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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: The Western Pioneers

Section 2: The Hispanic Southwest

Section 3: Independence for Texas

Section 4: The War with Mexico

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Chapter Intro

Why Did People Migrate West?Beginning in the 1820s, Americans began moving in large numbers west across the Great Plains. They headed south to Texas and west to Oregon, Utah, and California. By 1848, the United States had taken the Southwest from Mexico and divided Oregon with Great Britain.

• Why do you think Americanswanted to move west in the 1800s?

• How do you think westwardmigration affected America’srelationship with other countriesand native peoples?


Chapter Timeline


Chapter Intro 1

The Western Pioneers

How did the idea of Manifest Destiny influence the settlement of the West?


Chapter Intro 2

The Hispanic Southwest

How did American settlement of the Southwest cause tensions with Mexico?


Chapter Intro 3

Independence for Texas

How did Texas gain its independence?


Chapter Intro 4

The War with Mexico

What resulted from the annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico?


Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Science and Technology Several inventions in the early 1800s helped make it possible to settle the West.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• squatter

• overlander

Academic Vocabulary

• guarantee

• convert


Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify

• Manifest Destiny

• Jethro Wood

• John Deere

• Cyrus McCormick

• Kit Carson


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Would you leave home in order to start a new life in an uncharted territory?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 1

Settling New Lands

Americans moved westward and established new farms in the Midwest; later settlers traveled in wagon trains to the Pacific Coast.


Section 1

• In 1800, only around 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.

• By the time the Civil War began, more Americans lived west of the Appalachians than lived in states along the Atlantic Coast.

• Many Americans believed in the concept of Manifest Destiny.

Settling New Lands (cont.)


Section 1

• Congress passed the Preemption Act of 1830 that protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres at the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre.



Section 1

• Jethro Wood patented an iron-bladed plow in 1819.

• In 1837, John Deere engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through sod.

• Cyrus McCormick patented the mechanical reaper in 1834.



Section 1

• Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights on the Pacific Coast, partly because emigrants assumed that the treeless Great Plains had poor land for farming.


• In the 1830s, American missionaries began traveling west to convert Native Americans.


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

E. E

Section 1

Why did Americans head west?

A. Religious reasons

B. The chance to own their own farms

C. Political reasons

D. A and B

E. B and C A B C D E

0% 0% 0%0%0%


Section 1

Westward Migration

Emigrant groups followed specific trails through territory belonging to Native Americans.


Section 1

• Much of the terrain from the edge of the frontier to the Pacific was difficult.

• A small number of trailblazers—mountain men like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger—made their living by trapping beaver and selling the fur to traders.

Westward Migration (cont.)


Section 1

• Trails carved out by the mountain men:

− Oregon Trail

− California Trail

− Santa Fe Trail


• Once the trails became well-worn, most of the travelers—known as overlanders—found their own way with the help of guidebooks.

Overland Trails West, 1840–1860


Section 1

• Early travelers feared attacks by Native Americans, but such encounters were rare.

• Native Americans often helped the emigrants.

• As the traffic west increased, Native Americans did become concerned and angry.

• The federal government negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 in hopes of keeping peace.



Section 1

• In order to find religious freedom, several thousand Mormons forged their way along a path that became known as the Mormon Trail.

• They stopped at the Great Salt Lake in what is now Utah.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The typical trip from east to west took how many months?

A. Two

B. Four

C. Six

D. Eight


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Trade, War, and Migration Americans began to settle in the Mexican borderlands, leading to conflict with the Mexican government.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• secularize

• mestizo

• vaqueros

Academic Vocabulary

• civil

• ultimately


Section 2-Key Terms


• John Sutter

• William Becknell

• Santa Fe Trail

• Tejano


A. A

B. B


Do you feel that Christian missionaries should have tried to convert Native Americans?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands

Far from Mexico City, the Mexican borderlands were sparsely populated; the region’s economy centered on cattle and sheep ranching.


Section 2

• In 1821, after more than a decade of fighting, Mexico won its independence from Spain.

