speech and writing. spoken language and speech communication in a normal speech communication a...

SPEECH AND WRITINGSPEECH AND WRITING

Spoken language and speech Spoken language and speech communicationcommunication

In a normal speech communication a In a normal speech communication a speaker tries to influence on a listener by speaker tries to influence on a listener by making himmaking him::

perceivperceivinging, , understandunderstanding ing oror feel feelinging something particular something particular..

The The speech communicationspeech communication can can be defined by:be defined by:

a linguistically structured speech a linguistically structured speech behaviourbehaviour;;

non-verbal signalsnon-verbal signals;;various kinds of background knowledge various kinds of background knowledge

that the speaker and the listener havethat the speaker and the listener have;; the listener's responsesthe listener's responses;;social context in which the communicative social context in which the communicative

activities areactivities are made. made.

TThe features of speech he features of speech communication communication

1. Speech is a 1. Speech is a dynamicdynamic, , distributed in time; distributed in time; it proceeds continuouslyit proceeds continuously,, its dynamicsits dynamics must be subject to on-line must be subject to on-line

activity;activity; tthe products of the speaker's he products of the speaker's and and

listener'slistener's activities fade rapidly over a activities fade rapidly over a period of time, period of time, which which leads to focusing on leads to focusing on the dynamic behaviorthe dynamic behavior..

TThe features of speech he features of speech communicationcommunication

2. 2. Speech behavior has many features of Speech behavior has many features of continuouscontinuous movements (rather than a movements (rather than a chain of successive states).chain of successive states).


3. The whole interaction between speaker 3. The whole interaction between speaker and listener is and listener is dependent on the situationdependent on the situation (context) in many extremely important (context) in many extremely important waysways..

CContextontext in the in the speech speech communicationcommunication

the speaker's speech behavior is the speaker's speech behavior is continuously accompanied by non-verbal continuously accompanied by non-verbal signals,signals,

the verbal message is often much the verbal message is often much less less explicitexplicit than in writing; than in writing;

referents may be pointed to, referents may be pointed to, interpretations may be made more precise interpretations may be made more precise and complex through gestures, facial and complex through gestures, facial expressions, tones of voice etc. expressions, tones of voice etc.


an utterance involving face-to-face interaction isan utterance involving face-to-face interaction is part of a part of a comprehensive communicative actcomprehensive communicative act which which includes includes the use of both verbal means the use of both verbal means (speech) and nonverbal means(speech) and nonverbal means;;

both speaker and listener are present at the both speaker and listener are present at the same place, and they have a considerable same place, and they have a considerable amount of amount of background knowledgebackground knowledge about each about each other, the things talked about etc.other, the things talked about etc.


the listener responds all the time the listener responds all the time influences the speaker's behaviorinfluences the speaker's behavior;;

tthe speaker must produce his utterances he speaker must produce his utterances quickly and readilyquickly and readily;;

the listener must respond just as rapidly, the listener must respond just as rapidly, under the pressure of the emotive and under the pressure of the emotive and social atmosphere of the face-to-face social atmosphere of the face-to-face interaction. interaction.


4. Communication through speech is a 4. Communication through speech is a resource available for all human beings resource available for all human beings across different social groups and across different social groups and cultures. cultures.

To a large extent it remains a feature of To a large extent it remains a feature of the private sphere of people's lives. the private sphere of people's lives.

Knowledge of one's spoken language is Knowledge of one's spoken language is an an important important element of one's knowledge element of one's knowledge of everyday culturof everyday culture.e.

Communication by written textsCommunication by written texts

written texts are typically written texts are typically notnot perceived perceived and interpreted at the same times and and interpreted at the same times and places as they are producedplaces as they are produced;;

tthe analysis of written language focuses he analysis of written language focuses on the on the productsproducts of the writer's activities of the writer's activities..

The use of written textsThe use of written texts

tthe written texts can be used in different wayshe written texts can be used in different ways distributed to particular persons or groups in distributed to particular persons or groups in new situationsnew situations;;

written textswritten texts are normally performed by are normally performed by other other people than the writer (the original sender)people than the writer (the original sender);;

a writera writer is not able to influence is not able to influence the listener's the listener's thoughts and feelings through his own verbal thoughts and feelings through his own verbal ((or or non-verbal) signalsnon-verbal) signals..

