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Some revision 1. News of the dead Patroclus (Book 18). New armour for Achilles (Books 1819). 2. Achilles reenters the baBlefield in Book 20 (Theomachy). No other Greek hero gets a menGon on the baBlefield aHer Achilles returns. 3. Achilles in water and fire of the river Scamander (Book 21) 4. The ‘chain of death’: Sarpedon (Book 16); Patroclus (Book 16); Hector (Book 22); Achilles (aHer the Iliad); Troy (aHer the Iliad).

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Some  revision  

1.  News  of  the  dead  Patroclus  (Book  18).    New  armour  for  Achilles  (Books  18-­‐19).      

2.  Achilles  re-­‐enters  the  baBlefield  in  Book  20  (Theomachy).    No  other  Greek  hero  gets  a  menGon  on  the  baBlefield  aHer  Achilles  returns.  

3.  Achilles  in  water  and  fire  of  the  river  Scamander  (Book  21)  

4.  The  ‘chain  of  death’:  Sarpedon  (Book  16);  Patroclus  (Book  16);  Hector  (Book  22);  Achilles  (aHer  the  Iliad);  Troy  (aHer  the  Iliad).  

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Some  revision  

5.  The  focus  has  become  more  and  more  on  the  treatment  of  bodies  aHer  death  (esp.  from  Book  16).    This  is  a  major  theme  in  Books  22-­‐24  6.  NoGce  how  ‘normal’  it  is  to  strip  a  dead  body  of  armour  for  a  keepsake.    Remember  the  Greeks  are  there  for  booty.    Hector  takes  the  armour  of  Patroclus  (Achilles’  armour)  and  wears  it.    There  is  a  sense  that  this  only  reiterates  his  doom.  

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IlIAD 22: The Quest of Hector

•  22.99-­‐130:  Hector  ponders  whether  to  surrender  or  to  fight:      “BeBer  to  bring  on  the  fight  with  him  as  soon  as  it  may  be.  We  will  see  to  which  one  the  Olympian  grants  the  glory.”  (22.129-­‐30)  

 Chris  Mackie  

Hector,  with  Priam  and  Hecuba,  arms  for  baBle;  Euthymides,  c.510  BCE,    A_ca.  Image  source:  ARTstor.  

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IlIAD 22: The Quest of Hector •  22.131-­‐166:  Achilles  approaches;  Hector  flees      “And  the  shivers  took  hold  of  Hektor  when  he  saw  him,  and  he  could  no  longer  stand  his  ground  there,  but  leH  the  gates  behind,  and  fled,  frightened”  (22.135-­‐6)  

•  Achilles  pursues  Hector,  while  the  gods  look  on  

 

Chris  Mackie  

Below:  Perseus  pursued  by  the  Gorgons  (view  1,  2);  Gorgon  Painter,  c.600-­‐590  BCE,  A_ca.  Image  source:  ARTStor.  

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IlIAD 22: The Quest of Hector

•  22.167-­‐213:  The  gods  watch  the  pursuit  and  discuss  Hector’s  fate    “  then  the  Father  balanced  his  golden  scales,  and  in  them/  he  set  two  fateful  porGons  of  death,  which  lays  men  prostrate,/one  for  Achilleus,  and  one  for  Hektor,  breaker  of  horses,  /  and  balanced  it  by  the  middle;  and  Hektor’s  death-­‐day  was  heavier/and  dragged  downward  towards  death,  and  Phoibos  Apollo  forsook  him.”  (22.209-­‐213)  

Chris  Mackie  

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IlIAD 22: The Quest of Hector

•  Hector    at  22.256ff.  asks  Achilles  to  agree  to  honour  the  loser’s  corpse,  and  he  will  do  the  same.  

•  Achilles  responds:  “As  there  are  no  trustworthy  oaths  between  men  and  lions,  nor  wolves  and  lambs  have  spirit  that  can  be  brought  to  agreement...so  there  can  be  no  love  between  you  and  me,  nor  shall  there  be  oaths  between  us,  but  one  or  other  must  fall  before  then  to  glut  with  his  blood  Ares  the  god  who  fights  under  the  shield’s  guard”  (22.262-­‐7)  

Chris  Mackie  

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Iliad 22

•  The  duel  of  Achilles  and  Hector  

3  3  

Chris  Mackie  

Achilles  overcoming  Hector.  From  leH,  Athena,  Achilles,  Hector,  Apollo.  Greek,  480-­‐450  BCE.  Image  source:  ARTStor  slide  library  