− During this struggle it neglected its northern borderlands, which were threatened on several fronts.

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.)


Section 2

− The Spanish had expanded the territory of New Spain by establishing missions on the northern frontier.

− In the early 1800s, the mission system was in decline.



Section 2

• In 1834, the Mexican government secularized the missions and then transferred the land to private ownership.

• Political chaos followed Mexican independence.



Section 2

• The society of California was broken up into these classes:

− Rancheros

− Mestizos—some of this middle class worked as vaqueros, but many were skilled craftsmen.

− Native Americans



Section 2

• As in California, Mexican independence brought little immediate change to New Mexico.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Which of the following classes constituted less than 10% of California’s population but dominated the society?

A. Rancheros

B. Mestizos

C. Vaqueros

D. Native Americans


Section 2

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands

Trade between the borderlands and the United States increased after Mexican independence; Americans began to settle in the Southwest.


Section 2

• After Mexican independence, American influence in the borderlands increased.

• In 1839, hoping to attract more settlers, Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of California, granted 50,000 acres in the Sacramento Valley to John Sutter.

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands (cont.)

− “Sutter’s Fort” was often the first stopping point for Americans reaching California.


Section 2

• American trader, William Becknell, opened the Santa Fe Trail, which became a major trade route connecting Santa Fe with Independence, Missouri.

• Texas was a sparsely populated region where settlers faced recurring raids by the Comanche and Apache.



Section 2

• Most of the 2,500 Spanish-speaking Tejanos were concentrated in San Antonio and Goliad.

• The decision to invite Americans to settle in Texas ultimately led to a revolt against Mexican rule and independence for Texas.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

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Before the Santa Fe Trail, New Mexicans received most of their manufactured goods from which area?

A. Europe

B. The state of Chihuahua

C. The Northeastern states

D. Texas


Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Culture and Beliefs Americans in Texas hoped to transplant American institutions to their new homeland.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• empresario

• annexation

Academic Vocabulary

• convention

• reinforcement


Section 3-Key Terms


• National Colonization Act

• Washington-on-the-Brazos

• Antonio López de Santa Anna

• Sam Houston

• Alamo

• William B. Travis


A. A

B. B


Do you feel that the United States had the right to claim Texas?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans

Mexico invited Americans to settle in Texas but insisted that they adopt local customs, obey Mexican law, and convert to Catholicism.


Section 3

• Unable to persuade its own citizens to settle on this frontier, Mexico decided to continue Spanish policy and allow foreigners to settle there.

Opening Texas to Americans (cont.)

American Settlement in Texas


Section 3

• Between 1823 and 1825, Mexico passed three colonization laws:

− New immigrants would receive a ten-year exemption from paying taxes but were required to become Mexican citizens.

− They must abide by Mexican law.

− They must convert to Catholicism.




Section 3

• Although some American emigrants headed to Texas on their own, most came at the encouragement of empresarios.

− Under the National Colonization Act, Mexico gave 26 empresarios large grants of Texas land.

− In exchange, the empresarios promised to fill it with a certain number of settlers.




Section 3

• Stephen F. Austin was the most successful empresario—he founded the town Washington-on-the-Brazos.

• Americans in Texas initially accepted Mexican citizenship, but later saw no reason to obey a government they hardly considered their own.




Section 3

• In 1830, Mexico closed its borders to further immigration by Americans, banned the import of enslaved labor, and taxed goods imported from foreign countries.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Haden Edwards led a rebellion against Mexican authority by taking which action?

A. Attacking a Mexican town

B. Declaring American settlements an independent nation

C. Refusing to follow Mexico’s three colonization laws

D. Asking Stephen Austin to declare war between Mexico and the Americans


Section 3

Texas Goes to War

When Mexico tried to enforce its laws, American settlers rebelled and established an independent state.


Section 3

• With tensions simmering, settlers met at two conventions.

− At the first convention, settlers chose Stephen Austin to be the convention’s president.

− The convention asked Mexico to reopen Texas to American immigrants and to loosen taxes on imports.

