernMongolianGobiPhytocoenologia39331ndash376httpsdoiorg1011270340-269x20090039-0331

Wagner V (2009) Eurosiberian meadows at their southern edgepatterns and phytogeography in the NW Tien Shan Journal of Vegetation Science 20 199ndash208 httpsdoiorg101111 j1654-1103200901032x

Wagner V Spribille T Abrahamczyk S amp Bergmeier E (2014)Timberlinemeadowsalonga1000kmtransectinNWNorthAmericaspeciesdiversityandcommunitypatternsApplied Vegetation Science17129ndash141httpsdoiorg101111avsc12045

WalkerDABreenALDruckenmillerLAWirthLWFisherWRaynoldsM K hellip Zona D (2016) The Alaska Arctic VegetationArchive (AVA-AK) Phytocoenologia 46 221ndash229 httpsdoiorg101127phyto20160128

WanaDampBeierkuhnleinC(2011)Responsesofplantfunctionaltypesto environmental gradients in the south-west Ethiopian highlandsJournal of Tropical Ecology 27 289ndash304 httpsdoiorg101017s0266467410000799

WangYHeberlingGGoumlrzenEMieheG SeeberEampWescheK (2017) Combined effects of livestock grazing and abiotic en-vironment on vegetation and soils of grasslands across TibetApplied Vegetation Science 20 327ndash339 httpsdoiorg101111avsc12312

Westoby M (1998) A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecologystrategy scheme Plant and Soil 199 213ndash227 httpsdoiorg101023a1004327224729

Whitfeld T J S Lasky J R Damas K Sosanika G Molem K ampMontgomery R A (2014) Species richness forest structure andfunctionaldiversityduringsuccessionintheNewGuinealowlandsBiotropica46538ndash548httpsdoiorg101111btp12136

WiensJJ(2011)ThecausesofspeciesrichnesspatternsacrossspacetimeandcladesandtheroleoflsquoecologicallimitsrsquoQuarterly Review of Biology8675ndash96httpsdoiorg101086659883

WillnerW Berg C ampHeiselmayer P (2012) AustrianVegetationDatabase In J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4333httpsdoiorg107809b-e

Wiser S K (2016) Achievements and challenges in the integrationreuse and synthesis of vegetation plot data Journal of Vegetation Science27868ndash879httpsdoiorg101111jvs12419

WiserSKBellinghamPJampBurrowsLE(2001)Managingbiodiver-sityinformationdevelopmentofNewZealandsNationalVegetationSurveydatabankNew Zealand Journal of Ecology251ndash17

WiszMSPottierJKisslingWDPellissierLLenoirJDamgaardC F hellip Svenning J-C (2013) The role of biotic interactions inshaping distributions and realised assemblages of species impli-cations for species distributionmodellingBiological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society8815ndash30httpsdoiorg101111 j1469-185x201200235x

WohlgemuthT(2012)SwissForestVegetationDatabaseIn J Dengler J Oldeland F Jansen M Chytryacute J Ewald M Finckh amp JHJ Schamineacutee [Eds] Vegetation databases for the 21st century Biodiversity amp Ecology4340httpsdoiorg107809b-e

WrightIJDongNMaireVPrenticeICWestobyMDiacuteazShellipWilfP(2017)GlobalclimaticdriversofleafsizeScience357917ndash921httpsdoiorg101126scienceaal4760

ZanneAETankDCCornwellWKEastmanJMSmithSAFitzJohn RGhellipBeaulieu JM (2014) Three keys to the radia-tionofangiospermsintofreezingenvironmentsNature50689ndash92httpsdoiorg101038nature12872

Zhang TNiinemetsUuml Sheffield Jamp Lichstein JW (2018) Shiftsin tree functional composition amplify the responseof forest bio-mass to climate Nature 556 99ndash102 httpsdoiorg101038nature26152


BRUELHEIDE Et aL

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Additional supporting information may be found online in theSupportingInformationsectionattheendofthearticle

Appendix S1Additionalreferencesattributionsanddisclaimersfordatasets included in sPlot 21Appendix S2Dataassociatedtothevegetationplotrecordsstoredin sPlot 21Appendix S3Detailsontheworkflowforsettingupplotdefinitionsin sPlot 21Appendix S4 Biome classification created for sPlot 21Appendix S5 Zip file of the biome classification of Appendix S4containing the shapefile (Geospatial vector data for geographic

information system (GIS) software) and accompanying accessoryfiles(databaseprojectionetc)Appendix S6 Trait information in sPlot 21Appendix S7PhylogeneticinformationinsPlot21Appendix S8Gap-filledtraitinformationAppendix S9Globalpatternsofcommunity-weightedvariancesAppendix S10Detailedacknowledgements

How to cite this articleBruelheideHDenglerJJimeacutenez-AlfaroBetalsPlotndashAnewtoolforglobalvegetationanalyses J Veg Sci 201930161ndash186 httpsdoiorg101111jvs12710


