1st -DRAFT

POVERTY ALLEVIATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH SUSTAINABLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN NOORPUR THAL

A TECHNICAL STUDY CONDUCTED BY PATCO FOR SVDP

July 2, 2013

Islamabad

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Team Members

Dr. Muhammad Azeem Khan, (Agric. Economist), Director General, NARC, Islamabad

Dr. Amman Ullah Cheema, (Livestock Specialist), Program Leader LRS, NARC

Dr. Ashraf Arshad (Water Sector Specialist), Climate, Change Alternate Energy and Water Resource Institute, NARC

Eng. Muhammad Aslam (Alternate Energy and Irrigation Specialist), Manager PATCO, NARC

Dr. Sarfraz Ahmed, (Range and Forest Specialist), Range Research Institute, NARC

Project Incharge

Hassnain Shah (Agric. Economist), Program Leader Agric. Production, Marketing and Value chain Program, Social Sciences Research Institute, NARC

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Table of Contents

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................1Objectives & ToRs.....................................................................................................................3

2. APPRAISAL AND CONSULTTAION PROCESS................................................................43. PAST INITIATIVES AND LESSONS LEARNT..................................................................54. Overview of Noorpur Thal......................................................................................................65. Classification of Noorpur Thal by Ecological Regions...........................................................86. CHARACTERIZATION........................................................................................................8

6.1 Land Use...............................................................................................................................8

6.2 Climate.................................................................................................................................9

6.3 Soils and Geology...............................................................................................................10

6.4 Groundwater Resources......................................................................................................11

6.5 Cropping Pattern.................................................................................................................16

6.6 Forests and Trees................................................................................................................17

6.7 Livestock............................................................................................................................18

6.8 Livelihood Strategies and Options for Diversification........................................................20

7. Technological Options..........................................................................................................248. Feasibility of Technological Options....................................................................................27

8.1 Solar pumping for irrigation...............................................................................................27

8.2 Life Cycle Costs of Solar System.......................................................................................28

8.3 Diesel water pumping.........................................................................................................29

8.4 Solar pumping with micro irrigation systems.....................................................................29

8.5 Solar powered drip irrigation system for Tunnel farming...................................................31

8.6 Utilization of biogas for cooking and pumping water.........................................................32

8.7 Tamarix promotion for shelterbelts and block plantation....................................................32

8.8 Balance Feed Formulation and Production at Local Level..................................................34

8.9 Fattening of sheep and goat................................................................................................39

8.10 Fattening of cattle.............................................................................................................40

8.11 Introduction of improved poultry breed............................................................................41

8.12 Fish farming in water logged area.....................................................................................41

8.13 Human resource development:..........................................................................................42

9. Literature Cited.....................................................................................................................43

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1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYThe desert areas of the country in general had remained backward in many respects due

to difficult physiography varying agro-climatic conditions and distinct socio cultural

features. Noorpur thal is also a small part of the Thal desert. The improvement in the

livelihood of the poor people of the area through sustainable use of natural resources is a

major challenge due to fundamental environmental constraints including a) scanty and

erratic rainfall with high variability in precipitation and skewed distribution resulting in,

b) frequent drought c) fragile ecosystem with sparse vegetation d) harsh weather with

extreme summer temperature e) high cost and high risk in agriculture due to seasonal and

mono cropping at vast rainfed areas with low productivity. These constraints are

compounded by remoteness of habitations, poor infrastructure and negligible

industrialization and limited non-farm employment opportunities in the area. The

livelihood of the large population belonging to farming community is mainly supported

by animal husbandry and non-farm employment in other regions of the country.

Therefore the rainfed agriculture is becoming low priority in the area.

To address the identified key issues in land use management and soil conservation within

a development oriented approach poses challenges to all stakeholders and requires

integrative solutions across policy, socioeconomic, and environment sectors. Through

this study Soon Valley Development Program (SVDP) is hoping to develop an innovative

farming system based livelihood model for Noorpur Thal. So that SVDP in collaboration

with other development partners may encourage promotion, adoption and dissemination

of interventions identified through this study for livelihood improvement and sustainable

use of natural resources in other similar fragile parts of the country.

Soon Valley Development Program, a registered Civil Society Organization is working in

district Khushab for last 17 years for sustainable development, poverty alleviation and

livelihood enhancement. In six Union Councils of Valley Soon Sakesar, Khushab, SVDP,

Communities and Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund have developed a unique rural uplift

model, focusing natural resources of the area. A new annual economy over Rs. 400

Million has come up in the area without depleting vital natural resources like ground

water.

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Soon Valley Development Program, SVDP has good experience to work on alternative

energy and high efficiency irrigation system in soon valley site. On this site thirteen solar

water pumps has been installed in different capacity and heads ranging from discharge 40

gpm to 150 gpm and head varies from 40 ft to 110 ft. These pumps installed three years

before and still are working in good conditions. The system of irrigation is pipe flow and

in field bed furrow irrigation. The average areas are being irrigated eight to 20 kanals per

day. These installed solar water pumps are saving minimum Rs 1000 to 1500 per day and

annually saving an amount of Rs 360,000 to 540,000. The solar pumping cost at that time

was Rs 650,000 to 700,000. The total solar pumping cost has been recovered within 2

years. Now the solar water pumping technology has become cheaper as compare to the

past.

Approximate 230,000 ft running pipe of 3 to 4 inch size has been installed along with

joint and outlet valve to save the water losses and improve irrigation water distribution

efficiency. Efficient pipe irrigation systems are also working in good condition because

these are installed underground. Sprinkler irrigation system also installed there on crop

growing field and operating with diesel prime mover of 20 horse power and multistage

high pressure pump. This system has 80 % distribution efficiency and good impact on

crop yield. Bubbler irrigation system also introduced on fruit orchards and there is no

other method to irrigate the plant efficiently.

Under Soon Valley Development Program, biogas plants installed for household cooking

and for irrigation water pumping of different capacities 6 m3 to 50 m3. The performance

of biogas plants is saving 70 % fuel cost and 5 kg fuel wood per m3 of biogas. The slurry

discharge from outlet of the biogas plant which is the best compost of rich nutrients and

use in field for improving water holding capacity of soil and organic matter. The biogas

plants are constructed with local material and local skilled manpower.

From October 2012, SVDP has started its development activities and operations in

Noorpur Thal, a Tehsil of District Khushab. Keeping in view the experience of SVDP

team in solar water pumping systems, Biogas Plants and high efficiency irrigation

systems, these technologies have great potential in Noor pur thall areas. The water table

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of Noor Pur Thall areas is not more than 50 ft so the low energy system can be pumped

more water as compare to 100 ft water table in soon valley. These areas are more feasible

for solar water pumping system. The soil of Noor Pur Thall areas is sandy so pipe

irrigation system is not an option but it is essential to install sprinkler and drip irrigation

system to maximize irrigation water efficiency and can be brought more area under

cultivation.

To alleviate poverty in the area and develop a community based growth model

which should be sustainable for coming generations, SVDP has commissioned a technical

study to PATCO. PPAF has sponsored this study. SVDP has plan to work in these areas,

to sustainably enhance harvest of ground water resources, to work on agriculture and

cropping patterns, to promote environment friendly commercial forestry and enrich

ecology of areas and combat desertification and work on livestock and dairy sector.

SVDP will undertake micro interventions with poor and farming communities and mostly

microfinance will be the delivery tool.

Objectives & ToRs

The overall objective of the study was to analyze issues, opportunities and challenges in

the area and develop technical feasibility of possible interventions that would help in

poverty alleviation and economic growth through sustainable use of natural resources in

Noorpur Thal.

Before initiating the program massively in different natural resource sectors like ground

water sustainable harvesting, agriculture, forestry, dairy and livestock SVDP planned to

conduct this technical feasibility study by involving sectoral experts. The sectoral experts

are supposed to characterize different sites and sub-systems based on natural resource

base and considering resource utilization, production systems and sources of livelihood.

