Cell Chemistry (II)

Functional groupsMonosaccharides & DisaccharidesMetabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic

KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify These Functional Groups

Understand Meaning/Significance of Key Terms

1. Hydrophilic2. Hydrophobic3. Metabolism4. Anabolic5. Catabolic6. Synthesis

7. Enzyme8. Cellular respiration9. Enzyme10. Oxidation11. Reduction12. Dehydration synthesis13. Hydrolysis

Know Significance of These Electrolytes in Physiology

H+

HCO3-

Fe2+

I-

Ca2+

Significance of Carbohydrates in Physiology

MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

Composition of Carbohydrates All of them, mono-, di- and poly-

contain the elements C, H and O

The ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 or Cn(H2O)n OR CnH2nOn where “n” may be 5, 6 or …

If n=5 then a monosaccharide will most likely have the formula C5H10O5

Classes/Categories of Carbohydrates

1. Monosaccharides2. Disaccharides3. Polysaccharides

Examples of each?

Monosaccharides Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose Fructose Galactose

They each have 6C, therefore called hexoses

What would be the chemical formula for each one?

Looking at the structural formula for Glucose, Would you expect it to be: Hydrophilic? OR Hydrophobic?

Significance of Monosaccharides in Physiology They are fuels Body cells “burn” or “Oxidize” these fuels

in order to extract from them ENERGY Cells burn fuels by a process called:

“Cellular Respiration” A general formula for “cellular respiration”

Fuel+ nO2 nCO2 + nH2O + Energy Energy will be in the form of

Heat plus a chemical called nATP By what process do monosaccharides get

into/out of cells? (Study Guyton Ch.4)

Disaccharides Examples of disaccharides

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Composition of sucrose Glucose + Fructose joined by a glycosidic

bond Composition of Lactose

Glucose + Galactose joined by a glycosidic bond

Composition of Maltose Glucose + Glucose joined by what?

Dehydration Synthesis The type of chemical reaction by which

disaccharides are produced is called:Dehydration synthesis

Formation of covalent bond requires participation of an enzyme and consumes energy

Questions?1. Is dehydration synthesis an example of anabolic

or catabolic metabolism?2. Does it consume or yield energy?

Significance of Disaccharides in Physiology

We get them in our diet when we drink milk or malt, or eat sugar cane or use table sugar or run

on “Dunkin” They are synthesized by cells BUT there

are no mechanism/process by which they can enter body cells

So what happens to disaccharide when we consume them? (Study Guyton Ch. 65 p789-93; p793-97)

Metabolism All chemical reactions that occur in cells

Examples: Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis plus those in metabolic pathways (glycolysis & Krebs Cycle)

Types of metabolism Anabolic Catabolic

Anabolic: For building up big and complex molecules

i.e., anabolic steroids are consumed by weight lifters

Catabolic: For breaking down big and complex molecule into simpler ones

Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism

Anabolic Net consumption of energy Covalent bonds are synthesized Example:???

Catabolic metabolism Net yield of energy Covalent bonds are broken Example:???

Both require participation of enzymes

Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism: Illustrated (Marieb, Ch. 3)

Which one illustratescatabolic metabolism: a, b or c?

Dehydration Synthesis vsHydrolysis (Marieb, Ch. 2)

Glycogen: A Polysaccharide

What monosaccharide is the building block for glycogen?

Cell Chemistry II

THE END