spinal reflexes 9-
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Spinal reflexesThe reflex arc
SMS 1084Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan
A few reminders!The central grey matter contains the cell
bodies of relay and motor neurones.The outer white matter contains myelinated
axons, which run up and down the spinal cord to and from the brain.
In the centre of the grey matter is the spinal canal, through which the nutritive cerebrospinal fluid cirulates.
A few reminders!Sensory neurones enter the spinal cord
through the dorsal root and the concentration of their cell bodies forms a swelling called the dorsal root ganglion.
Motor neurones leave the spinal cord via the ventral root.
The Reflex ArcAn automatic, rapid response to an adverse
stimulus.Action is involuntary the brain is not involved
in the event but may be informed of itMany reflex actions are protectiveSome complex actions (swallowing, coughing
and blinking) are coordinated by reflexes.
Example of Neuronal Organization: Reflexes
Reflex arcs – simple neural pathwaysResponsible for reflexes
Rapid, autonomic motor responsesCan be visceral or somatic
Five Essential Components to the Reflex Arc
Receptor – detects the stimulusAfferent (sensory neuron) – transmits
impulses to the CNSIntegration center – consists of one or more
synapses in the CNSEfferent (motor neuron) – conducts impulses
from integration center to an effector Effector – muscle or gland cell
Responds to efferent impulses Contraction or secretion
Example of the Five Components to the Reflex Arc
Reflex Classification
Monosynaptic or polysynapticSpinal or cranialSomatic or autonomicInnate or learned
Types of Reflexes: Number of Classes
Monosynaptic reflex – simplest of all reflexesJust one synapseThe fastest of all reflexesExample – knee-jerk reflex
Polysynaptic reflex – more common type of reflexMost have a single interneuron between the
sensory and motor neuronExample – withdrawal reflexes
Monosynaptic Reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
Spinal vs Cranial ReflexesSpinal = spinal cord integration center
Ex. Knee-jerk reflexCranial = brain as integration center
Ex. Pupillary light reflex
Somatic vs Autonomic ReflexesSomatic = motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Ex. Knee-jerk reflexAutonomic = autonomic neurons to smooth
muscle and glandsEx. Pupillary light reflex
Innate vs Learned ReflexesInnate = born-with
Knee-jerk reflex, pupillary reflexLearned = develops based on experiences
Pavlov’s dogs salivation in response to bell
A withdrawal reflex
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat from the hot object
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature, they are called thermoreceptors.
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory neurone.
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
white matter (neurone axons)
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
white matter (neurone axons)
The sensory neurone enters the spinal cord via the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve and forms a synapse with a relay neurone, inside the grey matter
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
white matter (neurone axons)
The sensory neurone enters the spinal cord via the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve and forms a synapse with a relay neurone, inside the grey matter
The short relay neurone forms a synapse with a motor neurone that leaves the spinal cord via the ventral root of the spinal cord.
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are called
thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
white matter (neurone axons)
The sensory neurone enters the spinal cord via the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve and forms a synapse with a relay neurone, inside the grey matter
The short relay neurone forms a synapse with a motor neurone that leaves the spinal cord via the ventral root of the spinal cord.
The motor neurone carries the impulse to an effector, in this case muscles in the arm, which contract to withdraw the hand from the hot object. This action is known as the response.
A withdrawal reflex
The stimulus is the heat
from the hot object
The stimulus is detected by receptors in the dermis of the skin. Since these sensory cells respond to temperature they are
called thermoreceptors.
The thermoreceptors initiate nerve impulses that pass to the spinal cord along a sensory
neurone.
sensory neurone cell body
grey matter (neurone cell bodies)
spinal cord
white matter (neurone axons)
The sensory neurone enters the spinal cord via the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve and forms a synapse with a relay neurone, inside the grey matter
The short relay neurone forms a synapse with a motor neurone that leaves the spinal cord via the ventral root of the spinal cord.
The motor neurone carries the impulse to an effector, in this case muscles in the arm, which contract to withdraw the hand from the hot object. This action is known as the response.
Review of reflex arc.
Other ReflexesStimulus Response
The aroma of your favorite food
Salivation
A nasty odor Nausea
A bright light shining in your eye
Pupils get smaller
An insect flying towards your eye
Blinking