special considerations in the care of the soccer athlete - azata considerations... · 2015. 7....
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7/17/2015
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Special Considerations in Care of the Soccer Athlete
Josh Beaumont, MS, ATC, LAT
90Strong.com / Arizona State University
Financial Disclosure:
• I have a financial interest in 90Strong.com. Proprietary pictures and videos from 90Strong.com are used to demonstrate various movements or exercises described in this webinar.
Webinar Contents
• Soccer demographics and organizational set‐up
• Soccer injury rates• Injuries• Rehabilitative Principles• Return to play progressions• Fitness• Recovery• Equipment
• Game Challenges
Soccer Demographics
Soccer Demographics ‐ USA
According to FIFA.com
• 24.5 million players in the US• 4.2 million registered• 20.3 million unregistered
• At the youth level• 3.0 million registered with US Youth Soccer Assoc.
Soccer Demographics ‐ Youth
• Recreational and competitive teams/leagues across multiple organizations
• USSDA, USYSA, ECNL, AYSO, YMCA, CYA
• Elite Clubs: play multiple games in a weekendGame rates in US 4‐5 games a weekend vs 1 game week in England.Signifies a Change in the game
20 years ago 4‐5 games in a weekend occurred a few times a year Thanksgiving, Memorial day, etc
• Clubs ask for year round commitment• No more cross training or playing of other sports
Soccer Demographics ‐ Youth
Early specialization both in terms of sport and position
Too Early????
Soccer Demographics – High School
•HS season varies by state: Fall, Winter, or Spring
‐ Fall and Winter Sport in AZ
•USSF Development Academy – does not allow HS play
‐ Only one in AZ RSL‐Casa Grande
Soccer Demographics ‐College Season
• 530 Men’s and Women’s Division 1 Teams
• Short pre‐season 3 weeks or less. Followed by crammed 10‐12 week regular season usually featuring games on Friday and Sunday
• Division 2 and 3 feature games on Fri/Sat or Sat/Sun to save on travel cost
• One of the shortest seasons in NCAA
• 20 games + playoffs
• Runs late August to mid –November, playoffs through 1st of December
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Soccer Demographics – College Season
• Proposal in 2011 was to remove spring season for cost containment
• Current proposals exist to play half of the season during the fall and half of the season in the spring with a spring Championship, as early as 2016 for males.
• Will potential change in schedule affect injury rates in a positive or negative way?
• No more or less two games in a week/weekend
• Longer season
• More practice sessions – increase in exposure rates because 20‐30 players playing at same time vs higher individual injury rates in games.
• Acute vs chronic injury rates
• Resuming play after 2 breaks in the season
Soccer Demographics‐ Professional
• Rapid Expansion of the professional leagues• MLS (1st division) has grown from 10‐20 over past 10 years with 4 expansion teams still on the way
• NASL (2nd Division) has grown to 11 teams
• USL Pro (3rd Division) has 24 teams
• USL PDL (4th Division) has 63 teams
• NWSL has 8 teams
• 2014 – 1st time that a women’s professional league had all the same teams from the previous year
• Will the US WNT winning WWC bring more teams into the league?
Soccer Demographics ‐ Professional Season
Congested schedule
• MLS – 2015 schedule features 34 games
• Preseason starts earlier compared to 10 years ago
• Preseason shrank from 8 weeks to 6 or less
• Shorter off‐season
• NASL – 2015 schedule features 30 games over 2 four month seasons
• USL Pro – 2015 schedule features 30 games
• Additional games through friendlies, CONCACAF Champions League, US Open Cups
• Players playing and traveling for International Duty
Soccer Injury Rates
Soccer – Playing surfaces Soccer – Playing surfaces
Soccer – Playing surfaces
Each surface has different properties and will affect players and respective injury rates differently
Soccer – Playing surfaces Soccer Injury Rates
• Preponderance of injuries are lower extremity • 66‐88% (de Loes Int J Sports Med 1995, Junge et al AJSM 2004)
• Primary extrinsic factor ‐ Contact accounts for 44‐74% of overall injuries (Nielsen AJSM 1989,Aranson et all AJSM 2004)
• Primary intrinsic factor – asymmetry anatomical and muscle strength, flexibility, previous injury and age (Fousekis et al. BJSM 2011)
• Non contact thigh strains account for 25% of LE (Hawkins et al. BJSM 2001, Junge et al. BJSM 2004)
• Biarticulate muscles account for the majority of muscular injuries
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Soccer Injury Rates
• 1 in 4 soccer injuries is result of previous injury (Hawkins BJSM 1999)
• 3x increase injury risk with injury in previous season (Hagglund AJSM 2013)
• 50% recurrence for sprains and strains (Arnason SJMSS 1996)
• Injury rate of amateurs reported to be higher than the pros (Chomiack et al AJSM 2000)
• Midfielders are the most injured• Cause – greatest activity and distance covered• Applies to both joint and musculoskeletal injuries
Soccer Injury Rates
• Joint Injuries peak at the end of each half• Some recovery with half time break
• Muscle injuries increase towards end of 1st half and continues throughout 2nd half
• Minimal or no recovery with half time break
(Hagglund et al BJSM 2005)
Soccer Injury Rates
• 15‐35 per 1000 hours played (Herrero et al AJSM 2014)
• During congested periods in schedules IE 6 games in 21 days. Match related injuries rise by a 2.3x factor (Dellal et al BJSM 2013)
• As high as 60/1000 at National Team level (Yoon AM J Sports Med 2004)
• 4‐8x Lower risk in practice (Junge Sports med 2004)• Due to less foul play and contact
Soccer Injury Factors
Soccer is an asymmetrical sport
• 49% flexibility asymmetry• 11% had normal isokinetic strength symmetry• 39% isokinetic knee strength imbalances
• 34% anterior knee laxity asymmetry
(Fousekis AJSM 2011)
Soccer Injury Factors
•Asymmetries increase injury rates
•Can we address these asymmetries either via•Proper rehabilitative protocols• Injury prevention programs
Injuries common to soccer
Groin and Pelvis
Groin
By definition: The fold in the front of the body where the thigh joins the abdomen.