The ultimate objective of the study is to develop technical options and feasibility for

investment in these options looking at the availability of ground water resources,

agriculture patterns, forestry and livestock/dairy. The technical options developed are

expected not only to improve livelihood, increase employment, income and alleviate

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poverty through increasing productivity and profitability but also ensure sustainable use

of natural resources and protect environment. The study will not only significantly

contribute to a plan for Noorpur Thal but ultimately for other similar areas of Thal also.

Hence the overall goal is to convert the vast sand dune-covered Thal Desert into

productive agricultural land, thereby enhancing the country’s food-production capacity

and improving living conditions through the creation of new employment opportunities.

2. APPRAISAL AND CONSULTTAION PROCESSThis study is the result of a deliberate, participatory process, which started in March of

2013 shortly after the request for assistance was made to the PATCO. In the first phase

sectoral experts were involved from water and alternate energy, livestock, range and

forestry along with experts from socioeconomic background. As the interventions and

technological solutions have to be focused on efficient use of scarce natural resources,

leading to minimization of the risk of drought and diversification in income-sources

therefore, a thorough understanding of the environment and existing livelihood systems

was considered an important aspect. As a first step, an objective assessment of a

community’s water, food and fodder needs, and the resources available to meet these

needs was done by the sectoral experts. Secondly a thorough understanding of the

community’s traditional farming practices and irrigation technologies, and the limits or

deficiencies of these technologies in the current situation was done. Using these two

bases of understanding as foundation pillars, appropriate technology solutions are

designed, keeping in mind the possible environmental impact to meet a spectrum of

objectives. Keeping in view these principles the team of experts had multiple visits to the

area and had consultation meetings with SVDP team followed by detailed discussions

with heads of line departments of agriculture and social sector including their

representatives from Tehsil Noorpur. A detailed review of past reports on Thal and

rainfed agriculture in general and Noorpur area in particular was also part of the

preparatory work. With this background the team had conducted Focus Group

Discussions in different villages covering all four sub-agro-ecologies, visited different

farms/villages having some alternative options for intensification and high value

agriculture beside general cropping system and forestry development in all the four

subsystems. Sector, commodity and product specific issues were also explored looking at 4

different livelihood sources, complementary and competitive interactions of resource use,

productivity gaps, limiting factors, future scope and challenges in the face of energy

shortage and rising prices of inputs.

3. PAST INITIATIVES AND LESSONS LEARNT

Many efforts and initiatives in the past have been undertaken particularly from

government side since independence. Starting from Thal Development Authority (TDA)

which was formed in 1950 under The Thal Development Act, 1949 (Punjab Act XV of

1949) - to bring under cultivation vast desert land of five Thal districts Mianwali,

Khushab, Bhakhar, Muzaffargarh and Layyah which later on merged into the

Agricultural Engineering in 1970. Later on many development activities in the area have

been done under different development projects like “Desert reclamation using

shelterbelts in Thal, Pakistan” project was initiated by the Range Research Institute (RRI)

of the Pakistan Agricultural Council (PARC) in 1980. It aimed to convert the vast

sanddune-covered Thal Desert into productive agricultural land thereby enhancing the

country’s food-production capacity and improving living conditions through the creation

of new employment opportunities; Micro Water Resource Development for Barani Areas

especially in D.G.Khan and Thal Area startd in 1996 to 2000 and then extended from

2001 to 2002; many activities including shelterbelts, forestry, land and water

development initiatives have been done under Sustainable Livelihood in Barani Areas

Project (SLBAP) 2005-11 led by ABAD and implemented by the provincial line

departments in Barani areas including Thal. The mega irrigation project in the form of

Greater Thal Canal was initiated in 2001 and its first phase has been completed in 2008.

Although many farm level irrigation and water management initiatives had been

undertaken through OFWM still there is long way to go to harness the potential through

development of GTC. During the recent past since 1990s civil society organization

including rural support programs and NGOs have also started different activities in Thal

area but actions mainly remained localized.

A review of actions undertaken under these initiatives suggests, at best, a mixed

record of implementation success with most action items not implemented or only

partially implemented that had limited the sustainability and up scaling potential of the

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successful interventions and options for livelihood improvement. The adoption and up-

scaling of good interventions remained localized as the funded projects initiatives could

not developed the community ownership due to lack of participation in planning,

implementing and sharing costs. Hence establishing stakes of the beneficiaries in the

interventions along with developing community ownership, participation in planning,

implementing and sharing resources has to be focused so that internal resources are

mobilized by the community with pump-priming external investment and financial

support just to cross the takeoff stage.

4. Overview of Noorpur ThalThe district Khushab (name derived from two persian words ‘Khush’ and ‘Aab’

meaning good or pleasant potable water) consists of three tehsils, Khushab, Noorpur, and

Quaidabad, as well as a sub-tehsil Noshehra. Noorpur Thal is located within latitudinal

range from 31° 31' 12" to 32° 13' 48" N and longitudinal range from 71° 36' 36" to 72°

18' 0" E. It is bounded by district Bhakkar in the west and south-western side. Towards

south there is Jhang Saddar, on the east is located the district of Sargodha. On the north

are the tehsils of Khushab and Qaidabad. Noorpur Tehsil spreads over an area of 2,500

square kilometers with a population of 174, 863 (as per DCR 1998). The demographic

characteristics of the tehsil are shown below (Table 1):

Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Tehsil Noor Pur Noorpur Tehsil Population 1998

Area (sq km) 2,500

Population 174,683

Male 88,261

Female 86,422

Sex ratio 102.1

Population density/Sq Km 69.9

Urban proportion 8.6

Avg. house hold size 6.2

Avg. annual growth rate (1981-1998) 1.98

Source: District Census Report 1998, Population Census Organization, Islamabad.

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Tehsil Noorpur is part of the Thal Doab which is interfluves that lie between Indus,

Jhelum and Chenab rivers (Fig-1). From Tehsil Noorpur, Thal deserts starts and

encompasses adjoining six districts i.e. Bhakkar, Mianwali, Jhang, Layyah and

Muzaffargarh. Noorpur Thal has an area over 6+ Lac Acres. There are 10 Union Councils

and 82 villages. Major agricultural crop of the area is Gram.

Fig. 1: Location Map of Thal Doab

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5. Classification of Noorpur Thal by Ecological RegionsFor identification of representative sites for different interventions and classification

of the study area into different ecological regions, the team of sectoral experts conducted

multiple visits across all the target area along with review of literature and GIS support.

Noorpur Thal comprises of four main eco-regions i.e. irrigated, rainfed areas,

waterlogged area, and river floodplain (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Location map of Noorpur Thal indicating major landuse/landcover and eco-regions

6. CHARACTERIZATION 6.1 Land Use

According to classification of ecological regions of Noorpur Thal, major area falls in

rainfed ecology where land is predominantly used for dry farming of mainly gram and

some wheat. Some area is under canal irrigated where wheat, gram, fodders and oilseeds

are the chief winter crops while sugarcane, guar and millets are the major summer crops.

Large tracts of land were cleared of its natural vegetation and once stabilized sand dunes

were leveled up or pushed aside and converted into farm land (PARC, 1996). There are

patches of rangeland used primarily for livestock grazing in all the eco-regions. A limited

fish farming has been practiced in the standing water of waterlogged area in the

northwest of the tehsil area. The land Use statistics for Tehsil Noorpur are as Under:

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Table 2. Area statistics of Tehsil Noor Pur Thal (Acres)

Particulars Tehsil Noor Pur ThalTotal Area 603685

Cultivated Area 558528Uncultivated Area 44121

Irrigated area 28094Canal 6056Well 14Tube Well 21654Sailaba 370

Barani Area 545027Forests 1036

6.2 Climate

The climate of Thal is arid to semi-arid subtropical characterized by high summer

temperature with hot dry winds, mild winter with cold nights and erratic rains in late

summer. The mean daily summer maximum temperature is 40ºC approx. with the mean

monthly highest maximum temperature reached upto 45.6ºC. In winter, mean daily

minimum temperature is 5.5ºC with the mean monthly lowest minimum temperature

occasionally falling to 1.3ºC. The nights in summer months are generally very pleasant.