TThe features ofhe features of written texts written texts

1. 1. A written text and its components parts A written text and its components parts (letters, words, sentences, paragraphs etc) (letters, words, sentences, paragraphs etc) are are persistentpersistent and and staticstatic objectsobjects;;

cconsiderable sections may be scanned onsiderable sections may be scanned (almost) (almost) simultaneouslysimultaneously or at least or at least repetitivelyrepetitively (in principle as many times as (in principle as many times as required)required);;

rrapid, urgent responses are usually not apid, urgent responses are usually not necessary.necessary.


2. The written text is made up of 2. The written text is made up of discretediscrete symbols, i.e. letters (at least in print) and symbols, i.e. letters (at least in print) and (graphic) words(graphic) words organized in certain organized in certain regular regular spatialspatial patterns (according to patterns (according to syntactic rules as well as various syntactic rules as well as various conventions of punctuation and paragraph conventions of punctuation and paragraph division). division).

TThe features ofhe features of written texts written texts 3. Unlike spoken utterances, a written text 3. Unlike spoken utterances, a written text lacks lacks

an immediate contextan immediate context.. AA reader must reader must place a written text it in a wider place a written text it in a wider

context (using various kinds of background context (using various kinds of background knowledge)knowledge)..

AA written text is - as a rule and in comparison written text is - as a rule and in comparison with spoken utterances - with spoken utterances - relatively explicitrelatively explicit ( (and and relatively autonomous or context-freerelatively autonomous or context-free..

In principle a written text can be decoded at any In principle a written text can be decoded at any place, and the decoding can often be performed place, and the decoding can often be performed by a great number of different people. by a great number of different people.


4. The acquisition of the ability to read and write 4. The acquisition of the ability to read and write belongs to the so-called belongs to the so-called secondary socializationsecondary socialization..

SSpoken language is largely every man's poken language is largely every man's property, written language is the belonging of property, written language is the belonging of only rather few peopleonly rather few people..

Written language is mainly used in the non-Written language is mainly used in the non-private life sphere, andprivate life sphere, and is not integrated with is not integrated with everyday knowledge and cultureeveryday knowledge and culture..

SSpeech communication peech communication VS VS

written textswritten textsаа) written language) written language is is more constrainedmore constrained by by

rules and conventions than spoken rules and conventions than spoken language, especially as regards its form.language, especially as regards its form.


written textswritten textsb) in general, there is less variation (i.e., b) in general, there is less variation (i.e.,

less dialectal and idiolectal variation) and less dialectal and idiolectal variation) and more invariance in written language, more invariance in written language, except perhaps in advanced literacy uses, except perhaps in advanced literacy uses, especially poetry.especially poetry.


written textswritten textsc) the conditions under which written c) the conditions under which written

language is generally taught have language is generally taught have promoted the quite common belief that promoted the quite common belief that (some variants of) written language (some variants of) written language represent(s) the grammatical represent(s) the grammatical correctcorrect language, whereas many variants of language, whereas many variants of spoken language are incorrect, defective, spoken language are incorrect, defective, incoherent, ugly and/or rude.incoherent, ugly and/or rude.


written textswritten texts the differences are not always and the differences are not always and

everywhere very clear-cuteverywhere very clear-cut;; writing can sometimes be used for writing can sometimes be used for

mirroring certain speech stylesmirroring certain speech styles;;historically, there must have existed historically, there must have existed

transitory formstransitory forms, because, because some some cultures cultures were originally oral in naturewere originally oral in nature;;

there are variations in normativity in there are variations in normativity in spoken language toospoken language too


written textswritten texts certain features certain features of of written language have their natural written language have their natural

counterparts in certain spoken genrescounterparts in certain spoken genres;; writing has had a writing has had a great great influence on our thinking, since influence on our thinking, since

it always transforms the structure of languageit always transforms the structure of language;; writing creates a special type of background for the writing creates a special type of background for the

development of linguistic theory; development of linguistic theory; a theory of written language cannot, and should not, a theory of written language cannot, and should not,

be identical with a corresponding theory of spoken be identical with a corresponding theory of spoken languagelanguage

speech and writing. spoken language and speech communication in a normal speech communication a...

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