In treating a soccer player this term is very vague
“groin” pain can be caused by muscular injury, ligament tear, hernia, intra‐articular hip pathology, lymphadenitis,
Groin
• Muscles of the groin triangle region• Adductors Brevis, Longus, and Magnus
• Gracilis
• Pectinius
• Iliopsoas
• Rectus femoris
• Rectus Abdominus
• Internal/External obliques
Can you isolate the anatomical parts involved?Falvey E C et al. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:213-220
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Groin – Injury Rates
• 10‐11% all injuries are groin (Tyler SH 2010)
• In a professional season 9.5% (Giza BJSM 2005) and 13% (Ekstad IJSM 1983) were reported
• Adductor Longus is the most frequently injured
Groin – Injury factor
Underlying hip pathology – FAI / CAM lesion• 68% male and 50% female elite soccer players had CAM lesion (Gerhardt AJSM 2012)
• Decrease in Abduction ROM leads to Increase in groin strains (Ekstrand BJSM 2011)
• Previous Injury and decrease in ROM primary predictor factors in pro soccer players (Arnason AJSM 2004)
During evaluation can you determine if restricted ROM muscular or bony ?
Groin ‐ Functions
Adductors Primary functions •Open Chain adduction of the thigh (Kicking)•Closed Chain stabilize thigh and pelvis (Cutting/running)
Do you believe that it is kicking vs cutting MOI Acute vs chronic Both will dictate rehab
Groin – Adductor kicking loads
• Eccentric loading into cocking phase
• Concentric contraction from wind‐up until just before impact with the ball where it return to an eccentric load
• Eccentric load throughout impact
Groin ‐ Pathology
Adductor Longus Tendon
• Chronic scarring of proximal tendon• Loses elastic properties ‐> addition stress on musculotendinous junction
• ISTM and/or Active Release are successful
• Adductor release surgery
Groin – Injury Prevention
• Began integrated into MLS in 2005 through the groin injury program initiated by Holly Silvers PT
• 28% reduction with the program that incorporated dynamic stretching, core strengthening and pelvic proprioception with end goal of neutral pelvic position
Tyler Sports Health 2010
Groin‐ Rehabilitation Principles
• Address closed‐chain and open‐chain componentsClosed Chain ‐ utilizing the same concepts as in the groin prevention program
• Stabilize the core through dynamic stretching, core strengthening and pelvic proprioception with end goal of neutral pelvic position
• This will limit excess anterior rotation
• Reduce shearing force across the adductor muscles
Open Chain – prepare the adductors to handle the stress of eccentric and concentric loads
Groin‐ Rehabilitation Principles
Also address imbalances
• Is there Gluteal tightness/over‐activation?
•Cause external rotation placing adductors in an elongated position
Occult Groin Pain
Osteitis Pubis – Athletic Pubalgia – Sports Hernia
Often will be intertwined
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Osteitis Pubis
• Inflammation with the symphysis pubis
• Causes• Shear forces that occur mid‐stance
• Excess firing of the rectus abdominus or adductors
• Muscular imbalance of the rectus abdominus or adductors
• Hyper‐ or hypomobility of one or both of the SI joints
Gerhardt – Johnson 2007
Osteitis Pubis
• Diagnostics• X‐Ray will often had changes in the articular surface
• Common to see degenerative changes on MRI
• Treatment • CT guided injection, NSAIDs, Core stabilization
• On rare occasion, unstable symphysis pubis will need surgical stabilization
Athletic Pubalgia
• Injury to rectus abdominus w/ trauma or pathology to conjoined tendon insertion and adductor longus (Anderson AJSM 2001/ Meyers AJSM 2000)
• Imbalance between adductors and abdominals possible cause (Anderson AJSM 2001)
• Treatment core stabilization, and address asymmetries
Sports Hernia
• Great variance in the literature on exactly what a sports hernia and causes
• Some consensus that it is a weakening of the posterior inguinal wall without a true tear
• Often involves the transverse fascia• Lack of consistent diagnosis causing a lack of epidemiologic numbers
Sports Hernia – Surgical Options
•Adductor Release•Minimal repair•Mesh ‐ open vs laproscopic
One Side vs Two Sides. If you greatly enforce one side vs doing both does that create an in‐balance?
Sports Hernia‐ Rehabilitative Principles
Time frame recoveries as promoted by the prominent surgeons
•Adductor release: 3‐6 weeks •Mesh: 6‐10 weeks •Minimal repair: 2 weeks
Are these times too fast???
Sports Hernia‐ Rehabilitative Principles
Meyers Protocol – 3 week
0‐7 days: Relative rest/ ADLs
7‐10 days: Beginning resistive exercises: pool exercises, gentle stretching, partial squats
11‐17 days: Getting back into normal shape: SLR’s body wt, incin 2 lb increments, jogging, sprinting, plyos, agility
18+ days: playing
6 week protocol – stage 1 is 3 weeks followed by similar progression
Sports Hernia‐ Rehabilitative Principles
Initial
Early movement is the key, walking within 2 days of surgery
Soft tissue mobilization to avoid scar tissue
“Mesh acts like rebar” – Dr. Cattay
Progressions across various protocols follow similar to Meyers.
Can you address the underlying causes?
Hamstring
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Hamstring
• Primarily course by a violent stretch in an eccentric contracted state
• Most common occurs while running/sprinting (Arnason et al. Scan J Med SciSports 2008, Woods et al BJSM 2004, Ekstand et al BJSM 2011)
• 3 most common predictors of HS strain (Fousekis BJSM 2011)‐ Eccentric HS strength asymmetries‐ Functional leg length asymmetries‐ Previous HS injury
• Corrections of muscle imbalances in pre‐season found to decrease HS injury (Croisier AJSM 2008)
Hamstring – Injury Rates
• 12‐16% of all injuries (professional ranks)
(Arnason et al Scan J Med Sci Sports 2008, Ekstand et al BJSM 2011, Woods et al BJSM 2004)
• 22% recurrence in first 2 months.
