space shuttle debris
TRANSCRIPT
Space Shuttle DebrisPresented by: Evan C. Wayton
Scope• Overview• Contact Models• Tracker Considerations• Simulated Considerations• Simulated Data Results• Conclusions
Scope: Overview• Overview
• Mission• 3-2-1-Blastoff!• Why Study Ascent Debris?
• Nominal Radar Systems• Key Performance Parameters
• Contact Models• Tracker Considerations• Simulated Considerations• Simulated Data Results• Conclusions
Gregory M. Horstkamp, JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST, VOLUME 29, NUMBER 2 (2010)
Mission: 3-2-1-Blastoff!~Liftoff
Mission: 3-2-1-Blastoff!~4 seconds
Mission: 3-2-1-Blastoff!~19 seconds
Mission: 3-2-1-Blastoff!
http://www.zinkwazi.com/blog/1462/cosmo-skymed-4-satellite-launch-november-5-2010
Mission: Why Study Ascent Debris• STS-107 (Columbia)
February 1, 2003
• What was the debris?
• How do we track ascent debris in the night?
• Why is it important?
Mission: Ascent Debris
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgQ3ekcvyRA#t=21
Nominal Systems (NASA)• July 24, 2014: US Patent 20140203961 A1
• “ A method is provided for analyzing debris events after a launch of a rocket-propelled vehicle. Radar and Doppler data of the launch of the rocket-powered vehicle is collected for a period of time. Atmospheric conditions are determined at the time of launch. A trajectory of the rocket-propelled vehicle is determined during ascent.”
ARDENT: Ascent Radar Debris
Examination Tool
http://www.google.com/patents/US20140203961
Nominal Systems (NASA)• July 24, 2014: US Patent 20140203961 A1
• Columbia Disaster Conclusion• Small briefcase sized foam insulation struck left wing
• Common ascent debris• SRB and SRB exhaust/smoke plumes• Main engine exhaust
• “ During the STS-107 accident investigation, radar data collected during ascent indicated a debris event that was initially theorized to be the root cause of the accident. This theory was investigated and subsequently disproved by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). However, the data itself and the lack of understanding of what debris data in radar meant to the shuttle program, required further analysis and understanding.”
http://www.google.com/patents/US20140203961
Nominal Systems (Lockheed)• February 7, 2006: US Patent 6995705 B2
• “System and method for doppler track correlation for debris tracking”
Nominal Systems• Land Based C-Band Mid-Course Imaging Radar (MCR)
• “Far enough north” such that the exhaust of SRBs would not impede a potential debris event
• Sea Based X-Band all weather Doppler Radars• Mirror image of C-Band MCR• Head on view of ascent
Kent, B.M. “The NASA debris radar for characterizing static and dynamic ascent debris events for safety of flight,” APSURSI 2012 IEEE
Nominal Systems
http://www.google.com/patents/US20140203961
Kent, B.M. “The NASA debris radar for characterizing static and dynamic ascent debris events for safety of flight,” APSURSI 2012 IEEE
Key Performance Parameters• This is very interesting, and could
quickly escape the scope of this project
• How can we use what we learned about Kalman filters to track a simplified ascent debris model?• Use a Kalman filter to track shuttle and
shuttle debris• Distinguish shuttle track from SRB
debris track using gating/association
Scope: Overview• Overview• Contact Models
• Dynamics of Target Relative to Radar• Associated Physics• Shuttle Model: STS-124• Solid Rocket Booster Model: STS-124
• Tracker Considerations• Simulated Considerations• Simulated Data Results• Conclusions
Dynamics of Target Relative to Radar
http://space.stackexchange.com/questions/3616/were-space-shuttle-external-tanks-recoverable-and-reusable
Dynamics of Target Relative to Radar
science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/images/tal_abort_2.jpg
Associated Physics• Doppler Shift
• Aside: Lord Rayleigh
• Radar Cross Section (RCS)
• Ballistic coefficient
• Drag/Terminal Velocity
Shuttle Model: STS-124• Launch date: May 31, 2008
• Simplifying Assumption• Entire duration of launch
takes place in a plane
http://www.spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts124/fdf/124ascentdata.html
Shuttle Model: STS-124
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800Down Range Distance of Shuttle Relative to Launch Pad (RLP) vs. Time
Time Since Launch [sec]
Dow
n R
ange
Dis
tanc
e (R
LP) [
mile
s]
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Height of Shuttle (RLP) vs. Time
Time Since Launch [sec]
Ele
vatio
n [m
iles]
Shuttle
Shuttle
Shuttle Model: STS-124
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Height Vs. Down Range Distance (RLP)
Down Range Distance (RLP) [miles]
Hei
ght o
f Shu
ttle
(RLP
) [m
iles]
Shuttle
Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) Model: STS-124• No SRB trajectory data was
available for this flight, except the time of SRB separation• Utilize “typical” trajectory
descriptions for SRB
• (Time, Location of Separation)• (Time, Max Altitude)• (Time, Height Parachute)• (Time, Location of SRB Landing)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Srb_splashdown.jpg
No SRB Data Provided• http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/nasafact/ships.htm
• SRB hit Atlantic Ocean ~60 miles down range,
• Just so happens that at the time that the height reaches zero, the shuttle has gone 60 miles, so we assume that the DR trajectory of the SRB is the same as that of the shuttle
• This isn’t true, for a number of reasons.
