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Have and Show Emotions

Research report

Spain

Scientific project management Dr. Maya Götz

Implementation in Spain Belén Ortiz, Michael Höfig

Analysis and report Judith Schwarz, Simone Gruber, Hannah Steinberg, Monika Eder

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Abstract

To gain a better understanding of their emotional experience and expression during

everyday life and while watching television, 5,190 children and preteens from 17

countries were examined in a study. Moreover, it was of interest how the social

expectations are assessed. The Spanish sample comprised 157 questionnaires and

induced the following results:

In Spain as well as in other countries joy is the emotion most frequently

experienced.

However, Spanish children are less joyful and experience fear more often

than children from other countries.

Spanish children demonstrate their feelings of grief openly and experience

often feelings of proud and anger.

In comparison, Spanish children are the most envious ones.

Spanish girls show their feelings of joy, fear and grief more often than the

Spanish boys.

Boys, however, are prouder than girls whereas girls experience envy more

often than boys.

Feeling emotions like joy or pride decreases with age among Spanish

children.

Younger children show their feelings of sadness more frequently.

Spanish children demand emotional honesty from TV characters.

Compared with the children´s own experience and expression of emotions,

TV characters should openly display their emotions.

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1. Objective and sample

The objective of the international study „Have and Show Emotions“ was to get a

better understanding of children’s and preteens’ experience of emotions.

In cooperation with international colleagues, 5,190 children and preteens between 6

and 15 years of age were surveyed using the same questionnaire. The questionnaire

centered on the children´s self-evaluation of the emotions they had recently

experienced, how often they had felt certain emotions within the past seven days and

to what extent they had shown these emotions to others.

In addition, respondents were asked to self-evaluate how their parents react to the

demonstration of particular emotions, which emotions they feel while watching

television, and to what extent they think TV characters should honestly show how

they feel.

The central emotions were joy, fear, anger, sadness, pride and envy. The country-

specific sample varied from n = 40 in Canada to n = 1,016 in Germany. In this regard,

it is not possible to formulate representative statements for most of the countries.

Only the results of the German sample can be considered as representative for the

Federal Republic of Germany. Based on the wider age distribution, however, a

greater reliability of the results can be expected in countries with more than 300

respondents.

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Ill. 1: Distribution of the total sample by countries

In Spain, 157 children and preteens participated in the study with the amount of girls

and boys evenly distributed.

Age category Boys

(n=80)

Girls

(n=77)

10 – 12 years

(n=40)

13%

(n=20)

13%

(n=20)

13 – 15 years

(n=117)

38%

(n=60)

36%

(n=57)

Ill. 2: Sampling distribution – Spain

Spain 157

Iran 409

China 400

Italy 74

Bosnia 406

Canada 40 Malaysia

421

Denmark 93

Slovenia 327

Afghanistan 428

Australia 48

Ukraine 386

Argentina 204

Cuba 398

Netherlands 143

Germany 1016

Thailand 240

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2. Results1

2.1 Emotion “joy”

The first emphasis of the questionnaire was put on the emotion joy. All items in the

questionnaire were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Participating children and

preteens were asked about their recent experiences of joy: “How often did you feel

really happy in the past 7 days?” and “Was there a moment when you really had to

laugh out loud?” We also wanted to know how they deal with their emotions. Thus we

asked: “How much did you show others that you feel really happy?” As a next step

the children were asked to self-evaluate how their parents would assess the

expression of this emotion by answering the question “How do your parents like it

when you show them that you feel really happy?” In line with the research interest of

the International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI) the last

question was: “Are you getting really happy from time to time from something you see

on TV?”2

Spanish children less joyful

With respect to the emotion “joy”, the international comparison shows that Spanish

children and preteens rank in the lower range in terms of nearly all categories. This

means that the Spanish respondents less often answer that they do experience and

express joy. Just the Afghan children experience joy less frequently than the children

from Spain. However, Spanish respondents laugh as often as children from other

countries and most of the Spanish children assume that their parents would approve

their showing of joy. About 60% of the Spanish children and preteens state that TV

has triggered feelings of joy at least once. Only Ukraine attains a lower result in this

category.