• 25% chances of recurrent injury in the following season
(Hagglund et al BJSM 2006, Petersen et al SJMSS 2010)
Hamstring – Injury Rates
• College males are 64% more likely to have a HS injury compared to females in‐season No diff in pre‐season(Cross et al AJSM 2013)
• Think about this from a q/hs ratio.
• Males tend to have a higher q/hs ratio than females
• Males tend to engage hs more to prevent anterior translation
• More strength but more work leading to fatigue
• Males have stronger hs, more likely to injure however less likely to have ACL
• Female have weaker hs, less likely to injury however up to 8x more likely to have ACL and the q/hs ratio thought to be a key factor
Hamstring ‐ Diagnostic
X‐ray is important for proximal hamstring strains
Ischial tuberosity fractures often missed in the pubescent population
• Player will describe a pop• On exam, strength will usually be WNL and athlete will complain of pain in the gluteal fold
Hamstring ‐ Diagnostic
U.S. ‐MRI
Rest of the world ‐ Ultrasound
Hamstring – Diagnostic Testing Hamstring – Rehabilitation Principles
Address common soccer biomechanical adaptation
• tight/over‐active hip flexors‐>anterior rotation of the pelvis ‐>
elongated position of the hamstrings
• Poor core control ‐> excessive pelvic rocking ‐>
extra load on HS ‐>fatigue
Hamstring – Rehabilitation Principles
Added component, deceleration of the leg
after striking a ball and single leg load
during strike of the ball
Can you address this through rehab?
Kicking with a thera‐band around the ankle
from anterior and posterior positions
Hamstring – Rehabilitation Principles
• Early motion is important . Bike early, wt assisted running either through Alter‐G or pool
• Agility/proprioception more effective than strengthening and stretching
• Teaching the gluteal muscles to fire first in hip extension
• Eccentric HS exercises shown to reduce re‐injury rates and increase strength gains. Example is Nordic or Russian HS exercises
Hamstring – Nordic HS exercises
• Shown to increase eccentric strength in pro males (Mjolsnes et al SJMSS 2004)
• May have some DOMS
• Arnason et al SJMSS 2008 65% lower HS incidence using warm‐up stretching, flexibility training, and the Nordic HS vs just warm‐up stretching
• Peterson et al. reported significant decrease in new (60%) and recurrent (85%) hamstrings injuries utilizing a 10 week initial program followed by weekly program with in 50 professional, semipro, amateur male teams
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Hamstring – Nordic HS exercises
(Petersen et al AJSM 2011)
Hamstring – Nordic HS exercises
(Petersen et al AJSM 2011)
Number of injuries
Player seasons at risk
Injury rate per 100 player seasons
Total Intervention n=461 15 390 3.8
Control n = 481 52 396 13.1
New Intervention n=461 12 348 3.1
Control n = 481 32 352 8.1
Recurrent Intervention n=49 3 42.0 7.1
(prev 12 mos) Control n = 54 20 43.7 45.8
Eccentric Hamstring Exercises
SL RDL w PB Curl DL Heel Slides on Slide Board
Quadriceps
Quadriceps – Mechanism of Injury
• Primarily caused by explosive contraction
• Most common MOI is kicking
• Usually on the kicking leg side (60% of the time)
• Controversy over timing of injury (Mendiguchia BJSM 2013)
• Ball contact• Swing phase• Ground contact phase during the step before the backswing
Quadriceps – Injury Rates
• Rectus Femoris is the most frequently injured (Mendiguchia BJSM 2013)
• RF more frequently injured in the English Premier League in pre‐season than HS
• In College, similar rates given the condensed pre‐season and high workload
• Quad muscles injuries consistent through out UEFA season(EkstandAJSM 2011)
• 17% re‐injury rate
Quadriceps – Predisposing factors
• Rectus Femoris• Extends the knee
• Flexes the hips
• Stabilizes the pelvis on the femur in weight bearing
• High demand for eccentric muscle contract
• 65% is type II muscle fibers
• All of this makes it prone to injury• (Mendiguchia BJSM 2013)
Quadriceps – Predisposing factors
• Age is not factor
• Previous injury
• Short in height
• Heavier players • One EPL study of 36 players not a factor (Bradley and Portas JSCR 2007)
• Dry field (Woods BJSM 2002)
• Ideal flexibility for quadriceps is >128degrees (Fousekis BJSM 2011, Witvrouw AJSM 2003)
Quadriceps‐ Predisposing factors
• Hip flexor factor
• “Tight” hip flexors common among soccer players
• Will restrict hip extension
• Lack of hip extension requires
RF to generate more force fatigue injury risk
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Quadriceps – Injury Site
• Other sports most common site of injury was distal musculotendinousjunction near the knee
• In soccer players, most common in deep musculotendinous junction of indirect head (aka central part of the tendon)
• Increased RTP
(Mendiguchia BJSM 2013)
Quadriceps ‐ Diagnostic
•Ultrasound
•MRI
•X‐ray if avulsion of AIIS is suspected
Quadriceps – Initial Care
• Gold standard is still stork stand for both contusions and strains
• With moderate to severe contusions, Indocin has been shown to be beneficial as a prophylaxis against heterotrophic ossification
• Benefit has to be weighed against the risks such as GI hemorrhage or ulcer (Baird/Kang JOSR 2009)
Quadriceps ‐ Treatment
• Scar tissue is a factor• Ultrasound• Massage• Instrumented soft tissue massage• Anti inflammatory medications
• Often player will have a secondinjury above or below the original
injury due to scar tissue causing
dysfunction Professional soccer player 6 years after original injury
Quadriceps – Rehabilitation Principles
• Lack of literature comparing programs
• Address open and closed chain• Open chain tends to be more of the key
• Ankle weight program• Ok to use Knee extension machine
• Concentric vs Eccentric goals
• Reverse Nordic Hamstring ExercisesEccentric Quad exercises will
• Enhance muscle mass, strength, and power• Highest forces while utilizing less oxygen• Lengthen muscle
Quadriceps – Rehabilitation Principles
• Eccentric strength 20‐80% above max isometric strength needed to overload and address strength deficit (Fleck 2003)
• Eccentrics at the end of a session
• Address Tension arc (Shan and Westerhoff Sports Biomech 2005)• Theraband kicks – Forward and backwards
• Address counterbalance of opposite arm
• Bilateral/unilateral movements
Quadriceps – Reverse Nordic HS exercises Quadriceps – Rehabilitation Principles
• More conservative