Mean annual rainfall in the surveyed area ranges between 200-400 mm increasing from

south to north. Three quarter of the annual rainfall is received during the summer months

as a result of monsoons originating from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Mean

seasonal rainfall of Kharif is within 100-300mm and of Rabi season is within 50-100mm.

In winter, the area receives rainfall from the western rain bearing winds. Major portion of

the rainfall adds to ground water because of rapid infiltration into the sand dunes. Frost

occurs with low to moderate intensity in winter season. In summer (April to September)

evaporation is of the order of 1250mm while winter evaporation approximates to 500 mm

(PARC, 1996).

April to July are the windiest months when most of the erosive and violent winds sweep

through the area. Main wind movements which affect the area are one from the east and

southeast during summer months in the eastern and northeastern parts and another from

the north during the winter months over the major part of the area (PARC, 1996). In

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summer, wind velocity goes as high as 80 to 96 km per hour or even more. The strength

of winds velocity has been reduced due to rapid colonization and afforestation in some

developed areas.

Based on the 19 years (1989-2007) monthly rainfall data (Shaheen and Baig 2011) 1, the

area of Noorpur area has faced moderate drought with respect to meteorological and

overall drought severity parameters while its categorized under slight drought

environment as per agricultural drought severity.

6.3 Soils and Geology

The soils of the surveyed area are formed either directly or indirectly from mixed

calcareous alluvium which is the parent material of soils covering the major part of the

area. Except in sub-recent floodplain in the east, it consists essentially of grey fine sands

derived from igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Himalayas. Geomorphologically

these are derived in following two categories:

Sand ridges: Over the major part the alluvium has been wind resorted to variously

aligned sand ridges and hollows or valleys known as patties in the local dialect. The soils

of the ridges themselves are remarkably constant in characteristics and consist of very

deep, structureless, fine sands of various degrees of calcareousness and color gradation.

All the sand ridge soils are excessively drained and have an average pH value of 8.3. Fine

material from the ridges has been washed into the hollows and, where allowed to

accumulate, has given rise to very deep, moderately calcareous, weakly structured, sandy

loam and loamy soils. All the soils are moderately calcareous and have low organic

matter content (about 0.4 percent) (PARC, 1980). The soils of hollows are mainly well

drained and have an average pH value of 8.4.

Floodplains: soils of sub-recent floodplains are moderately deep to deep, dark

grayish-brown, silty clay loams and silty clays with weak to moderate structures.

1 Shaheen A., M.A., Baig 2011. Drought Severity Assessment in Arid Area of Thal Doab using Remote Sensing and GIS. Intl. J. Water Resources & Arid Environ., 1(2): 92-101, 2011.

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6.4 Groundwater Resources

Thal aquifer is a part of a large and contiguous groundwater aquifer system of Indus

basin recharged by different sources including river, rainfall, canal network and return

flow of pumping. The groundwater flow emerges from piedmonts of Salt range flow

along the rivers and finally terminates at the confluence of Indus and Chenab rivers in

extreme south at Mithankot in Southern Punjab. The simulation of groundwater flow of

Thal has shown an average annual recharge in the range of 2.1-11.8 BCM during 1991-

2004 period (PCRWR, 2013). The increase in monsoon rainfalls and canals seepage is

the main contributing factor to this groundwater recharge. The depth to watertable ranges

between 20-30 feet in about 80% of the tehsil area (Table 3). Shallow watertable exists in

parts around Chashma-Jhelum link canal and Greater Thal canal in the northern and

northwestern parts of the tehsil (Figure 3a and Table 3). A drain has been developed in

the south of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal to control the menace of waterlogging

problem in the northern half of tehsil. Pockets of >40 feet watertable depth are found over

2.5% area at various locations in the south. The groundwater quality is fresh to marginal

i.e. Electrical conductivity (EC) values below 2.5 dS/m in over 65% of the tehsil area

(Table 3). Somewhere excessive and imbalanced pumping has created a problem of

saline water intrusion into upper fresh groundwater layer of this area. There exist pockets

of saline water (EC >4 dS/m) in the southeastern and northern parts of the tehsil (Figure

3b). Here high EC has caused salinity problems. As water salinity increased, greater care

must be taken to leach salts out of the root zone before their accumulation reached at

concentration which might affect yield (FAO, 1992).

Table 3. Groundwater status in Noorpur Thal tehsil

Watertable depth(Feet)

Area(sq km)

% Area

10-20 212 8.5

20-30 2004 80.1

30-40 222 8.9

>40 62 2.5

Total 2500 100

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In order to cope with water quality problems, scientists have grouped crops as a

function of tolerance to salinity (Ayers and Westcot 1985). Suitable crops can be selected

for moderately tolerance and tolerance areas according to the salinity tolerance rating of

crops (Table 4).

Table 4. Groundwater quality in 0-50m deep zone in Noorpur Thal tehsilElectrical

conductivity(dS/m)

Area (sq km)

% Area Specific Yield

%

Water quality Lithology

<1.5 485 19.4 11.8Fresh to low

quality

Sand, Clay &

Silt

1.5 - 2.5 1151 46.0 10.3Low quality to

Marginal

Silt and

Clayey sand

2.5 - 4 733 29.3 14.3Marginal to

Saline

Clayey and

Silty sand

>4 131 5.2 23.4 SalineClay and Silty

sand

Total 2500 100

Kausar et al. 2012 conducted water quality survey in 52 villages of the Noorpur

Thal tehsil during 2012 and analyzed groundwater samples of tubewells having depth

ranging from 100-120 feet for irrigation purpose. The analytical work was carried out in

Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Sargodha where cations (Ca2+ + Mg2+), anions (CO32-,

HCO3-, Cl-, SO4

2-), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonates

(RSC) were computed. According to that study, minimum SAR value was recorded as 0.4

while the maximum was 28.4 (m mol L-1)1/2. SAR represents the relative proportion of

Na+ to Ca2+ + Mg2+. Those samples whose SAR values were below 6 considered fit while

greater than 6 were unfit (Figure 4a). RSC ranged within 0-18.6 (me L -1) in the tehsil

area. Samples from west of tehsil were fit and north Noorpur had RSC values within

marginal limits (Figure 4b).

The hazardous effect in areas of high SAR and RSC irrigation waters could be

reduced by increasing the calcium concentration through the addition of gypsum/calcium

chloride or acids/acid formers either in water or soil (Ali et al., 2009). Application of

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press mud, poultry manure, farm yard manure, deep ploughing and cultivation of salt

tolerant species/crop cultivars might help to ameliorate the hazardous effects of such

underground water applications (Farooq et al., 2008). If the soils have also become

degraded then the hazardous water could be used to grow Eucalyptus and Acacia for

timber and fuel, and Atriplex spp. for grazing purposes (Waheed et al., 2010). Adoption

of bio-saline agriculture, addition of farmyard manure/green manure, sheep, goat and fish

farming might add to the farmer’s income under these conditions (Pervaiz et al., 2003).

Table 5: Detail of Crop salinity tolerance rating (Ayers and Westcot 1985)

Crop salinity tolerance rating

Salinity of soil saturation extract (ECe) at which loss begins

Relative salt tolerance of crops

Sensitive Less than 1.3Gram (channa), Peas,

Green beans, Seasome,Clover, CowpeaModerately

sensitive 1.3 – 3

Moderately Tolerant 3 – 6

Sorghum, Sunflower, Wheat,

Soya bean

Tolerant 6 – 10

Barley, Cotton, Guar, Millet, Oats, Kallar grass, Date palm, Dub grass,

Salt bush, TaramiraUnsuitable More than 10 -

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Figure 3a. Watertable depth in Noorpur Thal area (Data source: PCRWR, 2009).

Figure 3b. Groundwater quality in Noorpur Thal area (Data source: PCRWR, 2009).

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Figure 4a. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) distribution in Noorpur Thal tehsil (Source: Kausar et al. 2012).

Figure 4b. Residual Sodium Carbonates (RSC) distribution in Noorpur Thal tehsil (Source: Kausar et al. 2012).

