species list of non-flying mammals in the jamari national forest
TRANSCRIPT
Species list of non-flying mammals in the Jamari National Forest, Rondonia, Brazil
April Hampton (SUNY Oswego) Marcelo Mazzolli (UNIPLAC)
Conclusion References Acknowledgements
Introduction
Methods
Results
Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: A Field Guide (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1.
<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 05 August 2013. Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the world (6th ed., Vols. 1 - 2).
Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
The purpose of this review was to create a list of non-flying mammals located in the Jamari National Forest in Rondonia, Brazil. Various literature was consulted in order to create this list. Very little research has been conducted in the local area so the forms of literature employed were books and field guides that discussed the many species of mammals in Brazil. The IUCN red list was employed as the main authority in species’ range and nomenclature(IUCN, 2013). In one source, Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990), maps had to be consulted to determine which species were listed as occurring in the Jamari National Forest. The other source, Nowak, R. M. (1999), was utilized to determine if other nomenclature was used. During the two week expedition, sampling was conducted in a variety of ways. Small groups walked different trails everyday to record tracks, visual sightings, and vocalizations. Track traps were placed every two-hundred meters on all nine trails and at least one camera trap was placed on each main trail and adjacent roads.
Non-Flying Mammals within the Jamari National Forest
Before conducting research on biological communities, researchers must know what species are expected to inhabit the region. In the process of preparing for Projeto Puma, a list of species found in the Jamari National Forest was compiled; however, this list was not complete as its purpose was to provide a list of species likely to be recorded using the methods that were employed. A complete guide is imperative to researchers who need to readily identify species as they are presented. Therefore, a review of the literature on the species found in the Jamari National Forest combined with the list made prior to the expedition would be of significance to future research conducted in the study area.
Discussion Using the species list prepared prior to the expedition, forty-three species were expected to be found in the
Jamari National Forest. Since the IUCN study of species distribution and taxonomic naming is constantly updated, this was considered the most vital source. There were two main reasons for the change in nomenclature: purely taxonomic and new findings regarding distribution and correct identification. In total, eight species differed from those provided by the IUCN red list due to purely taxonomic reasons. The first being Pecari Tajacu. In Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990) , this species was listed as Tayassu tajacu due to the fact that DNA studies suggest that P. Tajacu may consist of two major clades or lineages comprising North/Central and South America with structural chromosomal differences. The second was Puma concolor and Puma yagouaroundi which were referred to as Felis concolor and Felis yagouaroundi, respectively, in several of the resources. Mitochondrial DNA analysis suggests that the puma and the jaguarundi are more closely related to other felines in the genus Puma than the domestic cat, which shared the genus Felis with the two felines. Leopardus pardalis and Leopardus wiedii were referred to as Felis pardalis and Felis wiedii, respecitvely. The genus Leopardus was orginally considered a subgenus of the genus Felis. Genetic studies indicate that Leopardus forms a distinct clade within the subfamily Felinae and within the genus two distinct evolutionary lineages are present. In Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990), Pithecia irrorata was termed Pithecia monachus irrorata. This is due to the fact that the genus monachus was once considered a subgenus of Pithecia, but is now under revision. In several sources, Cuniculus paca was referred to as Agouti paca. The International Commision on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1998 that the appropriate genus name is Cuniculus because Agouti refers to the common name of a species found in the genus Dasyprocta. The IUCN lists the scientific name for capybara as Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; however, several sources listed it as Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris . The IUCN states that the two genus names are interchangeable, but Hydrochoerus is used more frequently. There was one species whose change in nomenclature stemmed from the fact that its distribution changed. In Emmons, L. H., & Feer, F. (1990), Callithrix argentata (Mico argentatus), was said to be found in the Jamari National Forest; however, according to the IUCN red list, C. argentata is no longer found in the forest: the species’ distribution is further east. Another species, Mico rondoni is now found in the area that C. argentata once inhabited. Since both of these species have distinct silvery fur and posses similar physical characteristics, it is also possible that M. rondoni was mistaken for C. argentata, but further research must be conducted to determine this.
Of the forty-three species expected, twenty-three were recorded. The lack of detection of more species does not accurately reflect on the presence of other non-flying mammal species. Using different methods of observation should result in detection of other species.
Figures left to right: Preparing track traps, footprint of an ocelot, Rondon’s marmoset, camera trap picture of an ocelot, road near the base camp, and footprint of a puma.
Creating a complete species list for a specific study area takes a great deal of time and resources. This task becomes more difficult when very little research has been conducted in the study area. The main reason for the variation in number and name of species in the study area are changes in the range map of certain species, as can be seen when comparing older literature to a database that is constantly updated.
Discrepancies arose when attempting to determine the correct taxonomic nomenclature for a given species. When the scientific name of a species is changed, it cannot be updated in a source that has already been published. This leads to problems when trying to identify the species that was recorded.
