souza filho talk igarss 2011 final version.pptx
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INDIRECT DETECTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON LEAKAGES ON CONTAMINED SOIL-VEGETATION SYSTEMS THROUGH REFLECTANCE AND IMAGING (PROSPECTIR-VS)
SPECTROSCOPY: A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR EXTENSIVE PIPELINE MONITORING
Carlos Roberto Souza Filho1, Lucíola Magalhães1; Giuliana Quitério1 Marcos Nopper1 , Teodoro Almeida2 ; Wilson Olveira3; Lis Rabaco3; Renato Rocha3
University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil 1
University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil2
Petrobras S.A./CENPES, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil3
LAPIG
INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
• Current methods of pipeline monitoring poses hindrances to the early detection of small hydrocarbon spills.
• Assuming that liquid fuels (gasoline and diesel) are potential vegetation stressors, this study investigates the spectral characteristics of agricultural crops subjected to daily contamination of liquid hydrocarbons, using reflectance spectroscopy (portable FieldSpec Hi-Res sensor, with 2150 bands in the VNIR-SWIR range) and imaging spectroscopy (airborne ProSpecTIR-VS hyperspectral sensor, with 357 bands in the VNIR-SWIR range).
• The study comprises both greenhouse and real scale experiments, where we will seek the probable impacts of hydrocarbon contamination through spectral changes in 5 plant species commonly present in the vicinity of pipelines, particularly in Brazil, with focus on Brachiaria brizantha (“grass”) and Neonotonia wightii (“soybean”)
THE EXPERIMENTS
THE EXPERIMENT• 2 SCALES: small scale experiment (“lysimeter”) & macro scale (real, field scale). • 3 types of spectral analysis
– Leaf (lysimeter) (FieldSpec Hi-Res – ASD)– Canopy (macro scale experiment) (FieldSpec Hi-Res – ASD)– Canopy (airborne hyperspectral survey) (357 bands at 5nm resolution -
ProSpecTIR-VS)
• 2 contaminants: diesel (DSL) and gasoline (GSL)
THE EXPERIMENT Vegetation Species
• Resistance (i.e. plagues) and commonness • Agronomic importance • Extensive occurrence along pipelines
Neonotonia wightii“soybean”
Brachiaria brizantha“perenial grass”
THE EXPERIMENTLysimeters
THE EXPERIMENTLysimeters
THE EXPERIMENTLysimeters
LYSIMETERSBrachiaria brizantha (grass)
Brachiaria brisantha
• Experiments – timeframes of 5 months.• Leakage – begininning with plantation • Periodical spectral measuments• Peridiocal leakages• Controlled irrigation • Samples collected for biochemical analysis
by the end of the experiment
*Soil Water Holding Capacity
Measument Time-days Vol-HC-ml SWHC*
LISYMETERNeonotonia wightii (soybean)
Neonotonia wightii
• Experiments: timeframes of 3 months• Leakage – begininning 30 days after
plantation • Periodical spectral measuments• Peridiocal leakages (once per 15
days)• Controlled irrigation (automatically)• Samples collected for biochemical
analysis by the end of the experimentMeasument Time-days Vol-HC-ml SWHC*
THE EXPERIMENTMacro (real) scale
HC resistant matle to avoid ground contatmination Hydrocarbon leakage system
THE EXPERIMENTMacro (real) scale
THE EXPERIMENTMacro (real) scale
Five plant species: Brachiaria brizantha (BR) (“grass”), Neonotonia wightii (SJ) (“soybean”), Saccharum spp (CA) (“sugar cane”), Phaseolus vulgaris (FE)
(“bean”), and Zea mays (MI) (“maize”) .
THE EXPERIMENTMacro (real) scale
• Experiments – timeframe of 2 (May-April/2010)
• Periodical spectral measuments of both leaf and canopy
• Peridiocal leakages – daily leakage of 200l of HCs
• Controlled irrigation • Samples collected for biochemical
analysis every week
APRIL MAY
THE EXPERIMENTCanopy Measuments from Specifically-designed Platform
Platform for canopy spectral measuments
- FieldSpec High Resolution (ASD);- Sampled area: 30cm;- 10 samples per parcel.