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There are over 4500 tube wells irrigating on an average 4-5 acres of land. Large areas of

the desert have now been reclaimed, as evidenced by the many trees that now protect

considerable areas of cropped land under irrigation. Because of the numerous benefits

that have accrued from tree plantations, private farmers are now making their own land

reclamation efforts using the same methods. Many farmers raise funds from their own

resources or borrow money from relatives or banks to establish their own tube wells and

irrigation systems.

The present ground water table in most of Noorpur Thal is rising mainly due to seepage

from Chasma-Jehlum Link canal in most of the area it ranges from 20-50 feet. The

seepage has destroyed hundreds of acres in the north of the Noorpur tehsil around Adhi

Kot and the area have become water logged. On the other side, the River Jhelum with its

floods also damages the crops which are cultivated on the both sides of the river. The

irrigation efficiency is very low due to seepage during transmission from source to the

field.

6.5 Cropping Pattern

Distinct cropping pattern prevails in all four sub-ecologies of Noorpur Thal. The major

area (70-80%) lies under rainfed ecology where mono crop cultivation is dominated.

Gram is the major crop in Rabi season while in summer guar and millet after are planted

at almost 20% of the area while remaining rainfed area remained fallow and prepared for

gram cultivation in winter.

At tube well irrigated patches wheat and fodder are two predominant crop enterprises.

Wheat for food security and berseem and lucern as fodder are grown on tube well

irrigated land in rabi while in kharif almost half of the area after wheat remained fallow

due to high cost of irrigation. On the remaining tube well irrigated areas guar is grown as

dual purpose crop i.e., for fodder and grains. Similarly millet is also dual purpose crop in

summer. However sorghum is purely grown for fodder purpose. High value agriculture

(HVA) on the tube well irrigated is minimal. However some particular sites/farms having

some HVA as commercial or subsistence level were visited to relate evidence with

success stories across similar agro-ecological system. Citrus, vegetables, date palm, beri,

water melon and musk melon were being grown.

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After rainfed and tube well irrigated ecology of Noor Pur Thal, river flood plains are the

third category which have some special features to be considered for technological

option. Wheat and rice was the major cropping pattern. Kalar grass was the major fodder

mainly for summer while in winter it goes into dormancy. However limited grazing for

certain period in winter is done on kalar grass fields. Household needs of cereals and

fodder were met through crop cultivation with tube well irrigation from flood plains area.

Hence little development of land through tube well installation was found in the adjacent

rainfed desert part to river flood plains as compared to other parts of Noorpur Thal.

Gypsum was also applied by the farmers for soil reclamation in these areas. However it

was applied in very low doses as compared to recommended levels. Soil testing and

developing recommendations for balance use of gypsum and fertilizers was required

particularly for this ecology.

6.6 Forests and Trees

Negligible area under forests was reported in official statistics of Noor pur Thal tehsils as

it was just 0.17% of the total area of the tehsils. However considerable forest tee

population has been established particularly as shelterbelts around the tube well irrigated

areas. Tree plantation in blocks was also promoted in the recent past by SLBAP (2500

acre Noorpur Euclyptus and tamarix In raja Atta Ullah Report) district government which

not only increased forest area on private lands but also had very positive affect on the

attitudinal change towards adoption and up-scaling tree plantation. However some

serious implications in near future are expected to arise as Eucalyptus was mainly

promoted irrespective of land type, water table, water quality, water recharge and no

consideration was given to its allelopathic and negative effects on soil health and

sustainability of groundwater. In general, ecological implications of exotic trees like

those that Eucalyptus species, which have been used for industrial purpose as well as for

agro-forestry are often questioned since their ecology has not been appropriately studied

(Alemie, 2009) and many research findings across the world have shown negative effects

on soil fertility in terms of nutrient availability (N,P,K), moisture contents, light intensity,

moisture contents etc., that results in low crop production even in the surrounding land

patches (Bernhard Reversat, 1999, Lane et al., 2004, Gindaba et al., 2004, EI-Amin et al.,

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2001, Zerfu, 2002, Yu et al,. 2006, Susiluoto and Berninger 2007) while for native trees

like Acacia and Atriplix species the environmentally friendly benefits have been reported

(Fabião et al., 2002, Mahmud et al., 2005, Hanil et al.,2008, Lehmann, 2003). During consultation with local leaders and progressive farmers and community discussions majority of farmers perceive that Eucalyptus trees are exhausting the once productive land because of its fast growth. Consider it water lifting plant that may have serious effects on sustainability of ground water. Despite all these observations and perceptions, farmers still are planting Eucalyptus because of its fast biomass production to sell it after relative short time for cash income due to established timber markets in the area. Moreover, many private

investors are occupying (land grabbing through long term lease or purchase) waste areas

for eucalyptus plantation.

The trees used for sand-dune stabilization are mainly indigenous species that are well adapted to the local environment. The principal tree planted is Tamarix aphylla, which is easily propagated from cuttings, grows fast, has no pest or other problems and provides quick economic returns. Tamarix being the native tree of desert with many complementary

benefits in terms of soil health, as shelter belts and positive environmental impacts needs

to be promoted as policy decision by the technical institutions and local government and

eucalyptus should be restricted only to the areas with very high water table that are more

prone to waterlogging.

6.7 Livestock

The economy of Thal was predominantly a livestock economy dependent mainly on

ranges and free grazing areas before the shift from purely livestock economy to gram

economy in 1970s. Thal area is now under the second transformation towards shifting

from rainfed to tube well irrigated agriculture starting from 90s. Despite all these

livestock still enjoys the same importance. However transformation with in livestock has

been observed as now focus is on dairy animals particularly on the cross bred cattles.

Friesian cross was found more successful and adapted to the harsh climate of the area. 18

Katimar area has overtime gained famous for Friesian cross cattle where farmers enjoy

special prices for the heifers as compared. The importance for livestock was also

reflected through resource allocation particularly at tube well irrigated areas where

special focus is given for fodder cultivation. However underdeveloped milk marketing

was still in the control of conventional dodhi culture and network modern dairy supply

chain was not established due to remoteness and other collection issues.

Table 6. Livestock Population of Noor Pur Thal

Species Number

Cattle 113840

Buffaloes 25258

Sheep 55196

Goats 174628

Camels 3867

Horses 1742

Mules 815

Asses 21400

Poultry 104657

Livestock farmers are mainly dependent of seasonal green fodder available in the area

and dry stalk mainly wheat straw and millet and gram. Supplemental feed particularly to

milking animals in the form of cotton seed cake or wheat brain was done. However

balanced formula feed is not available in the area. Grazing is mainly practiced in summer

after harvesting of the gram. In general conventional livestock management practices

with low and unbalance nutrition and traditional health coverage were resulting in low

animal productivity. The fodder and forage regimes vary across all the four eco-regions

of thal as Kalar Grass was the main fodder for summer in river flood plains along with

berseem in winter as compared to tube well irrigated areas where sorghum, millet, guar

were grown in kharif while bersssem and lucern in rabi season. In the waterlogged areas 19

open grazing was practiced. Rearing of small ruminants, both sheep and goats, was an

important activity and every household had 3-4 small ruminants in the villages. Large

herd have decreased with depletion of range lands and development of irrigation sources.

Due to indescriptive breeding practices pure breeds of Kajli and Beetle were very limited

in the area which has resulted in low market value of the small ruminants. The

productivity of small ruminants could be increased with promotion of lucren and

concentrates for small ruminants particularly for Eid-Ul-Azha. Feed lot fattening was also

considered a profitable business in the area as few farmers had started this business while

rearing of animals, both small and large, for Eid occasion was also considered an

important activity but done at limited scale due to scrace resources. Improvement of

health services through training of service providers, improved breeding of small

ruminants and large animals along with feed improvement and better management

practices could have profound impact on the livelihood and economy of thal.

