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Spatial Analysis of Abyssal Temperature Variations Observed From the ALOHA Cabled Observatory and WHOTS Moorings Roger Lukas * , Fernando SantiagoMandujano * , Bruce Howe * , Albert Plueddemann # , Robert Weller # , R. Walter Deppe * , David Murphy + , Richard Guenther + , and Nordeen Larson + * SOEST/University of Hawaii # Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution + SeaBird Electronics 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting

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Page 1: Spatial Analysis of Abyssal Temperature From the ALOHA ... · 2/16/2016  · Microsoft PowerPoint - Ppt0000007.ppt [Read-Only] Author: Kellie Created Date: 2/29/2016 3:32:02 PM

Spatial Analysis of Abyssal Temperature Variations Observed From the ALOHA 

Cabled Observatory and WHOTS Moorings

Roger Lukas*, Fernando Santiago‐Mandujano*, Bruce Howe*, Albert Plueddemann#, Robert Weller#, R. Walter Deppe*, David Murphy+, Richard Guenther+, and Nordeen Larson+

* SOEST/University of Hawaii# Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution+  Sea‐Bird Electronics 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting

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Outline of Talk (not for display)• Introduction/Motivation

– Background on abyssal circulation– Cold events and oscillations– Topographic constraints (x‐ref to Deppe et al. poster)

• Station ALOHA (HOT/WHOTS/ACO)– Use Station ALOHA bathymetry zoom map– Instruments and locations

• Temperature calibrations and accuracy– Sea‐Bird calibration laboratory and sensor history– in situ comparison of co‐located instruments

• Temporal character of temperature differences• Discussion

– large temperature differences over days and O(10 km)

• Conclusions– large differences over days and O(10 km)– signal/noise ~ 10

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• Introduction/Motivation– Background on abyssal circulation– Cold events and oscillations. Hawaii Ocean Time‐series (HOT)

• Temperature calibrations and accuracy• Temporal character of temperature differences. ALOHA Cabled Observatory (ACO)

• Spatial character of temperature differences. WHOTS mooring data

• Discussion/Summary

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Introduction (not for display)

– Brief background on abyssal circulation– Cold events and oscillations– Topographic constraints (x‐ref to Deppe et al. poster)

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bathymetry from Hawaii Mapping Research Group/SOEST/UH

Central North Pacific AABW Circulation and Topographic Constraints

Maui Deep

Kauai Deep

25N

20N

155W160W

Station ALOHA

Nu`uanu Seamounts

Antarctic Bottom Water via Samoan Passage

100 km

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Rapid Cold Event Onset and Slow Recovery

HOT‐98 two deep casts, ∆t ~ 2 days∆T ~ 0.03°C

~40 m

~70 m

HOT cruise # indicated below each profile

Hawaii Ocean Time‐series deep Sea‐Bird 911+CTD profiles, dual SBE‐3F temperature sensors calibrated to better than 1 mK after every cruise @ Sea‐Bird

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Accuracy and Stability of Thermometers used in SBE‐37 Microcats, SBE‐16 Seacats

1 mDegree Full Scale

Calibration standard used for deep ocean temperatures; shows the stability of the calibration

Histogram of the upper right plot.Average error is calculated for each calibration across the calibration range of ‐1.0 – 32.5 CHigh accuracy and stability

Primary Std at Triple Point of Water Errors evaluated by post deployment calibration relative to calibration at time of manufacture

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bottom water overflow pathways

(see Deppe et al. poster 90302)SBE‐37 on outrigger

from Observatorymodule

(see Howe et al. OD11A‐04)

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History of Cold Bottom Water Events at Station ALOHAHawaii Ocean Time‐series (Lukas et al., 2001) and ALOHA Cabled Observatory (Alford et al., 2011)

SBE‐37 Microcat 1.8 m above bottom (4728 m) on the ALOHA Cabled Observatory

SBE‐911+ CTD with SBE‐3F T‐sensors

HOT‐98 cold event

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Narrative (not for reading)

Not long after the ACO was deployed, a cold event began (Alford et al., 2011). Over several months, potential temperature dropped from 1.110°C to 1.09°C (0.02°C = 20 mK). The cooling was not steady, but was superimposed with rapid changes of ~±5 mK. Temperature increased nearly linearly by about 15 mK to mid‐2012, plateauing through the remainder of the year before increasing again by 5 mK through mid‐2013. The recovery phase of this cold event was characterized by small variations around distinct trends, consistent with turbulent diffusion of heat downward as modeled by Lukas et al. (2001; Deep‐Sea Research).