• A pair of SRBs, fully loaded with propellant, weigh about 1.4 million pounds (635,040 kilograms) apiece. They stand 149.2 feet (45.5 meters) tall, and have a diameter of 12 feet (3.6 meters). The boosters in use today are the largest solid propellant motors ever developed for space flight and the first to be used on a manned space vehicle. These boosters will propel the orbiter to a speed of 3,512 miles per hour (5,652 kilometers per hour).
• At approximately two minutes after the Space Shuttle lifts off from the launch pad, the twin SRBs have expended their fuel. The boosters separate from the orbiter and its external tank at an altitude of approximately 30.3 statute miles (26.3 nautical miles/48.7 kilometers) above the Earth's surface. After separation, momentum will propel the SRBs for another 70 seconds to an altitude of 44.5 statute miles (38.6 nautical miles/71.6 kilometers) before they begin their long tumble back to Earth.
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800Down Range Distance of Shuttle & SRB Relative to Launch Pad (RLP) vs. Time
Time Since Launch [sec]
Dow
n R
ange
Dis
tanc
e (R
LP) [
mile
s]
ShuttleSRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Height of Shuttle and SRB (RLP) vs. Time
Time Since Launch [sec]
Ele
vatio
n [m
iles]
ShuttleSRB
Shuttle and SRB Trajectories
Scope: Overview• Overview• Contact Models• Tracker Considerations
• Tracking Shuttle, SORV• Radar 1• Radar 2
• Simulated Considerations• Gating• Gating and Association
• Simulated Data Results• No gating, or association in time• No gating, or association in 2D spatial • Gating and association
• Conclusions
Tracking: Shuttle, SORV
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Rad
ial D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Radial Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time since Launch [sec]
Azi
mut
hal A
ngle
[deg
]
Azimuthal Angle (RTR) of Shuttle vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time since Launch [sec]E
leva
tion
Ang
le [d
eg]
Elevation Angle (RTR) of Shuttle vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
Tracking: Shuttle, SORV
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
X D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
X Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]Z
Dis
tanc
e (R
TR) [
mile
s]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
Tracking: Shuttle SORV
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
Tracking: Shuttle, SORV
Radar 2: (xo,yo,zo)=(300,-300,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Rad
ial D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Radial Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Time since Launch [sec]
Azi
mut
hal A
ngle
[deg
]
Azimuthal Angle (RTR) of Shuttle vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time since Launch [sec]E
leva
tion
Ang
le [d
eg]
Elevation Angle (RTR) of Shuttle vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked: Shuttle
Tracking: Shuttle, SORV
Radar 2: (xo,yo,zo)=(300,-300,0) [miles]
Tracking: Shuttle SORV
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Time since Launch [sec]
X D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
X Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]Z
Dis
tanc
e (R
TR) [
mile
s]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
Truth: ShuttleMeasured: ShuttleTracked Polar: Shuttle
Radar 2: (xo,yo,zo)=(300,-300,0) [miles]
Shuttle and SRB Trajectories• The radar receives serial measurements
• Without gating and association, it cannot distinguish between shuttle and SRB
• What would happen if the radar tried to track the data without gating and association?