• Especially with running
• Allow for more recovery
• Sprinting drills and progression need to contain a deceleration component
• If they cant run then they shouldn’t kick
KNEE
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Medial Collateral Ligament
Knee – Injury Rates
• 30% of elite male/female time loss due to knee injury (Hagglund et al Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009)
• College player that has an ACL prior to starting college has an approximately 4X higher chance of an ACL tear in college
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Knee –Injury rates
• Females had a reported 8x/higher ACL injury rate compared to males
• Current literature is reporting lower comparative rates in the 3‐5x range
• Possible due to implementation of ACL prevention programs?• Success rate of men in ACL prevention program is more successful than women’s
ACL – Injury Rates
• ACL Contact vs Non Contact in Italian Serie A
• Contact ACL more frequent in game
• Noncontact ACL more frequent in trainings
Roi et al Sport Sci Health 2006
Knee – ACL – Surgical options
• Bone‐patella Tendon‐bone• Donor site morbidity
• Good results with graft stability/return to high level sports
• Hamstrings• Most common; ipsilateral leg
• Fewer donor site complications
• Decreased knee flexion strength & tibial rotation
Shaerf D, et al Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction best practice: A review of graft choice. World Journal of Orthopedics. 2014
Knee – ACL – Surgical options
• Allograft• Increased chance of re‐rupture rates
• Good for multi ligament deficiencies or revisions
• Expensive
• Do not permit faster RTP
• Synthetic grafts• No donor site morbidity
• Multi lig. Reconstruction w/out compromise to HS or patella
• Shaerf D, et al World Journal of Orthopedics. 2014
Knee – ACL ‐ Surgical Success Rates
• 21 male professional soccer players
• Hamstring ACL reconstruction
• Pre‐op, 3, 6, 12 month and 4 year follow up
• At 12 months: 95% returned to pre level play
• 4 years post op: 71% still playing competitively
• 1 patient underwent ACL failure/revisionZaffagnini S, et al The Knee. 2014
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Knee – ACL ‐ Surgical Success Rates
• 42 soccer players with unilateral ACL injury
• Prospectively randomized to bone patellar tendon bone group & semitendinosus/gracilis (STG) group
• AT return to sport, STG had > performance with triple hop, crossover hop, and jump landing tests compared to BPTB group
Mohammadi F, et al J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013
Knee – ACL‐ Rehabilitative Principles
• Contact vs Non Contact
• #1 priority is address the biomechanical issue that led to non‐contact ACL.
• Introduce a rotary component into rehab. IE rotation lunges
• Do you rehab both legs? Avoid deconditioning of contralateral limb.
Knee – ACL – Rehabilitative Principles
Contralateral tears with the next year common
Ignoring the “healthy” leg causing deconditioning
and/orAsymmetries becoming a factor
Knee – Rehabilitation Principles
• Accelerated rehab has been shown to be effective in multiple studies
• Accelerated vs conservative
• Joint effusion will be your guide
• Key to success is the gradual re‐entry
• Just because MD’s “clears” player does not mean play games right away
Medical Collateral Ligament
Knee – MCL Injuries‐Mechanism of Injury
• Contact injury either from lateral blow to the knee either from opponent’s knee or a scissor mechanism during a slide tackle in which opponent hits medial aspect of ankle and follows through with contact to lateral aspect (insert media or video)
• Large push by governing bodies to eliminate from the game
Knee ‐MCL – Mechanism of Injury
• Simultaneous contact with the ball
• Ball hitting the great toe creating valgus and external rotational force
• Occasional other MOI – Awkward landing or cutting rotational stress in a valgus position
• Important to rule out menisculocapsular tear or separation
Knee ‐MCL – Immediate care
•Hinged Knee brace ie TROM• Lock from 0‐30 degrees
•Prevents valgus stress on the knee•At knee flexion > 30 degrees tension placed on MCL
Knee ‐MCL – PRP Injections
• Common at profession levels – now CT/flouroscope guided
• Eirale et al presented a case study utilizing PRP at day 1,8,15• Marshall Classification Grade II/Hughtston Grade III
• National team player
• Resumed group training at day 18
• Reported no functional instability
• Minimal pain with joint opening on valgus
• Played in friendly match at Day 25
• MRI showed incomplete healing process in week 5
• Authors allow for possibility that PRP blocked plain
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Knee – MCL Rehabilitation Principles
• Plant leg vs kicking leg
• Must account for extra time for kicking
• Kicking leg• Must have a gradual return of stresses to the ligament via the ball
• Usually in the second to third week
• Common painful episodes
• Over time painful frequency and duration with time
• Last kick in the process is the in‐swinging curved ball with top spin. Similar to the free kick
Knee – ACL/MCL – Return to Play
To Brace or not?Ankle
Ankle – Injury rates
• 14‐ 17% soccer injuries(Fong et al Injury)
• 70.8% non‐contact type (Fousekis Ankle AJSM 2012)
Ankle ‐ Diagnostic Points
•High ankle sprain WB and stress views
•Lingering posterior ankle pain after a sprainXR to rule out an os trigonum
Ankle – Injury Factors
•Primary pre‐disposing factors • Eccentric isokinetic strength asymmetry and •body weight/BMI above the mean
•Height, muscle flexibility, and proprioceptive traits were a non‐factor
Ankle – Injury Factors
•Poor Support from the shoe
•Fitting extrinsic support in the shoeBrace vs taping
•Striking of the ball with laces loads the ATFL•Most soccer players have chronic laxity of the ATFL
Ankle – Rehabilitation Principles
• Rehabilitation protocols are very similar to other sports in regards to closed chain exercises
• Must have open chain strengthening to prepare foot/ankle to strike a ball
• Joint mobilizations early allow for ankle mortise to heal in proper anatomical position
• Passing with the inside of the foot requires ext rotation control• Difficult for those with Anterior deltoid or Ant Tib‐Fib L./ Syndesmotic Sprain
FOOT
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Foot
• Most common challenge is dealing with the cleats • no protection, no space to wrap foot.