6.8 Livelihood Strategies and Options for Diversification

The livelihood strategies in Noorpur Thal are dependent on the resource base of the

population. Land is the major natural resource shaping the livelihood followed by water

resource development. Above all livestock hold the central position in the livelihood of

farming community of Noorpur Thal. The major crop, gram has low economy and

depends on rains. Otherwise livelihood opportunities in the area are limited mainly to

subsistence livestock. Gram is grown on more than 500, 000 acres every year in Noorpur

Thal. High variability in yield and hence production of gram is reported due to variation

in rainfall pattern. The average yield during last year was 3.38 mds/care while during

2012-13 bumper crop was harvested with an average yield of 7.96 mds/acre. However

due to market imperfections and low storage/holding capacity of farmers due to financial

constraints, the volume of gram economy for farmers remained almost stagnant. The

incremental benefits due to higher yield are out weighted with the decrease in prices.

Same has occurred during current year as with doubling the gram yield from last year the

price of decreased 50% to the tune of rupees 3700 per bag as compared to rupees 7500-

800 per bag during 2011-12. Same position remained for white gram which is sold with a

higher price with a difference of about 1000-1400 per bag as compared to black gram.

20

Major benefits of bumper crop are harvested by middle man as within two months after

harvesting season price increased by nearly 14 percent. Hence short term input loans and

awareness through social mobilization and collective marketing (through community

service centers, community organizations etc.,) could enhance the withholding capacity

of farmers. In addition to it there dire need of developing localized processing and value

addition of gram not only to develop a competitive environment but also to generate

employment. Mono cropping system at rainfed, conventional cropping pattern influenced

by food and fodder security, high cost of irrigation and pumping underground water had

pushed the rural youth towards off-farm and non-farm employment. Except livestock,

there is no other agricultural activity that can engage farm labor round the year. Hence

improvement in the livestock system, increase in productivity and improvement in

marketing may play significant role in improving the livelihood of majority of the

farming community of Thal. Conventional cropping system with high cost of irrigation,

high evapotranspiration, seepage and high conveyance losses in the traditional irrigation

methods have made the irrigated agriculture uneconomical and unsustainable for the area.

Livelihoods options are shrinking in rural areas in general and more so in eco-fragile

regions, such as Noorpur and other Thal areas. Rapidly growing markets backed by

changing consumption patterns (owing to rise in per capita incomes) for high value

horticultural products including livestock and dairy products in particular are opening

new avenues for enhancing rural incomes. Furthermore there is little scope in the

developed areas like canal irrigated fertile areas of Punjab (based on high input high

output model) and high rate of return is expected from investing in exploiting untapped

resources from the areas like desert. The success stories on development of desert

agriculture around the world encourages the investment in such area where we can also

grow high value and cash crops in our deserts similar to Ghobi Desert, in China where

cotton and tomato is being grown, fruits and vegetables are being grown in Sanai Desert,

Israel/Egypt; Alien Desert, UAE; Rajistan Desert, India and high value crops in Dasht-e-

Kavir & Qir Qazim, Iran subjected to the availability of limited resources and required

package of technology and knowledge to the end users along with development of

complementary supply chains of services and inputs. Targeting the water issues in the

21

Thal area through cost effective water supply system would be the starting point for new

transformation of Thal economy. Benefits of managing Water for Agricultural Production

in desert ecology include increased livestock carrying capacity and productivity,

increased crop productivity and profitability. Options for small scale aquaculture and

other products still need to be validated in such environments for livelihood

diversification. Additionally, improved water management can mitigate the adverse

effects of climate change and has complimentary effects for human consumption.

Increasing cost of energy and high investment cost in alternate energy sources compel

that the existing infrastructure developed in the form of diesel engine (peter) tube wells

should be economized not only in terms of input cost but also from efficient and

sustainable use of water by increasing water productivity through promotion of HEIS and

optimal crop mixes coupled with quality inputs. Therefore improvement in irrigation

system, lowering cost and crop diversification towards high value agriculture is

considered pre-requisite to achieve the goal of poverty alleviation through sustainable use

of natural resources in Thal area.

While focusing extensification of production systems in target area, there is also need to

address the challenge of prevention and mitigation of land degradation and subsequent

desertification, through the promotion of sustainable land use and natural resource

management. As with the promotional activities and provision of resources in the form of

credits new lands are expected to come under irrigated cultivation and productive use and

this process could be aided by access to tools and technology leading to agriculture

extensification. On the other hand agriculture intensification in Noorpur Thal will

primarily be led by increased access to irrigation. Given supporting infrastructure with

respect to improved varieties of seeds, fertilisers, and marketing facilities, improved cost

effective irrigation with alternate energy can be an important factor underlying the

transformation of existing enterprises in the crop and livestock sectors into surplus

driven, commercially viable entities.

In addition to enhancing productivity of the natural resources alternate market options

and investment in value addition and semi-processing at local level has to be targeted.

This would not only increase household income, employment but also would generate 22

resources to be further invested in increasing productivity along with creating an enabling

favorable competitive environment in the area. Existing major farm outputs should be the

building blocks and entry points for developing cottage level processing in the area. Such

as grams which are the major farm output in the area. Grams are rich in protein and

vitamins and consumed in different forms. These crops have the potential to be developed

in cottage level industries in rural areas to generate employment, particularly for women,

and provide additional income to farm families. The introduction of appropriate

processing equipment and credit backed by training facilities are essential to develop

cottage level industries. Although the difficult nature of processing of grams has impeded

its development yet it can be overcome through developing and introducing small scale

motor driven de-huller with the technical guidance from farm machinery experts at

NARC .

Many other farm enterprises like Arind (Caster bean) and date palm have been

successfully grown in the area and were observed during field visits. These are not

cultivated in in an organized or on commercial lines due to lack of developed value

chains for these products. The castor plant is drought tolerant because of its tap root

system, its cultivation in the area of water scarcity shows great potential. Its productivity

in Pakistan is quite encouraging indicating that it can be increased tremendously provided

public and private sector extend incentive and support to the farmers through developing

linkages and local level processing. It is being cultivated in about 43 countries of the

world. Whereas, in Asia, it is being cultivated in 12 countries including Pakistan.

However, amongst producer countries, there are five major countries which account for

bulk of castor production and include: Brazil, India, China, Russia and Thailand. The non

producer countries account for 60% of global consumption and these include: USA,

France, Germany, Japan and UK. Castor seeds contain about 50-55% oil know as castor

oil which is composed of 81-96% of glycerides of ricinoleic acid (C18 H34 O3). In

chemical industries, castor oil is used in production of > 300 derivatives compounds.

Ricinoelicia acid is an unsaturated fatty acid and further (1%), oleic acid (7%) and

linoleic acid (3%). Its oil doest not solidify at –12 to –18C. It is used as auto lubricant.

Future of castor cultivation is great in Pakistan. Castor cultivation can become a source of

23

foreign exchange earning from Pakistan. Its cultivation can be done on these lands which

other wise idle for agriculture purpose. Combined cultivation of castor with chili, peanut

and pigeon pea in India is prevalent and same could be promoted in Pakistan. Currently,

Castor is cultivated on main boundaries of the field to protect crop from storm etc.,

(www.parc.gov.pk). Therefore along with Tamarix, Arind could also be promoted

subjected to developing its value chain and local level processing facilities. Castor is

currently considered experimental as a biofuel feedstock in Brazil and mainly a crop of

interest for small scale farmers in areas with challenging agro-climatic conditions

(Nielsen et al 2011). Hence being non-edible it could also be experimented in Pakistan on

similar lines.

In addition to Arind many other options like tunnel (low height) technology for

cultivating early season water melons and musk melons, and off season vegetables for

productive lands with irrigation facilities and bamboo for marginal areas could be

validated and promoted.

Selection of right genetic material (in terms of crops, livestock and trees) compatible with

agro-ecological environment and resources base is considered as key for sustainable use

of natural resources and as risk mitigation strategy along with rapid adoption through

initial success stories that could be built through developmental and promotion activities.