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IlIAD 22: The Quest of Hector

•  Fatally  wounded,  Hector  begs  Achilles  to  honour  his  corpse    

•  Achilles:  “No  more,  entreaGng  of  me,  you  dog...I  wish  only  that  my  spirit  and  fury  would  drive  me  to  hack  your  meat  away  and  eat  it  raw...the  dogs  and  birds  will  have  you  for  their  feasGng”  (22.345-­‐354)  

•  Hector:  “Be  careful  now;  for  I  might  be  made  into  the  gods’  curse  upon  you,  on  that  day  when  Paris  and  Phoibos  Apollo  destroy  you  in  the  Skaian  gates,  for  all  your  valour”  (22.358-­‐9)  

Chris  Mackie  

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IlIAD 22

   

Chris  Mackie  

Achilles  drags  the  body  of  Hector    behind  his  chariot.    Painter  A  of  Leagros  Group,  Late  6th-­‐Early  5th  C.  B.C  ,  A_ca.  ARTstor  Slide  Gallery  .    

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The role of Athena

•  22.213  Apollo  deserts  Hector  once  his  fate  becomes  clear  

•  NoGce  that  Athena  appears  to  Hector  in  disguise  as  his  brother  Deiphobus.  

•  She  is  ‘working’  for  Achilles  and  her  aim  is  to  get  him  to  stop  running  away,  and  stand  and  fight  (22.229-­‐31).  

•  Deiphobus  says  he  will  join  Hector  in  the  fight,  and  Hector  says  that  he  will  run  no  longer  (22.250).  

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The role of Athena

•  Achilles  throws  his  spear  and  misses  (22.273ff.).  •  Athena  fetches  the  spear  and  returns  it  to  him,  unseen  by  Hector  (22.276-­‐7)  

•  Hector  throws  his  spear  and  it  pierces  Achilles’  shield  (22.289ff.)  He  turns  to  ‘Deiphobus’  and  asks  him  for  another  spear  (22.294-­‐5)  

•  But  Deiphobus  was  not  there,  and  Hector  knows  he  is  doomed.  

Chris  Mackie  

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Iliad 22: the role of Athena

•  Does  Athena’s  role  in  helping  Achilles  weaken  his  victory  because  he  needs  a  god  to  achieve  victory?  

•  Or  does  Athena’s  role  enhance  his  greatness?  

•  Does  Athena  give  Hector  a  more  noble  death?  

Chris  Mackie  

From  leH:  Achilles,  Athena,  Hector.  ABributed  to  the  Berlin  Painter,  c.  490  -­‐  480  BCE,  A_ca.  Beazley  Archive  no.  201956.  Image  source:  hBp://www.theoi.com/Gallery/K8.6.html  

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The Death of Hector

•  NoGce  that  Achilles  scans  Hector’s  body.  •  He  throws  the  spear  and  it  pierces  a  chink  in  the  armour  at  the  neck  

•  Hector  is  wearing  the  set  of  immortal  armour  taken  from  Patroclus’  body.  

•  Because  it  is  immortally  made  it  cannot  be  pierced,  hence  the  need  for  it  to  pass  through  a  chink  in  the  armour  

•  Compare  the  fall  of  Troy  and  the  Wooden  Horse  

Chris  Mackie  

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The Death of Hector

•  NoGce  the  emphasis  in  Book  22  on  the  treatment  of  a  body,  especially  aHer  death  

•  This  is  a  major  theme  in  the  Greek  literature  and  myth  (cf.  AnGgone)  

•  In  Hector’s  case  there  are  references  to  eaGng  raw  flesh,  muGlaGon  of  the  body  (by  the  men  around  Achilles),  and  the  rejecGon  of  burial.    The  culminaGon  of  all  this  is  dragging  the  body  around  face  down,  presumably  to  obliterate  the  facial  features.  

Chris  Mackie  

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The Death of Hector

•  The  gods,  however,  look  aHer  the  body  of  Hector  and  do  not  allow  Achilles  to  hurt  it.  

•  This  sets  up  the  magnificent  ransom  scene  in  Book  24.  

•  NoGce  too  that  Book  23  (the  funeral  for  Patroclus)  is  concerned  with  the  proper  conduct  of  disposing  of  of  a  body  

•  Thus  books  23  and  24  have  two  funerals,  one  for  the  Patroclus  (Book  23),  and  one  for  Hector  (book  24)    

Chris  Mackie