Texas Goes to War (cont.)

History of Texas, 1819–1836


Section 3

− The second convention recommended separating Texas from Coahuila and creating a new Mexican state.

• Austin met with Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna and tried to persuade him to agree to several demands.


− Shortly afterward, Santa Anna declared himself dictator.

− Austin urged Texans to organize an army.


Section 3

• During the early battles, the Mexican army had serious problems and was easily defeated by Texas army.

• On March 2, 1836, Texas declared its independence from Mexico.

• Sam Houston took command of the Texas rebels.


The Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836


Section 3

• Santa Anna organized a force of about 6,000 troops to put down the rebellion.

− Upon arriving, they found over 180 Texas rebels holed up in the Alamo.

− Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis, the Texas rebels bought Houston’s army nearly two extra weeks to organize.




Section 3

• Two weeks later the Mexican army overwhelmed and defeated Texan troops led by James W. Fannin at Goliad.

• After defeating the Mexicans at the Battle of San Jacinto, Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing independence for the Republic of Texas.




Section 3

• The Mexican Congress refused to accept the treaty but did not launch another military campaign.

• The newly independent republic elected Sam Houston as their first president and voted in favor of annexation.

• On President Andrew Jackson’s last day of office, he signed a resolution officially recognizing Texas as an independent nation.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following was a problem regarding the annexation of Texas?

A. Northern members of Congress were opposed to admitting Texas as a slave state.

B. President Jackson did not want to increase North-South tensions.

C. President Jackson did not want to risk war with Mexico.

D. All of the above


Section 3-End


Section 4-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Trade, War, and Migration War with Mexico brought new territories under the control of the United States.


Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• envoy

• cede

Academic Vocabulary

• resolution

• secure


Section 4-Key Terms


• James K. Polk

• “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”

• Zachary Taylor

• John C. Frémont

• Bear Flag Republic

• Winfield Scott

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo


A. A

B. B


Do you agree with the idea of Manifest Destiny?

A. Yes

B. No

A B

0%0%


Section 4

The Lingering Question of Texas

In 1844 James K. Polk was elected president and promised to annex Texas and Oregon and to buy California from Mexico.


Section 4

• The candidates for nomination in the presidential election of 1844 were Henry Clay and James K. Polk.

− Polk promised to annex Texas and the Oregon Territory in the Northwest.

− He also vowed to buy California from Mexico.

− Polk won the election.

The Lingering Question of Texas (cont.)

The Election of 1844


Section 4

• Despite British claims to the region, Polk believed that the United States should control all of Oregon below the line of 54° 40′ north latitude.

− Their rallying cry was “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.”

− Great Britain and the United States negotiated the Oregon Treaty to settle the dispute.



Section 4

• Even before Polk took office, outgoing president Tyler pushed an annexation resolution through Congress in February 1845, and Texas joined the union that year.

• Polk’s intentions in California added to the growing strife with Mexico.

• In November 1845, he sent John Slidell as a special envoy to Mexico City to try to purchase the territory.



Section 4

• Mexico’s new president, José Joaquín Herrera, refused to meet with Slidell.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Why did the Democratic party decide against Martin Van Buren as a candidate?

A. He didn’t take a stance on the annexation issue.

B. He was pro-annexation.

C. He was anti-annexation.

D. He was antislavery.


Section 4

The War with Mexico

Hostilities over the southwestern boundary of Texas led to war with Mexico.


Section 4

• After Herrera refused to talk to Slidell, Polk ordered troops led by General Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River.

• Polk waited until the Mexicans made the first move and declared that the U.S. was at war “by the act of Mexico herself.”

The War with Mexico (cont.)

The War with Mexico, 1846–1848


Section 4

• Polk and his advisers developed a three-pronged strategy:

− Taylor’s troops would continue to move south, crossing the Rio Grande near the Gulf of Mexico.

− A separate force to the northwest would capture Santa Fe and then march west to take control of California with the help of the American navy.




Section 4

− U.S. forces would advance on Mexico City and force Mexico to surrender.