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Narrative (not for reading)

A subsequent rapid cooling was observed in January 2014, followed by large oscillations, warming, and then another rapid cooling in November 2014. A slower cooling similar to 2011 occurred from August‐October of 2015.

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SBE‐37 Microcat on ACO/OBS (unpumped, blue) and SBE‐37SM (pumped, red) on ACO/BSP‐1

Separation ~ 5 m

RMS difference ~0.3 mK

Max difference = 1.4 mK

Initial drift of ~0.5 mK for BSP‐1, with stable difference ~‐0.3 mK

Positive BSP‐OBS differences attributed to some dynamic signals being removed from OBS θ when removing thermals caused by OBS power dissipation

1 mK

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Data Is Useful But Requires Manipulation 

• Red crosses are data from equipment lowered from ship

• Note that continuous sampling yields much more information than intermittent data from ships

4 m°C

HOT CTD 

HOT CTD 

• Data is de‐spiked and averaged daily

• Variations are real and not equipment induced artifact

20 m°C

RL1

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Slide 13

RL1 Just a note - HOT CTD generally about 1.2 km away

CTD measurements are made over a few minutes at most

internal tides are seen by the CTD, but not by ACO daily averagesRoger Lukas, 2/16/2016

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Low‐pass filtered  (120‐day cutoff) ACO signals are 15 mK peak‐to‐peak 

High‐passed variability 27.6 mK p‐p

WHOI‐Hawaii Ocean Time‐series Site moorings with dual SBE‐16 Seacats 37 m above bottom WHOTS‐9 WHOTS‐10 WHOTS‐11

Cold events show increased variance an order of magnitude larger than measurement uncertainty

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WHOTS‐9 & ‐11

WHOTS‐10

ACOanchor locations and buoy watch circles

11.4 km

9.6 km12 km

Isobaths at 20 m intervals

Station ALOHA bathymetry and instrument locations

All instruments less than 100 m vertical separation

ACO Microcat is 1.8 m above bottom (4728 m)

All WHOTS Seacats were 37 m above the seafloor on taut mooring segment (instrument knock‐down not significant)

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Three WHOTS mooring deployments each with dual SBE‐16 Seacats above anchor releases, 37 m above bottom

Potential temperature differences  from ACO reach more than ±0.02°C (20 mK).

ACO current speed and direction reveal complex dynamics

3‐day mooring overlaps

CW, CCW, CW

detided daily averages0.1 m/s

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ACO

ACO

WH‐10

WH‐10

WH‐9

WH‐11

10 mK

0.01°C

10 mK

0.01°C

Simultaneous θdifferences across 10‐12 km over three daysACO Microcat is 1.8 m above bottom (4728 m)

WHOTS Seacats were paired 37 m above the seafloor on taut moorings

All instruments less than 100 m vertical separation; 

near‐bottom vertical gradient of potential temperature only during cold events

11 mK warming in one day at WH‐11

WHOTS‐ACO differences  0‐11 mK, WHOTS colder (9.6‐11.4 km separation ~along isobaths)

WHOTS‐WHOTS differences 2‐11 mK (12 km separation across isobaths)

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Daily averages

Numerous multi‐day, very significant differences between ACO and WHOTS‐11

Indicative of strong near‐bottom baroclinic pressure gradients

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WHOTS‐9 tracks ACO very closely except for one month‐long event. 