Developing a cadre of service providers for different enterprise mixes and technological

options through capacity building and financial support is another area to be considered

while promotion and up-scaling any technological option. Developing suitable nurseries

for fruit plants and tree, ensuring availability of improved seed for crops and vegetables

along with quality semen for AI could only ensure the productivity of other inputs used to

get the target output. Improving seed system through supply of certified seed of new

varieties and hybrids along with strengthening local seed system (informal seed system)

through promotion of proper storage, grading and cleaning facilities is therefore

recommended.

7. Technological OptionsBased on the above principles and compatibility with farming system and resource

endowments a package of key technological options are identified (Table 7) and 24

supported through feasibility and financial analysis of major investment options to

achieve the long term development objectives and sustainability goals. The detailed

description is provided in this Section.

Table 7. Technological Options for Sustainable Development in Noorpur Thal Target Area Strategies Activities Under Ground Water

Cost Effective Solar water system and Biogas

- Introduction and promotion of alternative energy sources (solar and bio gas)

- Long terms credit schemes Increasing water use efficiency

- Promotion of energy efficient HEIS on existing tube well area to increase water productivity

- Awareness of Skimming wells w.r.t water table and quality

- Pipe water supply in fields to reduce conveyance losses

- Linking solar system with HEIS

- Demonstrating small horticultural plots for increase water-use efficiency

Livestock/Dairy Feed Improvement - Promotion of local balance feed preparation

- Mineral Pre-mixture (for deficiencies)

- Hay and silage preparation during excess fodder supply

Improved Fodder cultivars - Supply of improved fodder seeds

- Strengthening local seed production of improved fodder varieties

Commercial farms and alternate options

- Feed lot fattening- Goat rearing using lucern- Improved Rural poultry at

HH level Breed improvement for high return

- Certified AI and Pedigreed Bull

- Environment compatible breeding (Sahiwal) with cross breed

25

- Buffalo breed improvement (Neli Ravi) through AI across river flood plains

- Goat/sheep breed improvement

- Kajli and Beetal rearing for Eid

Value Chain Development for dairy

- Improved collection and storage (chillers)

- Market linkages

Range and forestry Plantation of native multipurpose species and range preservation

- Promotion of tamarix and other native trees (acacia etc)

- Limiting eucalyptus to waterlogged areas

- Development of pockets of rangeland

- Rangeland reseeding Land resources Balance Nutrient management - Awareness of balance

nutrient management through Crop rotations and NPK

- Capacity building on composting and crop residue management

- Biosalary and compost Shifting irrigated lands to HVA

- Introduction of low cost low and walk-in tunnels for nurseries (water melon, and musk melon)

- Promotion of fruits (date palm, improved ziziphus Ber- desert apple etc)

- Demonstration of new vegetable hybrids

- Validation of fruits like Falsa, Pomegranate, Lemon

- Linking alternate energy sources with HEIS

Land reclamation and soil health management

- Erosion management through Tamarix and other suitable trees (shelterbelts)

- Promotion of Gypsum application in (flood plains)

- Water testing and drilling by aquifer quality

26

Seed System Supply of improved seed and strengthening informal seed system

- Promotion of certified seed - Improved practices for

preservation and cleaning of own farm seed (for cereals, fodder etc.)

- Village level seed entrepreneurs

Diversification of Farm enterprises

Introduction and promotion of suitable farm enterprises

- Introduction and promotion of Arind as shelter belt and commercial plantation

- Date Palm commercial plantation

- Bamboo validation at marginal lands

Value Addition and Processing

Developing Semi-Processing and cottage industry

- Developing value chains and marketing linkages

- Demonstration of semi-processing small scale machinery (grams, caster oil)

- Milk processing (Khowa, Paneer etc) particularly during flush milk season

8. Feasibility of Technological Options8.1 Solar pumping for irrigation

Due to high cost of diesel and electricity and frequent shutdown of electricity,

pumping of groundwater has become uneconomical. The use of solar power for pumping

irrigation water is an attractive option. It is pollution free and can replace a part of

conventional energy. Fortunately, Thal region is blessed with abundantly available and

inexhaustible Renewable Energy (RE) resources like solar, Biomass and wind which can

play a significant role in contributing towards energy security and energy self-reliance of

the area. The annual average mean daily solar radiation in Pakistan is 4.7 to 6.2 KWH on

each square meter area, and most parts of the country enjoy clear sky for 300 (+) days per

annum. Solar pumps are feasible for irrigation that use very low heads or has very low

lifting requirements, such as drip irrigation, which uses less water than other types of

irrigation-systems. Solar pumps work by converting solar radiation into electricity,

through the use of photocells made of silicon, usually called photovoltaic (PV) cells. 27

Solar water pumping system that employs DC powered pumps instead of the

conventional AC powered pumps require considerably lower power and provide greater

efficiency.

Some of the benefits of this resource are: freedom from load shedding and diesel

expenses, maintenance free, long working life, ideally suited for irrigating farmlands in

areas with low water table depth. These systems have been demonstrated on small scale

at several progressive farmers’ fields in Pakistan. The farmers are showing keen interest

in utilizing this technology but financial constraints are restricting them for large scale

adoption.

8.2 Life Cycle Costs of Solar System

A cost comparison was conducted for solar and diesel water pumps over a range of

pumping heads (10 to 200m) and a range of daily flow rates (3 to 50m3/day). The all-

inclusive costs were calculated taking into account: The initial upfront cost, the operating

costs (diesel fuel for the operating life), maintenance costs, and replacement costs (diesel

engine, solar submersible pump unit etc). Calculating the all-inclusive cost is a fair way

of comparing solar pumps (usually higher upfront cost) with a diesel pump (usually lower

upfront cost, but with ongoing diesel and intensive maintenance costs). The all-inclusive

cost takes a long term approach and is calculated over a twenty year period, which is also

the minimum life expectancy of a 1000 solar panel. The cost comparisons show that

diesel pumps are on average two to four times more expensive over a 20 year period than

solar pumps for pumping the same average amount of water per day. The following

figure shows the breakeven point for a single case – a pumping system with an output of

10,000 liters per day from a head of 80 meters. The study also states that for pumping

systems having a hydraulic load of 1,000 or less, the break even point is less than 2.5

years.

28

Figure. 1. Breakeven Analysis for Solar System

8.3 Diesel water pumping

Diesel water pumping is attractive due to the large power range of the pumps and

the availability of water when it is needed. It can pump water for varying daily demands

through longer operating periods (assuming sufficient borehole strength), thus allowing

for the flexibility required in some applications. The technology is well understood and

service for diesel engines is readily available. The pumping system draws water from the

open well, bore well, stream, pond, canal etc. According to an irrigation officer in

Joharabad, there are about 5000 tubewels (diesel) in Noorpur tehsil. It is appropriate to

install tubewell at least at a distance of 200m apart from other tube well so that sufficient

space is available for inflow to fulfill the discharge requirements. There is also need to

link the existing tubewells with HEIS and high value crops to justify their social and

economic cost.

8.4 Solar pumping with micro irrigation systems

Modern irrigation systems use pressure to lift and distribute water in pipes or hoses

directly to the roots of crops or plants by dripping or by sprinkling or spraying.

Supplement irrigation supports the natural rainfall and therefore reduces the risk of crop

loss and improves yield and quality. Water use efficiency observed in different crops by

adopting micro irrigation systems is shown in Table 3. The increase in yields combined

29

with saving in water result in higher water use efficiency (Dhawan, 2002). Since there are

no batteries installed, the solar pumping system operates only during daylight hours and

the water pumped out is stored in a storage tank which ensures constant availability of

water.

Table 1. Water use efficiency in different crops by adopting micro irrigation system

Crop Yield increase % Water saving % Increase in water use efficiency%

Chilly 45 63 291

Grapes 23 48 136

Pomegranate 45 45 167

Tomato 50 31 119

Water melon 88 36 195

The combination of PV pumps with micro (e.g. drip) irrigation system is especially

suitable in remote areas without connection to the electricity grid. Any low pressure

(drip) irrigation system can be used with PV pumps to acquire high agriculture

production through adopting suitable cropping pattern. The water is distributed directly

from the pump or by gravity from a water tank.