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Flavia Landucci7 emsp| Michael T Lee87emsp| Aurora Levesley88emsp| Ching-Feng Li89 emsp| Hongyan Liu90emsp| Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez88emsp| Tatiana Lysenko9192emsp| Armin Macanović93emsp| Parastoo Mahdavi94emsp| Peter Manning35 emsp| Corrado Marcenograve13 emsp| Vassiliy Martynenko95emsp| Maurizio Mencuccini96 emsp| Vanessa Minden97 emsp| Jesper Erenskjold Moeslund54 emsp| Marco Moretti98 emsp| Jonas V Muumlller99emsp| Jeacuterocircme Munzinger100 emsp| Uumllo Niinemets101 emsp| Marcin Nobis102emsp| Jalil Noroozi103emsp| Arkadiusz Nowak104 emsp| Viktor Onyshchenko85emsp| Gerhard E Overbeck8 emsp| Wim A Ozinga6 emsp| Anibal Pauchard105emsp| Hristo Pedashenko106 emsp| Josep Pentildeuelas107108 emsp| Aaron Peacuterez-Haase109110 emsp| Tomaacuteš Peterka7emsp| Petr Petřiacutek111 emsp| Oliver L Phillips88 emsp| Vadim Prokhorov80emsp| Valerijus Rašomavičius112emsp| Rasmus Revermann59emsp| John Rodwell113emsp| Eszter Ruprecht114emsp| Solvita Rūsiņa115emsp| Cyrus Samimi116 emsp| Joop HJ Schamineacutee6emsp| Ute Schmiedel59emsp| Jozef Šibiacutek117 emsp| Urban Šilc86emsp| Željko Škvorc82 emsp| Anita Smyth118emsp| Tenekwetche Sop283emsp| Desislava Sopotlieva24emsp| Ben Sparrow118emsp| Zvjezdana Stančić119emsp| Jens-Christian Svenning34 emsp| Grzegorz Swacha74 emsp| Zhiyao Tang90emsp| Ioannis Tsiripidis120emsp| Pavel Dan Turtureanu121emsp| Emin Uğurlu122 emsp| Domas Uogintas112emsp| Milan Valachovič117emsp| Kim Andreacute Vanselow123emsp| Yulia Vashenyak124emsp| Kiril Vassilev24emsp| Eduardo Veacutelez-Martin8 emsp| Roberto Venanzoni125 emsp| Alexander Christian Vibrans126emsp| Cyrille Violle127emsp| Risto Virtanen2128129 emsp| Henrik von Wehrden130emsp| Viktoria Wagner131emsp| Donald A Walker132emsp| Desalegn Wana133emsp| Evan Weiher134 emsp| Karsten Wesche2135136emsp| Timothy Whitfeld137 emsp| Wolfgang Willner103138emsp| Susan Wiser27 emsp| Thomas Wohlgemuth139emsp| Sergey Yamalov140emsp| Georg Zizka53emsp| Andrei Zverev141

1InstituteofBiologyGeobotanyandBotanicalGardenMartinLutherUniversityHalle-WittenbergHalleGermany2GermanCentreforIntegrativeBiodiversityResearch(iDiv)Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzigGermany3VegetationEcologyGroupInstituteofNaturalResourceSciences(IUNR)ZurichUniversityofAppliedSciences(ZHAW)WaumldenswilSwitzerland4PlantEcologyBayreuthCenterofEcologyandEnvironmentalResearch(BayCEER)UniversityofBayreuthBayreuthGermany5ResearchUnitofBiodiversity(CSUCUOPA)UniversityofOviedoMieresSpain6WageningenEnvironmentalResearch(Alterra)WageningenUniversityandResearchWageningenTheNetherlands7DepartmentofBotanyandZoologyMasarykUniversityBrnoCzechRepublic8DepartmentofEcologyUniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoSulPortoAlegreBrazil9FacultyofAgriculturalandEnvironmentalSciencesUniversityofRostockRostockGermany10MaxPlanckInstituteforBiogeochemistryJenaGermany11DepartmentofBiologySantaClaraUniversitySantaClaraCalifornia12GreatLakesForestryCentreCanadianForestServiceNaturalResourcesCanadaSaultSteMarieOntarioCanada13PlantBiologyandEcologyUniversityoftheBasqueCountryUPVEHUBilbaoSpain14SchoolofGeographyUniversityofNottinghamNottinghamUK15EcologieetDynamiquesdesSystegravemesAnthropiseacutes(EDYSANUMR7058CNRS-UPJV)UniversiteacutedePicardieJulesVerneAmiensFrance16DepartmentofBiologyUniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHillNorthCarolina17DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringUniversityoftheAndesBogotaColombia18DataandModellingCentreSenckenbergBiodiversityandClimateResearchCentre(BiK-F)FrankfurtamMainGermany


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BRUELHEIDE Et aL







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R E FE R E N C E S




























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R E FE R E N C E S




























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BRUELHEIDE Et aL






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