WHOTS‐10 and ‐11 differences from ACO are larger and lead ACO by 1‐day and 2‐3 days respectively. 10‐12 km separation, so ~0.13 m/s propagation speed (faster than mean currents).

negative lags for WHOTS leading ACO

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WHOTS‐ACO WHOTS‐9 WHOTS‐10 WHOTS‐11

Mean ∆ ‐0.22 mK ‐2.18 mK ‐1.63 mK

RMS ∆ 2.62 mK 5.07 mK 4.51 mK

~one‐year mooring deployments

Mean θ differences from ACO highly significant for WHOTS‐10 and ‐11, with WHOTS sites to east and southeast of ACO colder

Magnitude and variability of WHOTS‐ACO θ differences changed markedly  between WHOTS‐9 and subsequent period

WHOTS‐ACO Potential Temperature Differences

All instruments near bottom, with vertical separation < 100 m

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Discussion‐ Large dynamic abyssal temperature signals in the Kauai Deep ―cold overflow events and oscillations ―much greater than instrumental uncertainty

‐ One‐year mean θ differences are real and significant;WHOTS colder than ACO is consistent with bottom water source to east ― the Maui Deep 

‐ RMS ACO‐WHOTS differences ~5 mK during 2014‐2015 (~10 km separation)

Simultaneous WHOTS‐ACO differences exceed 1 mK/km over several days

Strong near‐bottom baroclinic pressure gradients

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DiscussionSignals propagate from east to west on average, faster than the daily mean near‐bottom flow @ the ALOHA Cabled Observatory

Internal Kelvin waves with periods of days to weeks?Consistent with westward propagation at ALOHA (i.e. counterclockwise propagation around Kauai Deep)

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bottom water overflow pathways

(see Deppe et al. poster 90302)

Internal Kelvin wave propagation ?

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DiscussionSignals propagate from east to west on average, faster than the daily mean near‐bottom flow @ the ALOHA Cabled Observatory

Internal Kelvin waves with periods of days to weeks?Consistent with westward propagation at ALOHA (i.e. counterclockwise propagation around Kauai Deep)

Forcing?: May be from above (surface weather; baroclinic eddies) or by overflow gravity currents overshooting levels of neutral buoyancy

Issues: Internal Rossby radius of deformation depends on stratification,which depends on frequency and magnitude of cold overflows

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Summary• Temperature measurements accurate to better than 0.001°C 

across multiple Sea‐Bird instruments, both in calibration lab and deployed in the abyss

• Large dynamic signals (cold overflow events; oscillations) in the Kauai Deep:  Signal/noise ratio > 10

• Simultaneous WHOTS‐ACO differences exceed 1 mK/km over several days; one‐year mean differences are much larger than measurement uncertainty

• Signals propagate along isobaths from east to west at ALOHA

• Such non‐tidal dynamics are likely occurring at many other locations along abyssal circulation pathways

aloha.manoa.hawaii.edu

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Estimate of Temperature Error Between Calibrations for HOT SBE 3 Thermometers

• Top plot shows an estimate of the error incurred in data collected between calibrations for 6 SBE 3 thermometers used in the HOT program

• Bottom plot is a histogram of top plot

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mean and RMS differences < 1 mK

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Seafloor Temperature Record

0.01°C

0.001°C

raw temperature (red) with spikes and de‐spiked (blue) 

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2014 event oscillations ~30 days periodlate 2015 oscillations much shorter period

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Instruments and Locations

This slide not for displayAll instruments less than 100 m vertical separation

ACO Microcat is 1.8 m above bottom (4728 m)

All WHOTS Seacats were 37 m above the seafloor.

Bottom depths:

WHOTS‐9 4631 m‐10 4720 m‐11 4671 m

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SBE‐37 on outrigger

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Simultaneous θ differences across 10‐12 km over three days (between three WHOTS moorings and the ACO during deployment/recovery operations)

WHOTS‐WHOTS differences 2‐11 mK (12 km separation across isobaths)

WHOTS‐ACO differences  3‐11 mK, WHOTS colder (9.6‐11.4 km separation ~along‐isobaths)

Note warming of 11 mK at WH‐11 over one day, with 4 mK warming at ACO lagging by one day All instruments near bottom, with vertical separation < 100 m

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Cold events show increased variance an order of magnitude larger than measurement uncertainty