1 In the following, the results of the Spanish sample will be analyzed in terms of an international

country comparison as well as separated by gender and age. In each case the top-two items of the four-point Likert-Scale will be represented. Significant differences will be specified by using asterisks (*). 2 The detailed questionnaire can be found in the appendix.

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Experiencing Showing Parents approve ofshowing the

emotion

Laughing Joy from watchingTV

Spain Malaysia Cuba Germany Ukraine Slovenia China Bosnia Afghanistan

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Experiencing* Showing Parents approve ofshowing the

emotion

Laughing Joy from watchingTV

Boys Girls

Ill. 3: Differences in terms of showing and experiencing the emotion “joy“ by countries (n > 300) – agreement

Boys experience joy more often

A gender comparison reveals that by tendency girls express joy more frequently than

boys, although boys experience joy more often than girls. Beyond that, boys refer to

feelings of joy caused by watching TV more often than girls.

Ill. 4: Differences in terms of showing and experiencing the emotion “joy“ by gender – agreement

Joy: an emotion for the younger ones

Age-differences become apparent significantly in the category “experiencing” and

“showing” as well as in the emotional experiences triggered by TV. 85% of all 10- to

12-year-olds state that they experienced joy permanently or often in the past seven

days. Among the 13- to 15-year-olds, by contrast, only about 65% experienced this

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Experiencing Showing* Parents approve ofshowing the

emotion

Laughing* Joy from watchingTV

10-12 years 13-15 years

feeling in the previous week. Moreover, younger respondents demonstrate their joy

more often than older ones. Additionally, only about 60% of the respondents in the 13

to 15 age group stated that past TV experiences had triggered feelings of joy,

whereas TV caused much more fun in the other age category.

Ill. 5: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “joy“ by age – agreement

2.2 Emotion “fear”

The next set of questions focused on the emotion fear. All items in the questionnaire

were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Participating children and preteens were asked

about their recent experiences of fear: “How often did you feel anxious in the past 7

days?” We also wanted to know how they deal with their emotions. Thus we asked

“How much did you show others that you feel anxious?” As a next step the children

were asked self-evaluate how their parents would assess the expression of this

emotion by answering the question “How do your parents like it when you show them

that you feel anxious?” The last questions were: “Are you getting anxious from time to

time from something you see on TV?” and “Do you sometimes get nightmares from

something you saw on TV?”

Spanish children often experience fear

The country-comparison reveals that Spanish children experience fear more

frequently than respondents of the other countries.3 In contrast to the emotion “joy”,

the Spanish respondents show their fear less frequently than they do actually

experience it. However, every second child thinks that their parents would approve

3 Only the evaluation of fear uses the top-three items of the four-point Likert-Scale.

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Experiencing Showing Parents approve ofshowing the emotion

Fear from watching TV


the expression of this emotion. On top of that, almost two-thirds of the Spanish

respondents have already experienced fear as a consequence of watching TV.

Ill. 6: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “fear“ by countries (n > 300) – agreement

Beyond that, four out of 10 children state that they had had a nightmare from

watching something on TV at least once. With this result, Spain ranks third in the

international comparison. 107 children and preteens answered the question which

show or movie made them feel anxious. In this context The Conjuring (n=7) was most

often mentioned followed by The Exorcist (n=7), The Ring (n=7), and Mama (n=6).4

Ill. 7: Overview of “Nightmares from watching TV”

4 Some children wrote down more than one show/movie. But for the analysis only the first mention was

taken into account.

0%

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No

Yes

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Experiencing* Showing Parents approve ofshowing the emotion

Fear from watching TV*

Boys Girls

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Fear from watching TV


Girls show fear more often

The gender comparison reveals that girls experience and show fear more often than

boys. Moreover, girls experience fear from watching TV marginal more frequently

than boys.