• Almost 73,000 men volunteered to fight, although they were less than ideal soldiers.




Section 4

• The first two parts of the strategy went smoothly.


− Even before war with Mexico was officially declared, settlers in northern California led by American General John C. Frémont had begun an uprising.

− On June 14, 1846, they declared California independent and renamed the region the Bear Flag Republic.



Section 4

− American naval forces soon arrived and took possession of California for the U.S.

• Polk placed General Winfield Scott, a member of the Whig Party, in command of the campaign to take Mexico City.

• After vicious and bloody battles, Americans captured the capital.




Section 4

• On February 2, 1848, Mexican leaders signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

• In the agreement, Mexico ceded more than 500,000 square miles of territory and accepted the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas.

• The United States now stretched from ocean to ocean.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which question would soon lead the U.S. into a bloody civil war?

A. Who should be president?

B. Should the Whig Party exist?

C. Should slavery exist?

D. Who owns Alaska?


Section 4-End


VS 1

Causes of Western Expansion

• The idea of Manifest Destiny influences many political leaders who believe the nation is destined to expand across the continent.

• The Preemption Act of 1830 gives settlers the right to claim land.

• New technology, including plows and reapers, enables settlers to farm the Midwest.

• Lush soil and moderate climate lures settlers to Oregon Territory and northern California.


VS 2


• Christian beliefs lead missionaries to head west to try to convert Native Americans.

• Trailblazers map paths across the plains and mountains, making it easier for settlers to head west safely in long wagon trains.

• Treaty of Fort Laramie limits attacks by Native Americans on settlers and wagon trains heading west.

• Religious persecution leads Mormons to migrate west to Utah, where they can practice their religion freely.


VS 3


• Mission system had already brought Spanish to the Southwest in the 1600s and 1700s.

• Hispanics move to California to establish large ranches.

• Mexico lures settlers to Texas with the National Colonization Act, giving large tracts of cheap land to empresarios and granting settlers exemption from taxes for 10 years.


VS 4

Effects of Western Expansion

• Texas becomes American in culture, and Texans grow frustrated with Mexican laws, specifically the tariffs on trade with the United States, the ban on slavery, and the requirement that settlers become Catholic.

• Led by Stephen Austin and Sam Houston, Texans rebel against Mexico, declare independence, and defeat the Mexican forces led by Santa Anna.

• Americans in Texas and Oregon want to join the United States.


VS 5


• The debate over Texas triggers a sectional crisis—Northerners believe the South wants Texas in order to expand slavery.

• James K. Polk campaigns, promising to get both Texas and Oregon, and wins the presidency.

• Britain and the United States agree to divide the Oregon territory.

• Congress approves the annexation of Texas.


VS 6


• After fighting begins between American and Mexican forces on the Texas border, the United States declares war and invades Mexico.

• In the peace treaty, Mexico cedes much of its northern territory to the United States, including California and the American Southwest.


VS-End


Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3a

Figure 3b

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

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Vocab1

squatter

someone who settles on public land under government regulation with the hopes of acquiring the title to the land

Vocab2

overlander

someone who travels overland to the West

Vocab3

guarantee

a statement of assurance

Vocab4

convert

to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another

Vocab5

secularize

to transfer the use, possession, or control of something from church to civil authority

Vocab6

mestizo

a person of mixed blood or ancestry

Vocab7

vaqueros

men who herded cattle on haciendas

Vocab8

civil

of or relating to citizens

Vocab9

ultimately

in the end, finally, or eventually

Vocab10

empresario

a person who arranged for the settlement of Texas in the 1800s

Vocab11

annexation

incorporating a territory within the domain of a country

Vocab12

convention

an assembly of persons met for a common purpose

Vocab13

reinforcement

to strengthen by additional assistance, material, or support

Vocab14

envoy

a person delegated to represent one country to another

Vocab15

cede

to give up by treaty

Vocab16

resolution

a formal expression of opinion, will, or intent voted by an official body or assembly

Vocab17

secure

free from risk of loss

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