splash screen contents chapter introduction section 1america and the world section 2world war ii...

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Contents

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 America and the World

Section 2 World War II Begins

Section 3 The Holocaust

Section 4 America Enters the War

Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment

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Intro 1

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Intro 2

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Chapter Objectives

• Describe how postwar conditions contributed to the rise of antidemocratic governments in Europe.

• Explain why many Americans supported a policy of isolationism in the 1930s.

Section 1: America and the World

Intro 3


Chapter ObjectivesSection 2: World War II Begins

• Explain why Hitler was able to take over Austria and Czechoslovakia.

• Describe the early events of the war and why Britain was able to resist the Nazis.

Intro 4


Chapter ObjectivesSection 3: The Holocaust

• Describe Nazi prejudices against Jews and early persecution of German Jews.

• Explain the methods Hitler used to try to exterminate Europe’s Jewish population.

Intro 5


Chapter ObjectivesSection 4: America Enters the War

• Explain how Roosevelt helped Britain while maintaining official neutrality.

• Trace the events that led to increasing tensions, and ultimately war, between the United States and Japan.

Intro 6

Why It MattersAfter World War I, Europe was unstable. Fascists led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy, and Adolf Hitler and the Nazis took control of Germany. Meanwhile, Japan expanded its territory in Asia. As the Nazis gained power, they began a campaign of violence against Jews. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II began. The United States clung to neutrality until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.

Intro 7

The Impact TodayEuropean events of this time serve as lessons for American leaders.

• The danger of ethnic and religious prejudice is more readily recognized than it was before.

• Many American leaders believe that international aggression cannot be ignored.


Section 1-1

Guide to Reading

In the years following World War I, aggressive and expansionist governments took power in both Europe and Asia.

• Benito Mussolini

Main Idea


Key Terms and Names

• fascism • Vladimir Lenin • Joseph Stalin

• Adolf Hitler • Manchuria • Neutrality Act

of 1935

• internationalism

Section 1-5

The Rise of Dictators • The treaty that ended World War I and

the economic depression that followed contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia.

(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

• Italy developed the first major dictatorship in Europe.


Section 1-6

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• In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party.

• Fascism was a kind of aggressive nationalism.

• Fascists believed that the nation was more important than the individual, and that a nation became great by expanding its territory and building its military.

• Facists were anti-Communist. • Backed by the militia known as

Blackshirts, Mussolini became the premier of Italy and set up a dictatorship.

The Rise of Dictators (cont.)

(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-7


• In 1917 the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, set up Communist governments throughout the Russian empire.

• The Russian territories were renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

in 1922.

• The Communists set up a one-party rule.


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-8


• By 1926 Joseph Stalin had become the new Soviet dictator.

• In 1927 he began a massive effort to industrialize the country.

• Millions of peasants who resisted the Communist policies were killed.


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-9


• After World War I, the political and economic chaos in Germany led to the rise of new political parties.

• The Nazi Party was nationalistic and anti-Communist.

• Adolf Hitler, a member of the Nazi Party, called for the unification of all Germans under one government.

• He believed certain Germans were part of a “master race” destined to rule the world.


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-10


• He wanted Eastern Europeans enslaved.

• He felt Jews were responsible for many of the world’s problems.

• In 1933 Hitler was appointed prime minister of Germany.

• Storm troopers intimidated voters into giving Hitler dictatorial powers.


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-11


• Difficult economic times in Japan after World War I undermined the country’s political system.

• Many Japanese officers and civilians wanted to seize territory to gain needed resources.

• In 1931 the Japanese army, without the government’s permission, invaded the resource-rich Chinese province of Manchuria.

• The military took control of Japan.


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-12

What dictatorships were established in Europe and Asia after World War I?

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(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-12b

Italy – Benito Mussolini

Germany – Adolf Hitler

Russia – Vladimir Lenin – Joseph Stalin

Japan – Emperor Hirohito – military leaders


(pages 708–710)(pages 708–710)

Section 1-13

America Turns to Neutrality

• The rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia after World War I, the refusal of European countries to repay war debts owed to the United States, and the Nye Committee findings that arms factories made huge profits caused Americans to support isolationism.

(pages 711–712)(pages 711–712)

Section 1-14


• Many Americans wanted to avoid international commitments.

• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935 making it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war.

• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1937, which continued the ban of selling arms to countries at war and required warring countries to buy nonmilitary supplies from the United States on a “cash and carry” basis.

America Turns to Neutrality (cont.)

(pages 711–712)(pages 711–712)

Section 1-15


• President Franklin D. Roosevelt supported internationalism.

• Internationalists believe that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war.


(pages 711–712)(pages 711–712)

Section 1-16


• Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy, and these three countries became known as the Axis Powers.

• After Japan launched a full-scale attack on China in 1937, Roosevelt authorized the sale of weapons to China, saying that the Neutrality Act of 1937 did not apply, since neither China nor Japan had actually declared war.


(pages 711–712)(pages 711–712)

Section 1-17



What factors led many Americans to support isolationism after World War I?

•Dictatorships in Europe and Asia

•Non-payment by war debtor nations

•Findings of the Nye Committee


(pages 711–712)(pages 711–712)

End of Section 1

Section 2-1


Guide to Reading

World War II officially began with the Nazi invasion of Poland and the French and British declaration of war on Germany in September 1939.

• Anschluss

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• appeasement • blitzkrieg

• Maginot Line • Winston Churchill

• Battle of Britain

Section 2-5


“Peace in Our Time”


• In February 1938, Adolf Hitler threatened to invade Austria unless Austrian Nazis were given important government posts.

• In March 1938, Hitler announced the Anschluss, or unification, of Austria and Germany.

(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-6

• Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population.

• Czechs strongly resisted Germany’s demand for the Sudetenland.

• France, the Soviet Union, and Britain threatened to fight Germany if it attacked Czechoslovakia.

“Peace in Our Time” (cont.)


(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-7

• At the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938, Britain and France, hoping to prevent another war, agreed to Hitler’s demands in a policy known as appeasement.

• In March 1939, Germany sent troops into Czechoslovakia, bringing the Czech lands under German control.



(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-8

• Hitler demanded the return of Danzig–Poland’s Baltic Sea port.

• He also wanted a highway and railroad across the Polish Corridor.

• These demands convinced the British and French that appeasement had failed.



(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-9

• In May 1939, Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland by the German army.

• On August 23, 1939, Germany and the USSR signed a nonaggression treaty, with a secret agreement to divide Poland.



(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-10

Why did Britain and France agree to Hitler’s demands for the Sudetenland?

They hoped that they could give Hitler the Sudetenland in exchange for peace. Also, this bought Britain time to get ready for war. Some thought Hitler’s demand that all German-speaking regions of Europe be united with Germany was reasonable.




(pages 713–715)(pages 713–715)

Section 2-11

The War Begins


• On September 1, 1939, Germany and the USSR invaded Poland.

• On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany–starting World War II.

• The Germans used a blitzkrieg, or lightening war, to attack Poland.

• The Polish army was defeated by October 5.

(pages 715–717)(pages 715–717)

Section 2-12

• On April 9, 1940, the German army attacked Norway and Denmark.

• Within a month, Germany overtook both countries.

The War Begins (cont.)


(pages 715–717)(pages 715–717)

Section 2-13

• After World War I, the French built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called the Maginot Line along the German border.

• When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

• The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces.


(pages 715–717)(pages 715–717)


Section 2-14

• By June 4, about 338,000 British and French troops had evacuated Belgium through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel, using ships of all sizes.

• On June 22, 1940, France surrendered to the Germans.

• Germany installed a puppet government in France.


(pages 715–717)(pages 715–717)


Section 2-15

Why did France fall to the Germans?

When Hitler decided to attack France, he went around the Maginot Line by invading the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The French and British forces quickly went into Belgium, becoming trapped there by German forces. These forces escaped to Britain through the French port of Dunkirk and across the English Channel.



(pages 715–717)(pages 715–717)


Section 2-16

Britain Remains Defiant


• Hitler thought that Britain would negotiate peace after France surrendered.

• He did not anticipate the bravery of the British people and their prime minister, Winston Churchill.

• On June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech that rallied the British people and alerted the United States to Britain’s plight.

(pages 717–718)(pages 717–718)

Section 2-17

• To invade Britain, Germany had to defeat the British air force.

• In the Battle of Britain, the German air force, the Luftwaffe, launched an all-out air battle to destroy the British Royal Air Force.

• After German bombers bombed London, the British responded by bombing Berlin, Germany.