Ill. 8: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “fear“ by gender – agreement

Older children show fear more often

The analysis of the single age groups reveals differences in terms of showing

feelings of fear. In particular the 13- to 15-year-olds state that they often show fear

whereas the youngest respondents show fear less often. However, there is a smaller

difference with respect to experiencing this emotion.

Ill. 9: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “fear“ by age – agreement

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2.3 Emotion “sadness”

This section dealt with recent experiences of sadness: “How often did you feel really

sad in the past 7 days?” and “Did you have to cry in the last 7 days?” Additionally we

wanted to know the reasons for crying by offering the categories pain, anger, sorrow,

fun, and fear as answer options. We also wanted to know how they would show their

sadness. Thus we asked: “How much did you show others that you feel really sad?”

As a next step the children were asked to self-evaluate how their parents would

assess the expression of this emotion by answering the question “How do your

parents like it when you show them that you feel really sad?” In line with the research

interest of the International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI)

we then asked: “Are you getting really sad from time to time from something you see

on TV?” Again all items in the questionnaire were rated on a 4-point Likert scale,

except the additional question for this section.

Spanish children demonstrate their feelings of grief more openly

The international comparison demonstrates that Spanish children and preteens

experience sadness more often than the respondents from other countries.

Moreover, Spanish children demonstrate their feelings of grief openly and cry often.

In this context, Spanish participants name mostly anger as reason for this emotional

outburst, followed by grief and pain. Beyond that, six out of 10 children assume that

the expression of sadness is approved by their parents. Additionally, more than one

third of the participants experienced sadness as a consequence of watching TV.

Ill. 10: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “sadness“ by countries (n > 300) – agreement

Girls experience and show grief more often

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emotion

Crying Sad from watchingTV


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The gender comparison reveals that girls experience sadness more frequently than

boys. Moreover, they show their feelings of sadness more often and cry more often

than boys. Reasons why girls cry are feelings of anger and grief whereas boys cry

because of anger, joy and pain. Beyond that, previous TV events triggered feelings of

sadness more often experienced among girls than among boys.

Ill. 11: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “sadness“ by gender – agreement

Younger children show sadness more often

The age comparison reveals that the willingness to show grief decreases with

advancing age. Yet older children experience feelings of sadness more often than

younger ones. With increasing age the children´s agreement that their parents would

approve the expression of this emotion increases. Beyond that, the 13- to 15-year-

olds in particular refer to emotionally charged TV events more often than respondents

of other age group.

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Experiencing* Showing Parents approve ofshowing the

emotion

Crying* Sad from watchingTV*

Boys Girls

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Ill. 12: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “sadness“ by age – agreement

2.4 Emotion “anger”

The next set of questions dealt with anger. We wanted to know more about the

recent experiences of the participants: “How often did you feel really angry in the past

7 days?” We also wanted to know to what extent they showed their anger. Thus we

asked: “How much did you show others that you feel really angry?” As a next step the

children were asked to self-evaluate how their parents would assess the expression

of this emotion by answering the question “How do your parents like it when you

show them that you feel really angry?” In line with the research interest of the

International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI) we asked:

“Are you getting really angry from time to time from something you see on TV?”

Spanish children often experience anger

Children and preteens from Spain experience anger more often than the respondents

from other countries. Just Bosnia attains a higher result in this category. This applies

also to the expression of the emotion where the Spanish participants rank in the

upper range and also the parents´ approval of showing this emotion is considered

very high.

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emotion

Crying Sad from watchingTV


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Ill. 13: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “anger“ by countries (n > 300) – agreement

Girls show anger more often

Girls by tendency experience and show anger a bit more often than boys and more

girls than boys assume that their parents would approve the expression of this

feeling.

