species, area, & the equilibrium theory of island biogeography as a foundation paradigm in...
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Species, Area, Species, Area, & the Equilibrium Theory & the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeographyof Island Biogeography
as a foundation paradigm as a foundation paradigm in conservation biologyin conservation biology
Part 2…Part 2…
Preserve Design Preserve Design GuidelinesGuidelines
IBT & DesignIBT & Design• A. Large is better than smallA. Large is better than small• B. Undivided is better than dividedB. Undivided is better than divided• C. If divided, close is better than C. If divided, close is better than
farfar• D. If divided, distances should be D. If divided, distances should be
equalequal• E. Corridors are better than no E. Corridors are better than no
corridorscorridors• F. Circular is better than narrow F. Circular is better than narrow
(low perimeter to area ratio)(low perimeter to area ratio)
SizeSize
Better Worse
FragmentationFragmentation
Better Worse
DistanceDistance
Better Worse
ClusteredClustered
Better Worse
ConnectivityConnectivity
Better Worse
ShapeShape
Better Worse
IBT & DesignIBT & Design
TheThe SLOSSSLOSS DebateDebate
SSingleingle LLargearge
OOrr
SSeveraleveral SSmall mall
of the same total areaof the same total area
Several Small > Single LargeSeveral Small > Single Large
Florida scrub vertebrates--Florida scrub vertebrates--McCoy & McCoy & Mushinsky 1994Mushinsky 1994
Butterflies, Spain--Butterflies, Spain--Baz & Garcia-Boyera Baz & Garcia-Boyera 19961996
Plants, Norway--Plants, Norway--Saetersdal 1994Saetersdal 1994
Plants in mires, Finland--Plants in mires, Finland--Virolainen et al. Virolainen et al. 19981998
Birds--Birds--Loman & von Schantz 1991Loman & von Schantz 1991
Sequoia-Kings Canyon NP vs. CA State Parks -- Species Richness
3341
1402
195
1485
1951
434
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1 2 3
Comparision
Area
and
Num
ber o
f Spe
cies
SEKI CA State Parks
Area
Plants
Birds
From Stohlgren & Quinn 1993
Megareserves for large predatorsMegareserves for large predators>10>1066 ha ha100 km linear extent100 km linear extent
Simberloff & Abele 1976Simberloff & Abele 1976
• Island A becomes Archipelago AIsland A becomes Archipelago A• Island B becomes Archipelago BIsland B becomes Archipelago B• For A, SS > SLFor A, SS > SL• For B, SL > SSFor B, SL > SS
Simberloff & Abele 1976Simberloff & Abele 1976
Area mArea m22 SppSppAA 475475 7777
----------------------------------------------------------------A1A1 119119 5151A2A2 133133 4848A3A3 8080 4747A4A4 102102 5050
Archipelago AArchipelago A 434434 818181 > 77!!81 > 77!!
Simberloff & Abele 1976Simberloff & Abele 1976
Area mArea m22 SppSpp
BB 168168 5656
----------------------------------------------------------------
B1B1 7171 3636
B2B2 8787 3232
Archipelago BArchipelago B 1581584747
47 < 56!!47 < 56!!
Immediate ComplaintsImmediate ComplaintsDiamond, Terborgh, Diamond, Terborgh,
WhitcombWhitcomb• Not all spp equalNot all spp equal
– Some extinction prone, Total Spp not Some extinction prone, Total Spp not the best measure of successthe best measure of success
– Large predators need 100s-1000s kmLarge predators need 100s-1000s km22
– Colonial nesters, Migrating spp, Spp Colonial nesters, Migrating spp, Spp dependent on coredependent on core
• Small reserves loose the same Small reserves loose the same Spp, so become more similar to Spp, so become more similar to each other, more overlap, Spp each other, more overlap, Spp lists are nestedlists are nested
SLOSS?? It depends!SLOSS?? It depends!
Several Small Several Small
Species overlap (similarity) among Species overlap (similarity) among islandsislands
Simberloff & Abele 1972Simberloff & Abele 1972
• The Diamond IslesThe Diamond Isles• The Lack ArchipelagoThe Lack Archipelago• The Tallahassee ArchipelagoThe Tallahassee Archipelago
Scale dependenceScale dependence
CONSERVATION STRATEGYCONSERVATION STRATEGY
Both grain and extent are critical!Both grain and extent are critical!