General design sample of solar water pump, high efficiency irrigation systems and biogas plants are as under:

General Design Sample of Solar Water Pump:

Design parameter: Area under irrigation, Source of water: dug well/bore/reservoir/canal, Depth of water table, dynamic head, crops/plants water requirement.

On the basis of above parameters, the solar water pumping system can be designed.

Cost:

Solar pumping system: DC pump with controller & motor, pump delivery 2 inches, discharge 40-60 gallons per min, solar modules for 1400-1645 watts with installation

Rs. 500,000 – 550,000

30

Storage tank: Size 14 x 14 x 4.5 ft (Length x width x depth in feet) bricks, cemented, can be used for fish farming

Rs. 250,000 - 350,000

Drip irrigation system: Main and lateral pipes, diesel pump and motor (normal pressurized centrifugal pump with prime mover), pumping water from pond or direct from the well

Rs. 120,000 per acre for vegetables/cereal crops

Rs. 90,000 per acre for fruit plants

Without pump & motor

Rs. 100,000 per acre for vegetables/cereal crops

Rs. 70,000 per acre for fruit plants

8.5 Solar powered drip irrigation system for Tunnel farming

Drip irrigation can be practiced with tunnel farming to acquire high agriculture

productivity. This technology is being practiced by farmers in Mankera tehsil of Bhakkar,

Thal for growing off-season vegetables like Cucumber, Tomatoes, Chilies, Shimla mirch.

The vegetables have good market in large cities for use in fast food industry and farmers

are earning high income through marketing of these off-season vegetables.

Cost:

High tunnel: Size 100 x 25 x 14 ft (Length x width x height feet) 2-inch steel pipes, plastic/green net cover with complete installation

Rs. 100,000 – 150,000

Low tunnel: Size 100 x 20 x 6 ft (Length x width x height feet), plastic/green net cover with complete installation

Rs. 50,000 (using light steel pipes)

Rs. 30,000 (using bamboo/wood)

31

8.6 Utilization of biogas for cooking and pumping water

Biogas technology offers an efficient way for providing fuel and fertilizer in the

area. It is an efficient system for recycling waste for prevention of pollution, ecological

imbalance and improvement of sanitary conditions in the rural areas. of biomass

utilization. It involves anaerobic fermentation of organic materials such as animal dung,

agricultural wastes, aquatic weeds etc. to produce methane rich fuel gas and a value

added organic fertilizer. As per livestock census 2006, there are 0.51 million animals

(buffaloes and cows) in Khushab district. On an average, daily dung dropping of a

medium-size animal is estimated as 10kg/day. This would yield a total of 5.1 million

kilograms of dung per day. Assuming 50 per cent collectability, the availability of fresh

dung comes to 2.6 million kg per day. Thus 0.08 million cubic meters of biogas per day

can be produced through bio-methanation which could meet the cooking needs of 0.19

million peoples of the district area (since 0.4m3 gas could suffice the cooking needs of a

person per day). As a byproduct, 377 tons of bio-fertilizer per day will also be produced

for agriculture use.

A biogas plant can provide fuel for dual fuel engine for pumping water and

generating electricity besides fuel for cooking. As much as 80% of the diesel fuel can be

replaced by biogas.

Cost:

Biogas dome type for fuel purpose Complete unit 6m3 domestic, 2 animals dung

Rs. 50,000

Biogas dome type for energy purpose 50 m3 and above complete unit, run tubewell/generator/peter engine, include energy system, consumption rate 3-4m3/hr for 25 hp peter engine, over 70 animals dung

Rs. 350,000 – 500,000

8.7 Tamarix promotion for shelterbelts and block plantation

Multipurpose forest tree promotion through selection of appropriate tree species well

adopted to local environment, market and local needs is considered an important aspect

while considering sustainability of land and water resources of the area. Tamarix is

32

selected as appropriate choice for its benefits as timber and forage plant in addition to its

well adoptability, low cost of plantation in addition to improving soil health for future

use. The feasibility for its plantation as shelterbelts around tubewell irrigated block of 5

acres with 5x5 feet plan to plant and row to row distance in two rows on a patch of 8 feet

bund making a length of 1034 feet of bunds has proved resulted IRR of 67% considering

its life for 50 years with maturity after each of the seventh year. The value of NPV came

to the tune of 253173 which is a positive value justifying its worth. Prevailing market

interest rate of 18% was used as discount factor for calculating present worth of cost and

benefits. Still the benefit cost ratio was as high as 1:10. The estimates and figures for

cost and output prices are considered based on the survey conducted for recent real life

case studies. Considering farmer based management practices and output realized

accordingly are considered for estimation.

Similar to the shelter belts block plantation, with minimum of 4 acre by developing small

scale irrigation system with peter engine and pipe irrigation system, was also highly

profitable. The prevailing lease rate, all kind of labor charges, repair and maintenance

along with salvage value of peter after 2 years and other required parameter and factors

important of financial analysis were kept under consideration. The IRR for block

plantation came out to the tune of 62% with positive NPV and a benefit cost ratio of

1:6.5.

The selection of Tamarix was done because its multipurpose uses and benefits. It is easily

propagated from cuttings, grows fast, has no pest or other problems and provides quick

economic returns. Fodder through pruning at early stages of growth (1-2 years) for

animals and household fire wood requirements are met from branches. Other benefits

include increased land productivity and land development by protecting from erosion and

stabilizing sand dunes. Increase employment and income opportunities through

generating a big push factor as family gets lump sum money which is re-invested in farm

or non-farm activities which is not possible otherwise due to not having enough surplus

money to save and invest under such fragile environments. The environmental and

positive effects on improving climate and ecology are other added benefits.

33

8.8 Balance Feed Formulation and Production at Local Level

To overcome the nutrient deficiency and improve the production of dairy animals

balanced formula feed is the key factor therefore it is suggested that one mini feed mill in

each of the following union council may be installed to facilitated the dairy farmers to

feed the dairy farmers to feed the dairy farmers to feed the dairy animals. The economic

feasibility is under

The most commonly available feed ingredients used for cattle feed production are

listed below. These are available in the local markets or nearby main city market. The

current market price of these ingredients is mentioned against each.

S. No. Ingredients Price/Kg

1. Cotton Seed Cake Rs. 27.002. Rap Seed Cake Rs. 30.003. Linseed Cake Rs. 32.004. Rice Polish Rs. 20.005. Wheat Bran Rs. 18.006. Gram Husk Rs. 25.007. Corn grain Rs. 25.008. Corn Gluten Meal 30% Rs. 25.009. Molasses Rs. 12.0010. Common Salt Rs. 04.0011. Di calcium Phosphate Rs. 17.00

34

Feed Formula 1

S. No. Ingredients % used Cost Rs./ 100 Kg of Balance Feed

1 Cotton seed cake 20 540

2 Corn gluten 30% 12 300

3 Wheat bran 25 450

4 Rice polish 20 400

5 Maize grain 5 125

6 Molasses 16 192

7 DCP 1 17

8 Salt 1 4

Total 100 2028

Price per kg = Rs. 20.28Price per 37 kg bag =750.00

Feed |Formula 2

S.No Ingredients % used Cost Rs./ 100 Kg of Balance Feed

1 Cotton seed cake 10 270

2 Gram Husk (soorri) 15 375

3 Corn gluten 10 250

4 Wheat bran 25 450

5 Rice polish 20 400

6 Molasses 18 216

7 DCP 1 17

8 Salt 1 4

Total 100 1982

Price per kg = Rs. 19.82

35

Price per 37 kg bag = Rs. 733.34

Feed Formula 3

S.No Ingredients % used Cost Rs./ 100 Kg of Balance Feed

1 Cotton seed cake 10 270

2 Rape seed cake 10 300

3 Gram Husk(soorri) 15 375

4 Wheat bran 25 450

5 Rice polish 20 400

6 Molasses 18 216

7 DCP 1 17

8 Salt 1 4

Total 100 2032

Price per kg = Rs. 20.32Price per 37 kg bag = Rs. 751.84

36

37

Cost Estimates for Feed Mill

Items Cost Rs.

