space for hunting: understanding indigenous and other hunters’ impacts in the congo basin forests

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Space for Hunting Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests John E. Fa, Jesus Olivero, Andrew Noss, Hirokazu Yasuoka, Michael Riddell, Jerome Lewis, Serge Bahuchet, Miguel Angel Farfán, Jesus Duarte, Romain Duda, Sandrine Gallois, Guiseppe Carpanetto, Shiho Hattori, and Robert Nasi

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Page 1: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Space for Hunting Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

John E. Fa, Jesus Olivero, Andrew Noss, Hirokazu Yasuoka, Michael Riddell, Jerome Lewis, Serge Bahuchet, Miguel Angel Farfán, Jesus Duarte, Romain Duda, Sandrine Gallois, Guiseppe Carpanetto, Shiho Hattori, and Robert Nasi

Page 2: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

• Pygmy communities identify themselves as ‘forest peoples’ due to the fundamental importance of the forest to their culture, livelihood and history.

• Each is a distinct people, such as the Twa, Aka, Baka and Mbuti living in countries across central Africa, including the Central African Republic (CAR), the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda, Uganda and Cameroon.

• Different groups have different languages and hunting traditions.

• Although each community faces different threats and challenges, racism, logging and conservation are major problems for many, all contributing to serious health problems and violent abuse.

Page 3: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

around 900,000 Pygmies

Page 4: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Page 5: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Study Sites

MbutiBaAkaStudy sample

34 Pygmy camps and other settlements

26 non-Pygmy villages

Page 6: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Attribute Pygmies Non-PygmiesSettlement size (inhabitants)

91.9 ± 24.3range = 8–690n = 33

882.4 ± 311.0range = 35 – 6594n = 22

Total length of studies (days)

66.2 ± 13.7 range = 3-368

279.6 ± 54.4range = 7-1020

Sale of hunted game (%)34.8 ± 6.4%range = 0 – 90%n = 26

65.4 ± 19.8%, range = 11 – 95.3% n = 24

Total: 34 Pygmy camps and other settlements; 26 non-Pygmy villages

Study Sites

Page 7: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Size Distribution of Vertebrate Kills

Pygmies = 71 spp. 17.02 ± 14.83 kg; Non-Pygmies = 122 spp. 8.53 ± 2.40 kg

Page 8: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Pygmy hunters killed a total of 77 species of reptiles, birds and mammals; 62 mammals (74.2%), 8 birds and 7 reptiles. Non-Pygmy hunters took more species; 97 in total, of which 71 were mammals, 17 birds, 8 reptiles and 1 amphibians.

Differences in Animal Groups HuntedPygmies Non-Pygmies

Page 9: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Differences in Animal Groups Hunted

Pygmies

Non-Pygmies

Page 10: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Differences in Hunted Animal Groups by

PygmiesLow (0.15)Medium (0.69)High (0.17)

Low (0.29) Medium (0.58) High (0.13)

Non-Pygmies

Page 11: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Harvest ratesHR = no. of animals killed/ no. of potential consumers x duration

Extraction ratesER = no. of animals killed/ no. of hunters consumers x duration

Harvest and extraction rates

Page 12: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Pygmies

HR20.4 ± 23.2 ind. P-1 Yr-1

376.3 ± 515.1 kg P-1 Yr-1

ER87.9 ± 109.9 ind. H-1 Yr-1

1646.6 ± 2095.7 kg H-1 Yr-1

Non-Pygmies

HR39.5 ± 66.9 ind. P-1 Yr-1

307.0 ± 450.6 kg P-1 Yr-1

ER162.0 ± 123.6 ind. H-1 Yr-1

1283.9 ± 1004.2 kg H-1 Yr-1

Differences in Harvest and Extraction Rates

H = HunterP = Person

Page 13: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Extraction Rates by Species

Pygmies

Non-Pygmies

Page 14: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Estimating Settlements’ Territory Sizes

Page 15: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Pygmies Non-Pygmies

29 animals km-2 Yr-1

487 kg km-2 H-1 Yr-1 226 animals km-2 Yr-1

1730 kg km-2 H-1 Yr-1

Extraction per Square Kilometre

Page 16: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Non-Pygmies

Pygmies

Mapping Harvest Rates

Page 17: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Page 18: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

Future

Page 19: Space for Hunting: Understanding Indigenous and other Hunters’ Impacts in the Congo Basin Forests

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