• Contusions• Spat Pad 1/16 inch great
• Opponents spikes create focal painful points
• X‐rays needed to foot out fractures
• LisFranc‐ WB Xrays needed
• 5th Metatarsal Fractures• More common in narrow shoes?
Foot
• Subungual Hematomas• Direct contact vs. shoes too tight
• Difficult to dress
• Tend to drain immediately and accept approx. 3 day loss of practiceConcussion
Concussion – Injury Rates
• 78x more likely to occur in a game (UEFA) (Nilsson CJSM 2013)
• Women’s soccer second only to football in HS concussion rates
(Marar AJSM 2012)
• GKs 27% vs Field players 11% of all injuries are concussions
• Men higher rates than female rates in contact with opponent• Head to head? Vs other body parts such as shoulder or elbow
• Females higher rates from ground contact (Gessel et al JATA 2007)
• Higher LOC in college than HS (Field et al J Pediatr. 2003)
Concussion – Mechanism of Injury
• Often during heading duels
• Elbow • Change in rule enforcement/elbows down
• Goalie Punching• Starting to see some rule enforcement changes
Concussion – Mechanism of Injury
Twellman Video
VIDEO – Used with permission from thinktaylor.org
Another example of high speed collision Concussion – Mechanism of Injury
Head to Head Classic Sign – Holding Head
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Concussion – Mechanisms of Injury
Knee to Head
Concussion – Mechanisms of Injury
•Ground•Goal Posts
Concussion ‐ Ball
• Ball• Most studies say that the ball is a minimal number in the causation of concussion
• Change from leather to either polyvinyl carbonate (PVC) or polyurethane (PU)
• Hand stitched vs Molded• Hand stitched more susceptible to water absorption• FIFA guidelines are less than 20% absorption by mass
Are concussion rates changing with the new ball designs?
Concussion ‐ Ball
• Faster/ more movement
• High average velocity• More difficult to judge (knuckling effect)
• More texture – Increased rotation spin
• Is that rotational force transferred to the head?
• Inflation levels• Haven’t changed inflammation parameters 8.5 ‐15.6 lbs/in2
• Diff between Men’s and Women’s
• Pac12 – Men’s 12.5 /Women’s 10.5 (same as NWSL)
Concussion ‐ Ball
• FIFA study looking at balls
• Reductions in inflation and mass reduces linear acceleration of the head
• Future: Will there be recoil restrictions similar to a baseball bat
Concussion ‐ Ball
•How much force does the ball transfer to the brain?
Concussion – Preventative Measures
• Teaching proper technique
• Deflating the ball during trainings on days of high volume of heading
• Eccentric strength training of the neck musculature
• Deciding what is to many subconcussive blows?
• Will we begin limiting the number of reps?
Injury prevention/Warm up
FIFA 11+Research has consistently shown it to be effective in reduction of injuries in multiple studies
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Available at http://f‐marc.com/11plus/home/
FIFA 11+ FIFA 11+
FIFA 11+ ‐ effective in a cluster randomized controlled trial in elite male basketball players
(Longo AJSM 2012)
Rehabilitative principles
Rehab Principles ‐ Starts with the Core
• “Core stability, which is the ability of passive (ligaments and vertebral facets) and active stabilisers in the lumbopelvicregion to maintain appropriate trunk and hip posture, balance and control during static and dynamic movements, appear as an important possible factor in order to prevent lower‐extremity ligament and muscle injuries.”
(Mendiguchia BJSM 2013)
• In order to address to the kinectic chain is starts with the core.
It’s NOT just about sit‐ups
Rehab Principles ‐ Pelvic Neutral
• Variations in definitionsSome define it as a locked pelvis with no movement. Often locked with an anterior pelvic tilt
• Co‐contraction of the anterior abdominal musculature in addition to posterior lumbar/musculature
• Coordinated effort of lumbar paraspinals, multifidus, rectus abdominus, transversus, internal/external obliques, ab/adductors, hip internal/external to achieve a pelvic neutrality
Rehab Principles – example: Gluteal BridgePelvic Neutral “Locked out”/ Anterior Tilted
Advanced Pelvic Neutral Activities
Traditional Position Athletic Position
Rehab Principles ‐ Pelvic Misalignment
Common to have dominant‐foot sided anterior rotation of the pelvis.
• Likely due to the cocking phase of the kicking motion
Muscle energy
• Utilize to correct pelvic rotations• Chiropractic adjustment• Up‐slip
Rehab Principles ‐ Key concepts for LE
• Isolated muscle rehabilitation in early phases to restore initial muscle recruitment, function, and strength gains is acceptable.
• Treat both the injury and the causing factor i.e muscle imbalance/altered gait/poor flexibility
• As rehab progress transition into full extremity then to full body movement as soon as possible.
• Treat the kinetic chain and extremity as one
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Rehab Principles ‐ Key concepts in for LE
• Can you reduce risk of secondary injuries?