Machinery 145000/-

Installation 10,000/-

Rent of Building (per month) 2500/-

Depreciation @ 5% (per month) 646/-

Interest Rate @ 18% (Per month) 2325/-

Ave. Fixed Cost for Rs./Md 182.36/-

Ave. Variable Cost Rs./Md (lncluding labor and energy cost)

909.75/-

Cost and Profit with Volume of Sale

Daily sale Bages

Input cost per bag

Total Cost

Rs,/BagDaily Cost

Rs.Sale PriceRs,/40 kg

Revenue Rs./Day

Profit Rs,/day

2 909.075 962 1923.011 1000 2000 774 909.075 935 3741.161 1000 4000 2596 909.075 927 5563.617 1000 6000 4368 909.075 923 7381.767 1000 8000 61810 909.075 920 9199.917 1000 10000 80012 909.075 918 11018.07 1000 12000 98214 909.075 917 12836.22 1000 14000 116416 909.075 916 14654.37 1000 16000 134518 909.075 915 16472.52 1000 18000 152720 909.075 915 18290.67 1000 20000 1709

Financial Analysis based on 275 working days per year with 20 bags (40kg) daily sale could provide at IRR upto 250% per annum with NPV value of “1528834” over a period of 25 years of project life.

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8.9 Fattening of sheep and goat

There is great potential to fatten the male sheep and goats for Eid sacrifice. Micro financing can help the women to buy the male animals 4 months before Eid-ul-Azha. Sheep male of 6 month age can be sacrificed but the goat males should be one year old. Due to age limitation in case of sheep and goat, the following points should be taken care off while starting an entrepreneur regarding fattening of small ruminants.

1. Age of Animal: Sheep male should be at least 6 month old while goat male should be 10 month old. Daily weight gain will be better in this age group than the younger animals. Hence, feed efficiency ratio will better in this age group.

2. Body condition of the animal: Animal should be disease free having weak body condition. In this case initial purchase cost will be less.

3. Quarantine Measures: Newly purchased animals should be kept separate for two weeks to avoid any contamination to the animals already housed at farm. Vaccination against contagious diseases should be done as per schedule.

4. Feeding of Animals: Animals should fed free choice during fattening period i.e. 90 to 120 days. Animals may fed either total mixed ration or green fodder supplemented with concentrate feed.

Economic Feasibility regarding fattening of male sheep and goat animals:

Purchase price of 6 month old lamb having live weight 30kg @ Rs 250/kg = Rs 7500Cost of green fodder fed daily 3 kg @ Rs 4/kg = Rs 12Cost of wheat straw fed daily 0 .25 kg @ Rs 8/kg = Rs 02Cost of concentrate feed fed daily 0.5 kg @ Rs 25/kg = Rs 12Cost of medicine and other miscellaneous expenditure @ Rs 01/day = Rs 01Labor charges: one laborer can maintain 50 animals @ Rs 350/day = Rs 07

Total Daily expenditure = Rs 34

Total expenditures for 120 days = Rs 4080

Expected weight gain per day = 0.250 gm

Total weight gain for 120 days = 30 kg

Total income 30 x 250 = Rs 7500

Mortality @ 1% = 75

Net income 7500 – 4080 = Rs 3420

Note: Total financing required for one animal = Rs 11580

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8.10 Fattening of cattle

Farmers of Noorpur Thal Tehsil are mainly dependent on cattle rearing. Some of the farmers are involved in fattening of cattle on commercial scale. However resource poor farmers can be motivated for fattening of 2-4 male cattle by providing micro finance facility. To start a small entrepreneur regarding fattening of cattle the following points should be taken care off.

1. Age of the animal: It is advisable to purchase the male animal having age between 2 to 2.5 years. This age group of animals will gain weight faster than the small age animals. Hence the feed efficiency ratio will be better than the smaller age group animals.

2. Health of animal: The animal should be disease free but weak in body condition. The purchase price of such animal will be less than the fatty animal of same age group.

3. Quarantine measures: Newly purchased animals should be kept separate from the animals at the farm for 2 weeks. During this period they should be vaccinated against contagious diseases like H. S., FMD, BQ etc. Deworming and spraying of these animals of newly purchased animals should be done quarantine period.

4. Feeding of animals: Animals should be fed ad-libitum during fattening period i.e. 90 to 120 days. Animal may be fed green fodder or silage free choice supplemented with concentrate feed. In case of non-availability of green fodder or silage, Total Mixed Ration can be used.Economic feasibility regarding fattening of cattle:

- Purchase price of 2 year old animal having live weight 210 Kg @ Rs 120/Kg = Rs 25200- Cost of green fodder fed daily 10 kg @ Rs 4/kg = Rs 40- Cost of wheat straw fed daily 1.5 kg @ Rs 8/kg = Rs 12- Cost of concentrate feed fed daily 1 kg @ Rs 25/kg = Rs 25- Labor cost; One laborer is enough for 25 animals @ Rs 350/day = Rs 14- Medicines and other miscellaneous cost @ Rs 2/day = Rs 02

- Total daily operational cost = Rs 93- Operational cost for 120 days = 93 x 120 = Rs 11160- Expected daily weight gain = 1 kg - Expected daily income = 1 kg @ Rs 120/kg live weight = Rs 120- Expected income from one animal for 120 days = 120 x 120 = Rs 14400

Net income from one animal = 14400 – 11160 = Rs 3240Net income from 25 animals = 3240 x 25 = Rs 81000

Note: Financing required for fattening of one animal / family = 25200 + 11160 = Rs 36360

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8.11 Introduction of improved poultry breed

Poultry program at ASI, NARC has developed poultry breed for rural poultry production. Egg laying ability of these birds is much higher than the traditional rural poultry birds. The economic feasibility of this breed is as follows:

Recommended number of birds/family = 20Mortality losses 10% 02Adult birds = 18Male and female ratio = 50:50Number of eggs laid by desi hen = 80/yearNumber of eggs laid by IMPROVED breed = 200/ yearExtra eggs production by Improved breed = 120/yearTotal extra production of eggs by 9 hens = 1080 eggsPrice of each desi egg = Rs. 10Total income from extra eggs = Rs. 10800

Rs.Cost of 3 weeks old chicks 1200Transportation cost 40Vaccination cost 20Total cost 1260Total income 10800Net profit Rs. 9540

Supplemental feed @ 33% of total feed =50 grams @ 30 Rs/Kg = 1.5

8.12 Fish farming in water logged area

A considerable waterlogged area in the northwest of Noorpur Thal has potential for

developing aquaculture farming. The standing water in parts of waterlogged ecology

ranging in depth from 1 to more than 3 meters forms a suitable place for fish farming. At

places with less or no standing water, proper ponds can be developed providing water

source of tube well pumping.

Like Hafizabad, Pindi Bhattian and Muzaffara Cohar there is great potential for fresh

water fish culture. Especially surrounding of Ahdi Kot and Rangpur area are water

logged. Micro financing can help the resource poor farmers to construct ponds for fresh

water fish culture. To avoid the water seepage plastic lining of the ponds can be done.

The initial cost of construction of ponds can be recovered from two year catch. The

economic feasibility of fresh water fish farming is as follows:

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Capital costCost of digging and construction of banks Rs. = 80000 Cost of Plastic Lining Rs. = 100000 Cost of Peter Driven Tube Well Rs. = 100000 Total capital cost Rs. =280000

Operational costFish seed for One Acre (1500) Rs. = 5000 Fertilizer (organic and inorganic) Rs. = 5000Water supply Rs. = 30000Fish feed Rs. = 10000Other miscellaneous cost Rs. = 15000Total operational cost Rs. = 65000

Income Total annual fish production 1500 kg/acreGross income from selling of fish (@ Rs. 150/kg) Rs. 225000Net income (Gross income – operational income) Rs. 160000

Depreciation on capital cost @ 10% Rs. =28000 Net profit Rs. =132000

8.13 Human resource development:

There is shortage of technical man power in Noorpur Thal Tehsil. Need based skill

development is required in the area. Animal health/Artificial insemination/livestock

feeding management training is required to the interested farmers in the area.

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