somoza & sandino: 20 th century nicaragua. nicaragua: pre-somoza jose santos zelaya (liberal)...
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Somoza & Sandino:
20th Century Nicaragua
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Nicaragua: Pre-Somoza
• Jose Santos Zelaya (liberal) monopolized power from 1893-1910
•U.S. capital moves into country – mining, fruit, coffee, timber
• Upsets U.S. by not negotiating for canal, then negotiating with others
•Conservatives see opportunity and launch revolution in 1909
• U.S. intervenes in support of conservatives
• Adolfo Díaz takes power
• U.S. worked with Díaz to improve economy
• Díaz called for “Platt Amendment” for Nicaragua
• Liberals launch revolution in 1912 – U.S. intervenes to help Díaz
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Nicaraguan ties to the United States
• 1912-1933 – U.S. marines stayed in Nicaragua
• 1916 – Bryan-Chamorro Treaty – U.S. gains exclusive rights to build any canal
• by 1920s – railroad, mining, lumber, banking nearly monopolized by U.S.; Atlantic Fruit and UFCO owned much of the productive land in Nicaragua
• By end of 20s, Nicaragua was basically a protectorate of the U.S.
• By 1930, U.S. officials were responsible for fiscal and monetary policy
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Nicaragua as of 1930
• export economy was weak
• had lowest per capita income in Central America
• had most illiterate people in Central America
• eastern provinces were not connected by rail or road to the capital
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Augusto Sandino
• born in 1895 to coffee plantation owner & Indian peasant plantation worker
• 1912 – radicalizing event for Sandino –conservatives had Benjamin Zeledon (liberal revolution leader) killed – saw train carrying body & saw soldiers kicking dead body
• stayed on plantation until 25 years old, then left for oil fields of Mexico
• went to work for American companies and saw conditions for workers
• 1926 – went back to Nicaragua and became active in liberal party insurrection
• Liberal party family background, strong nationalist
• 1926-1933 – Sandino led guerrilla war of national liberation against conservatives and U.S. marines
• ideological basis not clear (look on www.sandino.org)
• U.S. labeled him as bandit and offered reward for his body, but could not defeat him – finally got tired and sought way out
• U.S. arranged cease-fire between liberals and conservatives; U.S. created National Guard (supposedly apolitical); U.S. scheduled elections where U.S. would supervise voting
•1933 – U.S. withdrew marines
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Anastasio Somoza Garcia
• Son of well-off coffee grower
• young liberal party politician
•Studied in U.S. and spoke fluent English
• During 1926-1933 intervention Somoza served as intermediary between Nicaraguan President, U.S. marines, and State Department
• his pro-U.S. attitude impressed U.S. ambassador
• was acceptable to all sides as commander of newly created National Guard
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Somoza and Sandino
• Feb. 1933 – new government signed peace agreement with Sandino for cease-fire – Sandino agreed to partial disarmament, government gave Sandino and others amnesty and set up safe area for Sandino and others to move safely without government harassment
• Feb. 1934 – Sandino was invited to capital to finalize agreement – he was seized and shot by National Guard under orders from Somoza
• Then National Guard went into safe area and in a brutal operation killed many of Sandino’s supporters
• Sandino became a martyr – a symbol of patriotism, nationalism, and anti-imperialism
• Somoza became a dictator – he used his military position to gain power, he imposed self as liberal candidate and became President in 1937
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Somoza Dynasty
• 1937 marked start of 42 year period of family rule
• Somoza put family and close associates in key government and military positions
• the power of the National Guard grew – it came to control radio and tv networks, postal and immigration services, health services, railroads, and internal revenue service
• National Guard was one key to Somoza’s power – he kept them happy and loyal by encouraging them to profit from their positions and by purging disloyal members – “Mafia in uniform”
• A second key to his success was an alliance with the oligarchy – he co-opted them by sharing the spoils of office
•ran Liberal party as personal party; allowed nominal political opposition but crushed serious opposition
• by end of WWII – worth est. $60 bil – textile companies, sugar mills, rum distilleries, merchant marine lines, national airline, only pasteurized milk facility
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The third key was the support of the U.S., which he cultivated regularly
Somoza with FDR on visit to U.S. in 1939.
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All in the Family
• in 1956 – Somoza was assassinated by a 27 year old Nicaraguan poet (he was flown to the Panama Canal Zone and Ike sent his personal
physisican but he did not survive
• son Luis took power – Luis Somoza Debayle was President of Congress at the time so he was empowered by the Constitution to take over; he was elected to his own term in 1957 – under Luis there were a few social reforms, but not many
• Luis continued his father’s support for U.S. as one of first Latin American leaders to condemn Fidel Castro; he allowed Nicaraguan bases to be used for air attacks and troop lift for Bay of Pigs
• After Luis died, his younger brother Anastasio Somoza Debayle took over – he had been director of the National Guard – use of force and corruption increased
Luis Somoza Debayle
Anastasio Somoza Debayle