Grain: Ecological integrity, Population Grain: Ecological integrity, Population viabilityviability
Hydrology, Black bears, Vagile speciesHydrology, Black bears, Vagile species
Extent: variation in environment and Extent: variation in environment and historyhistory
Local endemics, Poorly dispersed Local endemics, Poorly dispersed speciesspecies
RepresentativenessRepresentativeness
SLOSS is here to stay because grain SLOSS is here to stay because grain & extent maximize different & extent maximize different contributions to biodiversitycontributions to biodiversity
The Umbrella ConceptThe Umbrella Concept
Protecting large animals that require Protecting large animals that require large areas & play important large areas & play important ecosystem rolesecosystem roles--large bird & mammalian predators—--large bird & mammalian predators—protects all speciesprotects all species
Does the Umbrella Species Idea Work?Does the Umbrella Species Idea Work?Carnivore plan would protect 43%Carnivore plan would protect 43%
of North American invertebratesof North American invertebratesNo better than random placementNo better than random placementKerr 1997Kerr 1997
Plants > birds as the umbrella group Plants > birds as the umbrella group for other taxa, S Californiafor other taxa, S CaliforniaRyti 1992Ryti 1992
Vertebrates missed lower plant diversityVertebrates missed lower plant diversityPortugalPortugalAraujo 1999Araujo 1999
Rare species captured common species;Rare species captured common species;Common species did not capture rareCommon species did not capture rareRebelo & Siegfried 1992Rebelo & Siegfried 1992
Other island-like modelsOther island-like models
• Gene flowGene flow• MetapopulationsMetapopulations• Landscape ecologyLandscape ecology
Other SLOSS-like Other SLOSS-like debatesdebates
• GLOSS:GLOSS: Is it better to sample genes Is it better to sample genes from one population or from from one population or from several small populations of the several small populations of the same total size (number of same total size (number of individuals sampled)?individuals sampled)?
• SLOPP:SLOPP: Is it better to protect one Is it better to protect one large population or several small large population or several small populations of the same total size?populations of the same total size?
• FLOSS:FLOSS: Is it better to introduce a Is it better to introduce a species as one large release or species as one large release or several small releases?several small releases?
Conservation as samplingConservation as sampling
• By definition we conserve a By definition we conserve a subset of the originalsubset of the original
• What is the best conservation What is the best conservation sample?sample?
• What are the consequences of What are the consequences of fragmentation?fragmentation?
• Thing and processThing and process
The Two TrianglesThe Two TrianglesThe Constraint of SizeThe Constraint of Size
A continuum of area sensitivityA continuum of area sensitivityStarting with large predators, 10Starting with large predators, 1066 ha ha
Headwaters of streamsHeadwaters of streamsDisturbance regimes, pattern and processDisturbance regimes, pattern and processDependence on multiple habitats; seasonal Dependence on multiple habitats; seasonal movementsmovementsExceptions: rare species dependent on rare habitat;Exceptions: rare species dependent on rare habitat;
air pollution; alien invasions; climate air pollution; alien invasions; climate synchronization;synchronization;
long distance migrationlong distance migrationSize: completeness, wholeness, integrity, healthSize: completeness, wholeness, integrity, health
Costs of management and conservation successCosts of management and conservation successConservation as sampling: bigger areas are better Conservation as sampling: bigger areas are better
samplessamplesFeasible restoration goals depend on sizeFeasible restoration goals depend on sizeBUT any site can play a role…dependent on sizeBUT any site can play a role…dependent on size
The Two Triangles The Two Triangles ContinuedContinued
Small areasSmall areasSmall area requiring species, Small area requiring species, habitatshabitatsConnectors, stepping stonesConnectors, stepping stonesRepresentation: more placesRepresentation: more placesAir, Water, Soil qualityAir, Water, Soil qualityEnvironment: temperatureEnvironment: temperatureHuman-nature connectionsHuman-nature connectionsHuman well-beingHuman well-being