Ill. 14: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “anger“ by gender– agreement

Younger children hardly show anger

The age comparison shows that older respondents experience and express anger

more often than younger ones. Beyond that, the 10- to 12-year olds consider their

parents´ approval of showing this emotion to be very low.

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Angry from watching TV


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Boys Grils

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Ill. 15: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “anger“ by age– agreement

2.5 Emotion “pride”

The next set of questions focused on the emotion pride. All items in the questionnaire

were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Participating children and preteens were asked

about their recent experiences of pride: “How often did you feel really proud in the

past 7 days?”. We also wanted to know how they deal with their emotions. Thus we

asked: “How much did you show others that you feel really proud?” As a next step

the children were asked to self-evaluate how their parents would assess the

expression of this emotion by answering the question “How do your parents like it

when you show them that you feel really proud?” In line with the research interest of

the International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television (IZI) we asked

“Are you getting really proud of yourself from time to time from something you see on

TV?” “What were you proud of?” was the last question in this section. With this open

question we wanted to learn more about the children’s reasons for feeling pride.

Spanish children are proud

Regarding the frequency of experiencing pride, Spanish children and preteens rank

above the international average. While only about 20% of the Malaysian respondents

experience pride often or permanently, almost 60% of the Spanish participants report

about having experienced this emotion. If the Spanish participants experience pride,

the emotion is related to their abilities, their own family or their talents. The country

comparison also reveals that the Spanish children and preteens show less pride than

they experience. On top of that, more than 80% of the Spanish participants state that

their parents would approve or very much approve showing this emotion.

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Experiencing Showing* Parents approve ofshowing the emotion*



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Ill. 16: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “pride“ by countries (n > 300) – agreement

Boys are prouder

The gender comparison shows that boys experience and show pride more frequently

than girls, although more girls than boys believe that their parents would approve that

they show their feelings of pride.

Ill. 17: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “pride“ by gender – agreement

Pride: an emotion for the younger ones

Comparing the age groups we can see that with advancing age pride is experienced

less frequently and also shown less often. Furthermore, the older the respondents

get, the smaller is their faith that their parents would approve the expression of pride.

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Proud from watching TV


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Experiencing* Showing Parents approve ofshowing the emotion


Boys Girls

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Ill. 18: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “pride“ by age – agreement

2.6 Emotion “envy”

The last set of questions focused on the children’s emotion envy. All items in the

questionnaire were rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Participating children and

preteens were asked about their recent experiences of envy: “How often did you feel

really envious of others in the past 7 days?” We also wanted to know how they deal

with their emotions. Thus we asked “How much did you show others that you feel

really envious of others?” As a next step the children were asked to self-evaluate how

their parents would assess the expression of this emotion by answering the question

“How do your parents like it when you show them that you feel really envious of

others?” In line with the research interest of the International Central Institute for

Youth and Educational Television (IZI) we asked: “Are you getting really envious of

others from time to time from something you see on TV?” “What did you envy?” was

the last question in this section. With this open ended question we wanted to get

answers about the children’s reasons for feeling envious.

Spanish children often experience envy triggered by TV events

The international country comparison reveals that Spanish children and preteens

experience envy more often than the international average. Regarding the frequency

of showing envy, however, the Spanish participants rank in the lower range. Only

Ukraine attains a lower result in this category. Children from Spain especially envy

other people´s material possessions or celebrities.

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Experiencing Showing* Parents approve ofshowing the emotion



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Ill. 19: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “envy“ by country (n > 300) – agreement

Girls experience envy more often

The gender comparison reveals that girls experience feelings of envy more often than

boys, although boys show envy slightly more often than girls.

Ill. 20: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “envy“ by sex – agreement

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Envious from watchingTV


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Boys Girls

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Envy decreases with advancing age

The age comparison reveals that feelings of envy are more frequently stated by

younger participants than by older ones. However, with advancing age, the

assumption that the parents would accept showing feelings of envy increases.