• Orchard reported a cycle of injuries in Aus. Rule FB• Inc hamstring from past calf injury
• Inc calf from past quad injury
• Inc quad from past hamsting injury
• Change in biomechanics
(Orchard 2001)
Rehab Principles ‐ Foundation
Utilize eccentric training as the foundation of your rehabilitative protocols
Studies show that eccentric training in soccer players significant decrease injury rates across a multitude of body parts
Rehab Principles ‐Retrograde training
•Beneficial to soccer because of speed, agility, and backwards running
• Increases functional quadriceps activation
• limits patellofemoral stresses
(Myer et al. JSCR 2006)
Rehab PrinciplesHow creative can you be?
Liz SwimEx video Return to play progressions
On‐field therapeutic exercise (Hambly et al Cartilage 2012)
5 Phases
1. Global coordination and straight‐plain activities
2. Eccentric Loading, single‐leg, plyometrics, and deceleration maneuvers
3. Running with change of direction, increase in aerobic intensity
4. Running backward, short distance passing, on‐target shooting
5. Cutting, pivoting, sport specific patterns simulating a match‐level intensity and duration
RTP ‐ Progressions
Before beginning progressions
• You must decide 1. Do you want full strength, normal movement before beginning ball work2. Ball introduction as soon as possible 3. A middle ground
• Who handles the final phases• Fitness/Strength coach• Technical Coach • Athletic Trainer• Combination
RTP ‐ Passing Progressions
• Soft ball
• Standing ball
• Inside foot then to laces
• Moving ball 1st on the ground
then volleys
• Shorter distances
• Longer distances
• Increasing velocity
• Once able to flight distance ball
• Progress to shooting
RTP ‐ Dribbling Progressions
• Straight line short distance• Cone dribbling• Coerver moves
• Gradual increase in linear speed as deceleration control improves
• Receiving a pass then dribbling
• Unpredictable environment (with a shadow defender)
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RTP ‐ Running progressions
• Base endurance runs• Interval runs/temp runs
‐ 50% to 60% to 70% …‐ Gradually increase distance in 10 yard increments‐ Start with a 1:4 work to rest ratio. decrease to 1:1 ratio. Eventually have a work greater than rest ratio to improve lactate thresholds
• Begin angular running‐ Similar progression
• Add cutting start with low angle and gradually decrease to 180.• Gradually add speed/distance/repetitions across all levels
RTP ‐ On Field Rehab Drills
• Can you make it both fun and challenging for the athlete
• Soccer Tennis
• Soccer Golf
• Horseshoes
• Create your own skills challenge – IE juggle 5x then shoot on frame
RTP – Adding contact – Ball
Contact as part of rehab (Pain‐free on stress tests)
Start with a nerf ball/deflated ball ‐> inflated ball
Gradual increase on force
Inside of foot/ instep
Mimic 50/50 tackles
Add airex pad to plant leg to increase challenge
RTP – Adding contact – Person
• Some risk. In a controlled environment?• Always make sure to gradually increase force delivered
• Closed chain ‐ double leg‐ squat position: eyes open ‐> eyes closed• Closed chain ‐ double leg‐ varied foot position: eyes open ‐> eyes closed• Closed chain ‐ single leg: eyes open ‐> eyes closed• Open chain – jumping double leg landing• Open chain – single leg landing
Bizzini et al. suggest adding a slide tackling component in end‐stages of on‐field rehab (JOSPT 2012)
RTP – Adding contact – Person
Cardiovascular/Fitness Training
Fitness Programs
Will run concurrently with rehabilitation
Begin as early as possible in rehab process•Bike•UBE•Pool/Swim‐ex/Hydroworx
Fitness Soccer Running Break Down Over A Game
19.5 +/‐ .9 % Standing
41.8 +/‐ .9 % Walking
16.7 +/‐ .9 % Jogging
9.5 +/‐ .4 % Low Speed Run
3.7 +/‐ .3 % Backwards
4.5 +/‐ .3 % Mod Speed Run
2.8 +/‐ .2 % High Speed Run
1.4 +/‐ .1 % Sprinting
(Mohr 2003)
Fitness Soccer Running Break Down Over A Game
Top class players spend more time running backwards,
moderate speed, high speed and sprinting movements
(Mohr 2003)
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Fitness – Key Elements
•Aerobic and anaerobic power•Muscle strength
•Flexibility•Speed/Agility
(Reilly and Doran 2003)
Fitness – Game Factors
• 90 minute soccer games avg oxygen uptake is 70% of VO2 Max (Mohr et al SJMSS 2004)
• Number of changes of directions per game is 700 ‐ 900
• As match wears on skills deteriorate and injury rates rise
Fitness ‐ Goals of a Program
• Return to pre‐injury status
• Prepare athlete for match play
• Incorporate aerobic and anaerobic components
• Incorporate soccer specific movements
• Incorporate skills?
Fitness – Creating a program
• Short Term vs Long Term Injury
• Short Term• Functional return as soon as possible
• Long Term• Rebuilding of base fitness
• Beginning interval training
• Build tolerance to repetitive stresses of cutting/functional return
Fitness – Creating a program
• Utilize what the space and tools that you have• Heart Rate Monitors – train in various zones
• GPS
• Creative idea: Include a deceleration zone
• As player progress add challenges• Incorporates many components.