Britain Remains Defiant (cont.)


(pages 717–718)(pages 717–718)

Section 2-18

• The Royal Air Force was greatly outnumbered by the Luftwaffe, but the British had radar stations and were able to detect incoming German aircraft and direct British fighters to intercept them.

Britain Remains Defiant (cont.)

(pages 717–718)(pages 717–718)

End of Section 2

Section 3-1


Guide to Reading

The Nazis believed Jews to be subhuman. They steadily increased their persecution of Jews and eventually set up death camps and tried to kill all the Jews in Europe.

• Holocaust

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Shoah • Nuremberg Laws

• Wannsee Conference • concentration camp

• extermination camp

Section 3-5

Nazi Persecution of the Jews


• The Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews and millions of other people during the Holocaust.

• The Hebrew term for the Nazi campaign to exterminate the Jews before and during World War II is Shoah.

• The Nazis persecuted anyone who opposed them, as well as the disabled, Gypsies, homosexuals, and Slavic peoples.

• The Nazis’ strongest hatred was aimed at all Jews.

(pages 719–722)(pages 719–722)

Section 3-7

• In September 1935, the Nuremberg Laws took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans.

• German Jews were deprived of many rights that citizens of Germany had long held.

• By 1936 at least half of Germany’s Jews were jobless.


Nazi Persecution of the Jews (cont.)

(pages 719–722)(pages 719–722)

Section 3-8

• Anti-Jewish violence erupted throughout Germany and Austria on November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht, or “night of broken glass.”

• Ninety Jews died, hundreds were badly injured, thousands of Jewish businesses were destroyed, and over 180 synagogues were wrecked.



(pages 719–722)(pages 719–722)

Section 3-9

• Between 1933 and the beginning of World War II in 1939, about 350,000 Jews escaped Nazi-controlled Germany.

• Many of them emigrated to the United States.

• Millions of Jews remained trapped in Nazi-dominated Europe because they could not get visas to the United States or to other countries.



(pages 719–722)(pages 719–722)

Section 3-10

What factors limited Jewish immigration to the United States?

Nazi orders limited Jews from taking more than four dollars out of Germany. The United States had laws restricting a visa to any one “likely to become a public charge,” which many assumed the Jews would become because they would have almost no money if they left Germany. Immigration was unpopular in the U.S. because unemployment was high during the 1930s. The U.S. immigration policy allowed only 150,000 immigrants annually.




(pages 719–722)(pages 719–722)

Section 3-11

The Final Solution


• On January 20, 1942, Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee Conference to decide the “final solution” of the Jews and other “undesirables.”

• The plan was to round up Jews and other “undesirables” from Nazi-controlled Europe and take them to concentration camps–detention centers where healthy individuals worked as slave laborers.

• The elderly, the sick, and young children were sent to extermination camps to be killed in large gas chambers.

(pages 723–724)(pages 723–724)

Section 3-12

• After World War II began, Nazis built concentration camps throughout Europe.

• Extermination camps were built in many concentration camps, mostly in Poland.

• Thousands of people were killed each day at these camps.

• In only a few years, Jewish culture had been virtually obliterated by the Nazis in the lands they conquered.

The Final Solution (cont.)


(pages 723–724)(pages 723–724)

Section 3-14

What factors led to the Holocaust?

The German people’s sense of injury after World War I; severe economic problems; Hitler’s grip on the German nation; the lack of strong tradition of representative government in Germany; German fear of Hitler’s secret police; and a long history of anti-Jewish prejudice and discrimination in Europe.



(pages 723–724)(pages 723–724)

The Final Solution (cont.)

End of Section 3

Section 4-1


Guide to Reading

After World War II began, the United States attempted to continue its prewar policy of neutrality.

• America First Committee

Main Idea

Key Terms and Names

• Lend-Lease Act • hemispheric

defense zone

• Atlantic Charter

• strategic materials

Section 4-5

FDR Supports England


• Two days after Britain and France declared war against Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral.

• The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring countries to buy weapons from the United States as long as they paid cash and carried the arms away on their own ships.

(pages 725–726)(pages 725–726)

Section 4-6

• President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.

FDR Supports England (cont.)

(pages 725–726)(pages 725–726)

Section 4-7

How did President Roosevelt support Britain in the war effort?