Ill. 21: Differences in terms of experiencing and showing the emotion “envy“ by age – agreement

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> 4h 2 - 4h 1 - 2h < 1h not at all


2.7 TV viewing behavior and emotions on TV

The last part of the questionnaire focused on TV viewing behavior. First we wanted to

know how often children and preteens of different countries watch TV. Thus we

asked: “How often do you watch TV?”; and offered answer options: daily, several

times a week, once a week, rarely, or not at all. Almost half of the Spanish children

and preteens state that they watch TV every day. In the next step we wanted to know

more concretely “How many hours per day do you watch TV?” The children and

preteens were offered the following categories: more than 4 hours, 2 to 4 hours, 1 to

2 hours, less than 1 hour, and not at all. The major part spends one to two hours a

day in front of the TV. Therewith, Spain ranks in the lower range.

Ill. 22: Daily viewing time by country (n > 300) – agreement

TV characters should show their emotions

The last part of the questionnaire dealt with TV characters showing emotions. The

children were asked “How do you like it when the characters show honestly that they

feel really happy?” The same question was asked with respect to the other emotions:

fear, sadness, anger, pride and envy. Again all items were rated on a 4-point Likert

scale.

Joy is the emotion which the respondents in Spain and in other countries of the

international comparison wish to experience through TV characters, followed by the

emotions fear, pride and sadness. Despite marked differences in levels between the

countries, this ranking is similar to other countries like Germany, Ukraine or Bosnia.

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Joy Fear Sadness Anger* Pride Envy

Boys Girls

Ill. 23: TV characters and emotions by country (n > 300) – agreement

Girls want to see fear and sadness

The gender comparison reveals that girls prefer the depiction of all emotions a bit

more than boys. In particular the emotions fear, sadness, and anger are favored by

girls.

Ill. 24: TV characters and emotions by gender – agreement

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Joy Fear Sadness Anger Pride Envy


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Younger children want TV characters to show more emotions

The comparison of the two age groups reveals that the children of both age groups

wish to see TV characters who show their emotions openly

Ill. 25: TV characters and emotions by age – agreement

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Joy Fear* Sadness Anger Pride Envy


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3. Summary

5,190 children and preteens from 17 countries were surveyed with the aim of getting

a better understanding of how emotions are experienced and shown in everyday life

and while watching TV. The focus was on the emotions joy, fear, anger, sadness,

pride and envy. The Spanish sample comprised 157 questionnaires with boys and

girls evenly distributed.

The results showed that joy is the emotion most frequently experienced by Spanish

children and preteens directly followed by fear. The country comparison revealed that

the participants from Spain are less joyful than the respondents from other countries.

However, Spanish children often experience fear. Pride is the third most frequent

emotion felt by children in Spain. The country comparison also revealed that Spanish

children demonstrate their feelings of grief more openly than participants from other

countries. Beyond that, Spanish children experience problematic emotions like anger

or envy more often than the participants from other countries. With respect to the

expression of emotions, the Spanish sample demonstrated that girls have a higher

willingness than boys to show joy, fear or sadness. Beyond that, girls experience

envy more often whereas boys are prouder than girls.

For Spanish children and preteens, TV is related to a feeling of joy. Yet they also

experience that TV can cause fear. Four out of 10 children from Spain can refer to a

nightmare caused by a TV event. In addition, Spanish participants by tendency wish

that their TV characters would show more emotions than they themselves experience

or express.

Ill. 26: Overview of „Having and Showing Emotions“ – Spain

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Joy Fear Sadness Anger Pride Envy

Experiencing Showing

Parents approve the showing of the emotion Emotion from watching TV

TV character should show emotion

Befragung zum Erleben und Zeigen von Emotionen

Im Folgenden werden wir dir Fragen zu bestimmten Gefühlen und auch zum Fernsehen stellen. Bitte überlege dir jetzt genau, wie oft du bestimmte Gefühle erlebst. Ganz egal ob in der Schule oder Zuhause, im Umgang mit deinen Eltern oder Freunden, wichtig ist nur, dass du jetzt ganz ehrlich bist.