• Gates, agility ladder, hops, etc
• Ball
Fitness ‐ Incorporating angled/bending runs
• Black: Sprint
• Red: Walk/ Recovery jog
Fitness – Utilizing field markings
• Blue: Sprint
• Red: Walk/ Recovery jog
Fitness‐ the next step
• Player has completed a fitness program
• Now to determine game readiness
• Fitness testing
Fitness Testing – Progression Over Time
Cooper Test
Multi‐stage Fitness Test (MSFT) aka Beep Test
YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test (YYIE)
YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test (YYIR)
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Fitness ‐ Other Tests
•Soccer FIT Interval Tests•30 – 15 Intermittent Test
•45 – 15 Intermittent Test
•Hoff’s Test•Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST)
Fitness – YoYo Intermittent Test
Has become “Gold Standard” of fitness testing
Difference between
• YYIRT 1 • Females or intermediate athletes
• YYIRT 2 – Faster starting speed• Males or elites athletes
• Yo‐Yo IR1 test:VO2max (mL/min/kg) = IR1 distance (m) × 0.0084 + 36.4
• Yo‐Yo IR2 test: VO2max (mL/min/kg) = IR2 distance (m) × 0.0136 + 45.3• Bangsbo 2008
Fitness – YoYo Intermittent Test
• YYIRT• Elite players demonstrate better performance
• 11% higher rates (Mohr et all J Sports Sci 2003)
• International elite performed better than moderate elites on YYIR
(Krustap et al 2006)
Future of Fitness Testing
Validated Soccer specific Tests that incorporate • Skill • Aerobic• Anaerobic • Dynamic movements
• Soccer specific movements
Re‐integration into team
• Pre‐requisite: Ability to demonstrate soccer specific movements and high fitness level
• Team training skill drills
• Training non‐contact (playing as a neutral)Allows for spatial awareness
• Training with contact in practiceGradual increase in practice duration
• Scrimmage games/practices
• Competitive matchesFirst games as a sub, game speed slows over course of 2nd half
Regeneration and Recovery
Recovery – Nutrition
Consumption of a high sodium drink (61 mmol/L) equivalent to 150–200% of sweat loss (Shirreffs Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996)
GOAL: return to state of hyperhydration
High glycemic index (GI) carbohydrate intake of 1.2 g carbohydrate/kg/hr and at 15–60 min intervals for up to 5 hours post match (Jentjens Sports Med 2003)
GOAL: Resynthesis of muscle glycogen
20 g milk protein, or an equivalent of 9 g essential amino acids during the first 2 hours of post‐exercise recovery [12 ]. (Beelen et al IJSNEM 2010)
GOAL: Protein synthesis
Recovery ‐ Nutrition
• The addition of protein to post‐exercise carbohydrate feedings can reduce muscle soreness (Luden IJSNEM 2007)
• Flavored milk drinks have necessary carbohydrate and protein content are a quality and economical choice for players post competition.
• Meal containing high‐GI carbohydrate and protein should be served to players within the hour following play.
(Nedelec Sports Med 2013)
Recovery ‐ Cold Tub
• 88% French professional soccer teams use cold water immersion and contrast water therapy (Nedelec Sports med 2013)
• Cold water immersion performed immediately after exercise and repeated throughout the recovery process, provide superior results compared to
• passive recovery
• contrast water immersion (Ingram et al J Sci Med Sport 2009)
• hot water immersion (Vaile et al EJAP 2008)
• Cold water immersion protocols are varied and exact protocol has yet to be determined.
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Recovery ‐ Cold Tub
• Immediate cold water immersion resulted in a 79% likely benefit when compared with delayed cold water immersion. (Brophy‐Williams et al. JSSM 2011)
• The study demonstrates that cold water immersion immediately after a high‐intensity exercise session was more beneficial for next‐day running performance than cold water immersion performed 3 h after the session.
Recovery ‐ Sleep
• Post‐match routines frequently lead to a very late bedtime, which may also alter sleep quality and quantity (Fietze Chronobiol Int 2008)
• medical care,
• recovery strategies
• meals
• the return trip
• In the morning after a night of sleep deprivation inflammatory responses are enhanced compared with morning levels following uninterrupted sleep (Irwin Arch Intern 2006)
Recovery ‐ Sleep
• sleep induction include benefiting from a • dark and quiet environment by using eye shades and ear plugs,
• listening to relaxing music and adopting
• regular sleep‐wake schedules
• Can we get our college players to wake up and go to bed a regular times?
Recovery ‐ Sleep
• Potential sleep disturbance factors‐ Pre‐game Caffeine for performance enhancement (Roehrs Sleep Med 2008)‐ Post‐game alcohol consumption Feige (Alcohol Clin Exp 2006) ‐ Hyperhydration (Halson EJSS 2008)
• Short post‐lunch nap will limit negative effects of poor night’s sleep (Waterhouse JSS 2007)
• Nap followed by a 30‐min recovery period improves alertness and aspects of mental and physical performance following partial sleep loss.
(Waterhouse JSS 2007)• The ability to nap for short periods during the day is a useful skill, especially during a congested schedule
Recovery – Jog and Stretch (Active recovery)
• Popular among pro teams
• Performed by 81% of French professional soccer teams immediately after the match and/or on the following days
• Running, biking or swimming at low intensities for 15–30 min.
Recovery – Jog and Stretch (Active recovery)
• Active recovery of 30% and 60% of maximal oxygen consumption and lasting at least 15 min, enhanced blood lactate removal or accelerated pH recovery (Fairchild et al MSSE 2003, Sairyn et al IJSM 2003)
• Faster lactate removal does not necessarily involve better performance during subsequent exercise.
• Immediate Post game active recovery may inhibit glycogen synthesis (Fairchild et al MSSE 2003)
Recovery ‐ Stretching
• No substantial scientific evidence to support the use of stretching to enhance the post‐exercise recovery (Robey et al Res Sports Med 2009)
• Stretching is not clinically worthwhile for reducing muscle soreness in the days following exercise. (Herbert et al. 2011)
• Stretching after eccentric exercise may even hinder the outcome of the recovery process (Lund SJMSS 1998).
Recovery ‐Medication
• Popular in Mexico is the prophylactic use of muscle relaxants and NSAID injections
• Vitamin B shots are popular
Recovery – Foam rollers
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Recovery ‐Massage
• Common practice world wide
• Alleviates muscle soreness
• Perceived benefits of recovery from subjects
(Nedelec M et al, Recovery in Soccer Part II – Recovery Strategies. Sports Med 2012)
Recovery – Compression Pants
• 22% of French Professional teams use them for LE
•No benefits in repeated sprint performance, peak power output, isokinetic strength, agility and countermovement jump have been reported
• Subjects in studies perceived benefit
(Nedelec M et al, Recovery in Soccer Part II – Recovery Strategies. Sports Med 2012)
Soccer Equipment
Equipment ‐ HeadgearEquipment ‐ Head Gear
NATA Concussion Statements
2004 and 2014 statements mentions soccer headgear
•ATC should neither endorse or discourage, based on limited research
•10 years, not enough research to sway the NATA’s Position either way?