President Roosevelt used a loophole in the Neutrality Act of 1939 and sent 50 old American destroyers to Britain in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and Caribbean islands.



FDR Supports England (cont.)

(pages 725–726)(pages 725–726)

Section 4-8

The Isolationist Debate


• After the German invasion of France and the rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies.

• The America First Committee opposed any American intervention or aid to the Allies.

(pages 726–727)(pages 726–727)

Section 4-9

• President Roosevelt ran for an unprecedented third term as president in the election of 1940.

• Both Roosevelt and the Republican candidate, Wendell Willkie, said they would keep the United States neutral but assist the Allied forces.

• Roosevelt won by a large margin.

The Isolationist Debate (cont.)


(pages 726–727)(pages 726–727)

Section 4-10

What caused many Americans to change their opinion about United States neutrality?

After the German invasion of France and the rescue of Allied forces at Dunkirk, American public opinion changed to favor limited aid to the Allies.



The Isolationist Debate (cont.)

(pages 726–727)(pages 726–727)

Section 4-11

Edging Toward War


• President Roosevelt proposed the Lend-Lease Act, which stated that the United States could lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the United States.”

• Congress passed the act by a wide margin.

(pages 727–728)(pages 727–728)

Section 4-12

• In June 1941, in violation of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler began a massive invasion of the Soviet Union.

Edging Toward War (cont.)

(pages 727–728)(pages 727–728)

Section 4-13

• President Roosevelt developed the hemispheric defense zone, which declared the entire western half of the Atlantic as part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral.

• This allowed Roosevelt to order the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic Ocean and reveal the location of German submarines to the British.



(pages 727–728)(pages 727–728)

Section 4-14

• In August 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill agreed to the Atlantic Charter.

• This agreement committed the two leaders to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas.



(pages 727–728)(pages 727–728)

Section 4-15

• After a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer, Roosevelt ordered American ships to follow a “shoot-on-sight” policy toward German submarines.

• Germans torpedoed and sank the American destroyer Reuben James in the North Atlantic.



(pages 727–728)(pages 727–728)

Section 4-17

Japan Attacks the United States


• Roosevelt’s primary goal between August 1939 and December 1941 was to help Britain and its allies defeat Germany.

• When Britain began moving its warships from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic, Roosevelt introduced policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British Empire.

(pages 728–730)(pages 728–730)

Section 4-18

• In July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, giving Roosevelt the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials–materials important for fighting a war–to other countries.

• Roosevelt immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan.

• The Japanese signed an alliance with Germany and Italy.


(pages 728–730)(pages 728–730)

Japan Attacks the United States (cont.)

Section 4-19

• By July 1941, Japanese aircraft posed a direct threat to the British Empire.

• Roosevelt responded to the threat by freezing all Japanese assets in the United States and reducing the amount of oil shipped to Japan.

• He also sent General MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there.


(pages 728–730)(pages 728–730)


Section 4-20

• The Japanese decided to attack resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia, seize the Philippines, and attack Pearl Harbor.

• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, sinking or damaging 21 ships of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, killing 2,403 Americans, and injuring hundreds more.

• The next day, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.


(pages 728–730)(pages 728–730)


Section 4-21

• On December 11, 1941, Japan’s allies–Germany and Italy–declared war on the United States.

(pages 728–730)(pages 728–730)


End of Section 4

Chapter Summary 1

End of Chapter Summary

Chapter Assessment 1

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.


Reviewing Key TermsDefine Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 1. a camp where persons are detained or confined

__ 2. a national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity

__ 3. national policy during World War II that declared the Western Hemisphere to be neutral and that the United States would patrol this region against German submarines

A. fascism

B. internationalism

C. appeasement

D. blitzkrieg

E. Holocaust

F. concentration camp

G. extermination camp

H. hemispheric defense zone

I. strategic materials

B

H

F




Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 4. a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

__ 5. materials needed for fighting a war

__ 6. name given to the mass slaughter of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II

__ 7. a camp where prisoners were sent to be executed

I

E

A

G

A. fascism

B. internationalism

C. appeasement

D. blitzkrieg

E. Holocaust








Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

__ 8. accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

__ 9. name given to sudden violent offensive attacks the Germans used during World War II; “lightning war”

D

C A. fascism

B. internationalism

C. appeasement

D. blitzkrieg

E. Holocaust





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