Zuerst aber zu dir: Ich bin ein Mädchen Junge und ______ Jahre alt.

Freude Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig warst du in den letzten 7 Tagen so richtig fröhlich?

überhaupt nicht eher selten eher häufig ständig

Wie sehr hast du Anderen gezeigt, dass du so richtig fröhlich bist?

überhaupt nicht kaum ein bisschen sehr

Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du so richtig fröhlich bist?

überhaupt nicht gut eher nicht so gut eher gut sehr gut

Wenn du weiter an die letzten 7 Tage denkst: Hast du da mal richtig laut gelacht?


Wirst du manchmal so richtig fröhlich bei dem, was du im Fernsehen siehst?

überhaupt nicht eher nicht eher sehr

Angst

Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig hattest du in den letzten 7 Tagen Angst?


Wie sehr hast du anderen gezeigt, dass du Angst hast?


Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du Angst hast?


Hast du manchmal Angst beim Fernsehschauen?


Bei welcher Sendung oder welchem Film hast Du mal besonders Angst bekommen?

Titel: ____________________________________________________________________

Hast du manchmal Albträume von dem, was du im Fernsehen gesehen hast?

Ja Nein

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Traurigkeit

Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig warst du in den letzten 7 Tagen so richtig traurig?


Wie sehr hast du Anderen gezeigt, dass du so richtig traurig bist?


Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du so richtig traurig bist?


Hast du in den letzten 7 Tagen auch mal geweint?


Wieso hast du geweint? Aus… Schmerz Wut Trauer Freude Angst

Wirst du manchmal so richtig traurig bei dem, was du im Fernsehen siehst?


Wut

Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig warst du in den letzten 7 Tagen so richtig wütend?


Wie sehr hast du Anderen gezeigt, dass du so richtig wütend bist?


Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du so richtig wütend bist?


Wirst du manchmal so richtig wütend über das, was du im Fernsehen siehst?


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Stolz

Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig warst du in den letzten 7 Tagen so richtig stolz auf

dich?


Wie sehr hast du Anderen gezeigt, dass du so richtig stolz auf dich bist?


Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du so richtig stolz auf dich bist?


Wirst du manchmal so richtig stolz auf dich bei dem, was du im Fernsehen siehst?


Worauf warst du denn stolz?

Ich war stolz auf_____________________________________________________________

Neid

Wenn du darüber nachdenkst, wie häufig warst du in den letzten 7 Tagen so richtig neidisch

auf andere?


Wie sehr hast du Anderen gezeigt, dass du so richtig neidisch auf andere bist?


Wie finden es deine Eltern, dass du zeigst, wenn du so richtig neidisch auf andere bist?


Wirst du manchmal so richtig neidisch auf andere bei dem, was du im Fernsehen siehst?


Worauf warst du denn neidisch?

Ich war neidisch auf__________________________________________________________

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Jetzt wollen wir noch ein paar Dinge über dich und dein Fernsehverhalten wissen.

Wie oft schaust du Fernsehen?

täglich mehrmals die Woche einmal die Woche selten überhaupt nicht

Wie viele Stunden am Tag schaust du etwa Fernsehen?

mehr als 4 Std. 2 bis 4 Std. 1 bis 2 Std. weniger als 1 Std. überhaupt nicht

Denk jetzt mal an deine Lieblingssendungen und auch alle Sendungen, die du sonst siehst.

Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie so richtig fröhlich sind?

gar nicht gut eher nicht gut eher gut sehr gut

Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie Angst haben?


Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie so richtig traurig sind?


Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie so richtig wütend sind?


Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie so richtig stolz auf sich sind?


Wie findest du es, wenn die Figuren da ehrlich zeigen, dass sie so richtig neidisch auf andere

sind?


Vielen Dank fürs Mitmachen!!!

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