The non-flying mammal species list that resulted from this expedition should be a valuable resource for future research in the Jamari National Forest due to the fact that it is crucial to know the species that inhabit a study area prior to any research or expeditions being conducted. This list does not assure the occurrence of all species, but instead provides a list of the possible species that may be encountered. With further expeditions, aimed to record a broader range of species, the existence of other species on the list can be determined. .
Species Common Names Emmons & Feer IUCN Red List Nowak Recorded Reason for name changeArtiodactyla Mazama americana Red Brocket Deer X X X X
Mazama gouazoubira Gray Brocket Deer X X X XPecari tajacu Collared peccary Tayassu tajacu X X XTayassu pecari White-‐lipped peccary X X X X
Carnivora Atelocynus microtis Short-‐eared dog X X X -‐Eira barbara Tayra X X X -‐Galictis vittata Grison X X X -‐Leopardus pardalis Ocelot Felis pardalis X Felis paradalis XLeopardus wiedii Margay Felis wiedii X X -‐Lontra longicaudis Brazilian Otter X X X -‐Nasua nasua South American Coati X X X XPanthera onca Jaguar X X X XPotos flavus Kinkajou X X X -‐Procyon cancrivorus Crab-‐eating raccoon X X X -‐Pteronura brasiliensis Giant otter X X X -‐Puma yagouaroundi Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi X Felis yagouaroundi -‐Puma concolor Puma Felis concolor X Felis concolor XSpeothos venaticus Bush Dog X X X -‐
Cingulata Cabassous unicinctus Southern Naked-‐tailed Armadillo X X X -‐Dasypus kappleri Greater long-‐nosed armadillo X X X -‐Dasypus novemcinctus Nine-‐banded Long-‐nosed Armadillo X X X XPriodontes maximus Giant armadillo X X X -‐
Didelphimorpha Didelphis marsupialis Common opossum X X X -‐Marmosa murina Murine mouse opossum X X X -‐Metachirus nudicaudatus Brown four-‐eyed opossum X X X -‐Philander opossum Common gray four-‐eyed opossum X X X -‐
Perissodactyla Tapirus terrestris Brazilian tapir X X X X
Pilosa Bradypus variegatus Brown-‐throated three toed sloth X X X -‐Cyclopes didactylus Silky anteater X X X -‐Myrmecophaga tridactyla Giant anteater X X X XTamandua tetradactyla Collared or Southern tamandua X X X -‐
Primates Aotus nigriceps Black-‐headed night monkey X X X -‐Ateles chamek Black-‐faced black spider monkey X X X XCallicebus brunneus Brown titi monkey X X X XCebus albifrons White-‐fronted capuchin monkey X X X -‐Cebus apella Guianan/ Margarita Island brown capuchin X X X XMico rondoni Rondon's Marmoset -‐ X -‐ XPithecia irrorata Gray's bald-‐faced saki Pithecia monachus irrorata X X XSaguinus fuscicollis Saddleback tamarin X X X XSaimiri ustus Bare-‐eared squirrel monkey X X X X
Rodentia Coendou prehensilis Brazilian porcupine X X X -‐Cuniculus paca Paca Agouti paca X Agouti paca XDasyprocta fuliginosa Black agouti -‐ X X XHolochilus sciureus Marsh Rat X X X -‐Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris X Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris -‐Nectomys rattus Small footed bristly mouse X -‐ X -‐Oecomys bicolor Bicolored arbooreal rice rat X X X -‐Oligoryzomys microtis Small-‐eared pygmy rice rat X X X -‐Hylaeamys yunganus Yungas rice rat X X X -‐Oxymycterus amazonicus Long-‐nosed mouse X X X -‐Proechimys steerei Spiny Rats X X X -‐Sciurus spadiceus Southern Amazon red squirrel X X X -‐
The genus Leoparduswas origninally considered a subgenus of the genus Felis. Genetic studies indicate that Leopardus forms a distinct clade within the subfamily Felinae and within the genus two distinct evolutionary lineages are present.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis suggest that the Puma is more closely related to the yagouaroundi than the domestic cat. So as of 1993 the puma was removed from the genus Felis and placed in the genus Puma.
Monachuswas originally considered a sub genus of Pithecia, but is currently being revised..
Agouti refers to the common name of a species found in the genus Dasyprocta, so the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ruled in 1998 that the appropriate genus name is Cuniculus.The genus Hydrochaeris andHydrochoerus can be used interchangeably, but Hydrochaeris is used more frequently.
This species was placed in genus Dicotyles by some authors, the genus Pecari by Grubb (1993, 2005), and the genus Tayassu by Jones et al. (1992). MtDNA data support the recognition of three genera of extant peccaries: Catagonus, Pecari, and Tayassu, with this species in the genus Pecari (Theimer and Keim 1998, Gongora and Moran 2005). DNA studies suggest that P. tajacumay consist of at least two major clades or lineages comprising specimens from North/Central and South America (Gongora et al. 2006, 2011) with structural chromosomal differences (Gongora et al. 2000, Adega et al. 2006).