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Rad
ial D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Radial Distance Relative to Radar (RTR) of Shuttle and SRB vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataMeasured: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataTracked: Shuttle + SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time since Launch [sec]
Azi
mut
hal A
ngle
[deg
]
Azimuthal Angle (RTR) of Shuttle and SRB vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataMeasured: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataTracked: Shuttle + SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time since Launch [sec]E
leva
tion
Ang
le [d
eg]
Elevation Angle (RTR) of Shuttle and SRB vs Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataMeasured: Shuttle + SRB Rx DataTracked: Shuttle + SRB
Tracking: Shuttle and SRB
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
X D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
X Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]Z
Dis
tanc
e (R
TR) [
mile
s]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
Tracking: Shuttle and SRB, Cartesian
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
Tracking Shuttle and SRB: Gating• Perhaps utilizing a gate alone would solve our problem?
With only gating, the tracker would mix up the shuttle and
the SRB tracks!
Gating and Association• Utilizing an EKF gating and association in Cartesian coordinates
could be implemented, due to time constraints, a 3DEKF with gating and association was not implemented
• Association of trajectories crossing with significant parallel component is increasingly difficult with noise present
• How can we implement association without this added complexity?
Gating and Association• Let’s take a look at what our shuttle and SRB data looks like in
Height, Range space
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200Height Vs. Down Range Distance of Shuttle and SRB (RTR)
Down Range Distance (RTR) [miles]
Hei
ght (
RTR
) [m
iles]
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured Shuttle +SRB
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
Non-overlapping data, perhaps association will be
easier in this domain?
Gating and Association• Let’s use a 2DRV filter without gating:
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500Height Vs. Down Range Distance of Shuttle and SRB (RTR)
Down Range Distance (RTR) [miles]
Hei
ght (
RTR
) [m
iles]
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured Shuttle +SRB
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
Had to use very small η, cannot recover from
continual “zero measurments”
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]
Z D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time since Launch [sec]
Azi
mut
hal A
ngle
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Azimuthal Angle of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBTracked Polar: Shuttle +SRB
Gating and Association• Perhaps we could gate/associate Z, Y, and Phi?
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]
Z D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured Data
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured Data
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time since Launch [sec]
Azi
mut
hal A
ngle
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Azimuthal Angle of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured Data
Gating and Association• Perhaps we could gate/associate Z, Y, and Phi?
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
Gating and Association
𝑥=𝑅cos (ϕ ) sin (𝜃 )
𝜃=acos ( 𝑦𝑅cos (ϕ ) )
𝑅=𝑧
sin (ϕ )𝑦𝑧ϕ
If we can track in y, z, and we have solved the tracking problem.
Gating and Association• Perhaps we could gate/associate Z, Y, and Phi?
Radar 1: (xo,yo,zo)=(0,-50,0) [miles]
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Time since Launch [sec]
Z D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Z Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Time since Launch [sec]
Y D
ista
nce
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Y Distance of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
0 100 200 300 400 500 600-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time since Launch [sec]
Ele
vatio
n A
ngle
(RTR
) [m
iles]
Elevation Angle of Shuttle Relative to Radar (RTR) vs. Time
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured DataGated Track 2
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured Data
Truth: Shuttle + SRBMeasured: Shuttle + SRBGated Track 1Gated Measured DataGated Track 2
Success!
Well… Not Really.• Clearly we made some gross simplifications to the reality of
the situation• We did not use a Doppler radar• We assumed point sources rather than tumbling debris with a
time dependent radar cross section• We didn’t consider the plethora of fuel which is released during
the SRB separation…
• Even in making such simplifications, we didn’t get superb tracks
• We gained a first experience with gating and association, and the difficulties which come along with associating tracks
Conclusions• Tracking shuttle debris is an extremely important application
of modern radar tracking
• Different radars are used in viewing shuttle debris cross range as compared to down range
• It is rather simple to discuss and understand why gating and association is important, it is quite another to implement it.