• Data acquisition: MAy, 18th, 2010• 14 days after HC leakage began • 2600 L of HCs in the system = 130L per parcel
• ProsSpecTIR Spectral resolution: VIS/NIR:125 channel; SWIR:232 channel• Spatial resolution: 60 cm
THE EXPERIMENTProSpecTIR Airborne System
RESULTSRESULTS
LYSIMETERSBrachiaria brizantha
CTR DSL GSL CTR
M1 (45 days/200mL)
M4 (93 days/250mL)
M7 (145 days/300mL)
Morphological alterations
M1 = 35 days/0mL
M4 = 64 days/100mL
M7 = 99 days/200mL
Canopy Roots
Leaves
GSL CTR DSL
Morphological Alterations
LYSIMETERSNeonotonia wightii
GSL CTR DSL
PL
AT
FO
RM
- D
oss
el -
LYS
IME
TE
R-
Lea
ves
-
GRASS SOYBEAN
MACRO SCALE EXPERIMENT CSe RATIO (R694/R760 )
Spectral Measument
Spectral Measument Spectral Measument
Spectral Measument
GR
AS
SS
OY
BE
AN
Comparative photos of plant canopies when spectral alterations are perceived through CSe ratios
GSL/M4 CTR/M5 DSL/M4
GSL/M5 CTR/M5 DSL/M4
MACRO SCALE EXPERIMENT
LYSIMETERSBrachiaria brizantha
SHORTWAVE INFRARED (SWIR) REGION
Three patterns are observed at:
• 2477nm ; 2485 - 2495nm e 2440 - 2485nm
Co
nti
nu
um
-re
mo
ve
d r
efl
ec
tan
ce
Wavelength (nm)
Poly-Saccharides
LYSIMETERSNeonotonia wightii
SHORTWAVE INFRARED (SWIR) REGION
Spectral pattern at 2062 nm >> association with leaf biochemical analysis (rise in monosaccharides (“sugar”) content)
Wavelength (nm)
No
rma
lis
ed
av
era
ge
(%
in
re
lati
on
to
CT
R)
monosaccharides
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
• Two step algorithm (Almeida & Souza Filho, 2004; 2008):• 1) Production of 15 spectral indices > enhancement of specific spectral signatures
of vegetation properties • 2) Principal Component Analysis applied to three sub-stes of spectral indices
Indices applied to vegetation analysis Group Index Spectral Formula ProSpecTIR channels
-CarotenAntocianina-Chlorophyllb-ChlorophyllCarotenoidsSIPICSe
NDVIVOG1WBIMAC
Leaf waterLigninCelluloseNitrogen
CTR
GSL
DSL
CSe Ratio
Degree of stress based on the CSe (694nm/760nm) ratio
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
Degree of stress
CTR
GSL
DSL
PC1 - Group 1 (VNIR)
a-Chlorophyll, b-Chlorophyll, Carotenoids
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
Degree of stress
Eigenvector matrixEigenvector a-caroten antocian. a-Chlrop b-Chlorop Caroten. SIPI CSe
PC1 - Group 2 (NIR)
NDVI, VOG1 e WBI
CTR
GSL
DSL
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
Eigenvector
Eigenvector matrix
Degree of stress
PC2 – Group 3 (NIR/SWIR)
Lignin
CTR
GSL
DSL
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
Degree of stress
Eigenvector Leaf Water Lignin Cellulose Nitrogen
RGB Colour Composition
R: PC1 - Group 1 (VNIR)G: PC1 - Group 2 (NIR) B: PC2 - Group 3 (NIR/SWIR)
CTR
GSL
DSL
INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA (PROSPECTIR VS)
PC1Group 1
PC1Group 2
PC2Group 3
DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONSDISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS
DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS
The proposed methodology showed a high correlation between canopy spectral measurements taken at close range with the FieldSpec Hi-Res sensor and from the airborne ProspecTIR-VS sensor.
It was possible to characterize the reflectance of leaves grown in soils contaminated by low concentrations of gasoline and diesel and differentiate them from plants grown on soil without HCs.
The use of selected vegetation indices showed a high correlation with the behavior of vegetation stressed by the presence of HCs in all three scales of observations.
The spectral changes were similar among species but more prominent for gasoline (GSL) than diesel (DSL), occurring at different timeframes and under different doses of HCs
The results confirm the higher toxicity of gasoline for all selected crops.
The development of this work supports the possibility to preserve certain crops along pipelines that can be used as a bio-indicator of small leakages and the types of crops more susceptible to stress-induced leakage.
It also makes a first step on the establishment of the initial timing (i.e., exposure time and volume of injected hydrocarbons) when the contamination effects are more perceptible remotely.
Thank you !
Geosciences Institute
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
www.ige.unicamp.brwww.ige.unicamp.br/
sdm
LAPIG