Equipment ‐ Headgear
Manufacturer Model Sizes Web Site
djOrthopedics Hat Trick S/M, M/L http://www.djortho.com
Full90 Sports Premier‐A S/M, M/L http://www.full90.com
Forcefield FF (NA) Ltd. Forcefield FF Protective Sweatband Ages 4‐10 http://www.forcefieldheadbands.com
Forcefield FF (NA) Ltd. Forcefield FF Protective Sweatband Ages 10+ http://www.forcefieldheadbands.com
Forcefield FF (NA) Ltd.Ultra Forcefield FF Protective Sweatband
One Size Fits All http://www.forcefieldheadbands.com
https://www.nfhs.org/sports‐resource‐content/soccer‐headgear‐and‐astm‐product‐performance/
Reported meet ASTM F2439 – 06 standards
Equipment ‐ Head Gear
Arguments for•Companies claim reduction in forces•Canadian youth club study found a reduction in concussion rates (Delany et al BJSM 2008)
•Why not?
Equipment ‐ Head Gear
Arguments against• Lack of peer‐reviewed studies• Most studies are lab based
• Concerns over the warrior mentally
• Increased surface contact could lead to increased concussion• Pro players paid to wear the product• Limited NOSCAE testing
• Testing by ASTM
Equipment ‐ Head Gear
Clubs starting to make it policy to wear it
GKs vs Field Players
Is this the future of the sport?
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Equipment ‐Mouth guards
• Studies fail to show consistent decrease in concussion rate
• Clear data that it prevents dental injuries• Players complain about comfort levels•Mouth guards with ability to measure forces in development and becoming more available
•Will mouth guards become mandatory equipment in the future?
Equipment ‐ Footwear
Each Cleat will have different traction properties on different surfaces
Indoor Turfs WetGround
Artificial Blades Molded
Equipment ‐ Footwear
Including the body
Equipment – FootwearNew designs from adidas and Nike
High top Woven shoe
How will these affect injury rates?
Equipment ‐ Footwear
Sole •Not rigid – doesn’t do well with flexible feet• Heel Cup rigidity – affects sub‐talor joint stability•Width• Rotational component• Flex point• Length – Players tend to wear shoes a size to small
Equipment – Shoes –Flex point
Equipment Shoe – Lack of heel and rotational support
• Pic of flexed Shoe
• Pic
Shin Guards
• Mandatory equipment across all levels
• FIFA Law 4
• NCAA 4‐1‐2
• NFHS 4‐1‐1 has size regulations and logo must
appear on the front of the shin guard
Game Challenges
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Game challenges – The Clock
• FIFA game timing – Running clock with referee adding time at the end
• Scholastic – common to have a countdown clock that stops for goals, injuries, cards, and substitutions
Game Challenges – The Referee
Rushing you, especially towards end of game in running clocks
International game – difference in languages
Orders out the stretcher crew
Game Challenges ‐ Blood injuries
• Do you have the ability to control a blood situation quickly because of above stated reasons?
• Necessary supplies Monsels swabstick, Lidocaine w/ epinephrine (MD Only), steri‐strips, vasoline, various stretch tapes, electrical tape, Doo‐rags/skull caps, skin stapler, blood buster or other organic solvent
Game Challenges ‐ Blood injuries
At the professional/international level. Goal is 1 minute
Game Challenges NCAA substitution rules: Blood and concussion
• 3.5.3 Illness/Injury/Bleeding or Blood on Uniform and Signs of Concussion.
• 3.5.3.1 Players whose injury was caused by an opposing player who was cautioned or ejected in conjunction with the injury may be substituted for and re‐enter the game in any period (after being beckoned by the referee) at any stoppage of play or at any of the allowable times for normal substitutions. Neither the injured player nor the substitute shall be charged with a substitution.
NCAA Concussion Substitution
• 3.5.3.2 Players with a bleeding injury, blood on the uniform or signs of a concussion shall be substituted for and may re‐enter the game (after being beckoned by the referee) at any stoppage of play or at any of the allowable times for normal substitution, provided the appropriate medical personnel have given clearance. Neither the injured player nor the substitute shall be charged with a substitution. However, if the injured player replaces a player other than the original substitute, that player shall be charged with a substitution.
• Note: The injured player is eligible for re‐entry only after medical personnel has given clearance. However, if a player leaves the game for displaying concussionlike symptoms, that player must be cleared by the team physician or his or her designee according to the concussion management plan. Student‐athletes diagnosed with a concussion shall not return to activity for the remainder of that day. (See Appendix D.)
Game Challenges ‐ Substitution
International substitution rule• 3 subs in formal competitions
• 6 subs in friendlies
Quick and accurate decisions• Team will play down a player until decision is made
• Once a player is removed he or she can not return
Game Challenges ‐ Hydration
• No “time outs” in soccer
• Pre‐hydration is key
• In preparation, some European teams do not allow water breaks during practice
• Hydration free practice prior to season – simulate game conditions in a controlled environment
• Can you hydrate during stoppages?
Game Challenges
Are you prepared for anything?
August 13, 2010 - Source: Victor Decolongon/Getty Images North America
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Soccer Athletic Trainers’ Society
http://soccerATsociety.wix.com/SATS
Thank you
• AZATA
• Chad Walker and Mindy Langlois
• Partners and colleagues at 90Strong.com
• Cody Mansfield
• Holly Silvers
• Dr. Michael Gerhardt
• ASU Sports Medicine Team
• Professional Soccer Athletic Trainers’ Society
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