sources of long term financing

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    SOURCES OF LONG TERM

    FINANCING

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    TYPES OF BUSINESS

    SOLEPROPREITOR

    PARTNERSHIPCOMPANY

    PRIVATELIMITED

    PUBLIC LIMITED

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    TYPES OF FINANCE

    SHARES

    ORDINARY EQUITY

    DEBT

    TERM LOANS, DEBENTURES & BONDS

    HYBRID FINANCE

    WARRANTS, CONVERTIBLES & OPTIONS

    ALTERNATIVE FINANCING LIKE LEASE,HIRE PURCHASE, VENTURE CAPITAL

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    SHARES

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    SHARES

    Types

    Authorised Share Capital Authorised share capital is the number

    of ordinary shares capital that a firm can raise without further

    shareholder approval.

    Issued Capital The portion of the authorised capital offered by thecompany to the investors is the issued capital.

    Subscribed Share Capital Subscribed share capital is the number

    of share (capital) outstanding.

    Paid-up Capital The actual amount paid by the shareholders is the

    paid-up capital.

    Par (face) Value Par (face) value is a value arbitrarily placed on the

    shares.

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    FEATURES OF SHARES

    Residual claim to income

    Residual claim on assets

    Right to control

    Pre-emptive rights

    Limited liability.

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    ISSUE OF SHARES

    IPO

    FPO

    RIGHTS ISSUE

    PREFERENCE SHARES

    QIB

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    IMPORTANT POINTS IN ISSUE OF

    SHARES

    BOOKBUILDING

    SEBI

    MERCHANT BANKERS

    STOCK EXCHANGES

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    DEBT

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    FEATURES OF TERM LOANS

    MATURITY

    NEGOTIATED

    SECURITY / COLLATERAL

    COVENANTS

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    TYPES OF COVENANTS

    ASSET RELATED

    LIBILITY RELATED

    CASH FLOW RELATED

    CONTROL RELATEDNEGATIVE

    PROVIDING INFORMATION

    MAINTAINENCE SINKING FUNDPOSITIVE

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    FEATURES OF BOND / DEBENTURE

    Attributes

    As a long-term source of borrowing, debentures have some

    contrasting features compared to equities .

    Trust Indenture When a debenture is sold to investing public, a trustee

    is appointed through an indenture/trust deed.

    Trust (bond) indenture is a complex and lengthy legal document

    stating the conditions under which a bond has been issued.

    Trustee is a bank/financial institution/insurance company/ firm of

    attorneys that acts as the third party to a bond/debenture indenture to

    ensure that the issue does not default on its contractual responsibilityto the bond/ debentureholders.

    Interest The debentures carry a fixed (coupon) rate of interest, the

    payment of which is legally binding/enforceable. The debenture

    interest is tax-deductible and is payable annually/semi-

    annually/quarterly.

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    INNOVATIVE DEBT INSTRUMENTS

    ZERO COUPON BONDS

    DEEP DISCOUNT BONDS

    SECURED PREMIUM NOTES

    FLOATING RATE BOND

    CALL / PUT BONDS

    FCCB

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    HYBRID FINANCING

    INSTRUMENTS

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    ALTERNATIVE FINANCING

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