solutions with sika systems shear strengthening · solutions with sika systems shear strengthening...

®®

Solutions with Sika Systems

Shear StrengtheningSika® CarboDur® Composite Systems

▲Long term tested and approved systems▲High strength composite systems▲Corrosion resistant▲Easy application▲No maintenance cost

Sika® CarboDur® Composite Systems

2

▲ Corrosion of steel reinforcement▲ Inadequate design of reinforcement

▲Subject to corrosion▲High maintenance cost▲ Increased weight/static loading

▲ Low material cost▲ Offsite fabrication and

protection required▲ High installation cost

Earthquake – Column with shear failure

Insufficient Shof Reinforced Concre

Strengthening

Steel Shear Plates

Shear Strengthening Alternatives ®®

3

▲ Increased permanent, live and traffic loads▲ Change of the structural use

▲Do not corrode▲No maintenance cost▲Very lightweight

▲Medium material cost▲Easily cut/prepared on site▲Low installation cost

Increased load – Beam with failure

Sika® CarboShear L® Plates SikaWrap® Fabrics

hear Strength ete Structures due to

Alternatives

Sika® CarboDur® Composites

Sika® CarboDur® Composite Systems

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Structural Requirements

When the working load is applied, the Sika CarboDur Composites absorb the tensile forcesproportionally with the steel reinforcement. An unused load-bearing reserve must be avail-able in the concrete compression zone of the existing structure. The Sikadur adhesive layeris fully capable of levelling out any stress peaks.

Sika® CarboShear L®

Composite Plate System

System Advantages▲Precise material properties▲Well defined anchoring▲Fully corrosion resistant▲High strength▲Minimum weight▲Range of dimensions – optimum design

▲ Static loading▲ Dynamic loading▲ Crack bridging▲ Creep prevention▲ Durability

Strengthening Sys

®®Shear Strengthening Alternatives

SikaWrap®

Composite Fabric System

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Environmental Influences

Corrosion resistance is an important factor in achieving durability. Sika CarboDur Composites also have high chemical resistance to the pollutants normally occurring onstructures. There is absolutely no risk of underrusting.

System Advantages▲Carbon, glass, aramid and hybrid fabrics available▲Uni- and/or bidirectional fabrics: 0°, 0°/90°, +/–45°▲Very easy application▲ Ideal for strengthening non-uniform or not square cross sections▲Fully corrosion resistant

▲ Temperature▲ Moisture▲ Frost – Freeze/thaw cycles▲ Corrosive chemicals▲ Ultra-violet radiation

tem Requirements

Sika® CarboDur® Composite Systems:

Sika® CarboShear L® SystemSystem Components

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Testing for Shear StrengtheningIn 1998 the EMPA performed tests with Sika L-shapedCFRP plates. The objective was full scale testing of the suitability of these plates for use in shear strengthening, as well as establishing a design proposal.

EMPA: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Pretreatment of theCarboShear end withSikadur-30, 24 hoursbefore application in orderto shorten the anchoragelength.

Patent No. DE 19702246, 30 July 1998

EMPA Test Reports No. 169219E/1 and No. 169219E/2

Shear Strengthened T-beam

Beam T3 – Strengthening with CarboShear L®

Sikadur®-30 Sikadur®-41Adhesive Mortar

Compressive strength > 95 N/mm2 > 75 N/mm2

Bond strength on steel > 26 N/mm2 > 10 N/mm2

Bond strength on concrete > 4 N/mm2 > 4 N/mm2

(concrete failure) (concrete failure)

E-modulus 12800 N/mm2 9000 N/mm2

Sikadur® Epoxy Adhesives and Mortars

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

350 13601360 520 2240 520 1360 350

6000

1770110 125

Sika® CarboShear L® CFRP Plates

Type Leg length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm)

4/20/50 200 resp. 500 40 1.4

4/30/70 300 resp. 700 40 1.4

4/50/100 500 resp. 1000 40 1.4

Sika® CarboShear L® Plates

E-modulus (mean value) Tensile strength (minimum value)

120 000 N/mm2 126 kN/40 mm

380

500

120

375 375150

900

Sika CarboShear LCFRP plate

Technical Datas ®®

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SikaWrap® Composite Fabrics SystemSystem Components

Testing for Shear StrengtheningIn 1999 the EMPA performed tests with SikaWrap® compositefabrics. The objective was full scale tests to confirm the suita-bility of these composite fabrics for use in shear strengthening,as well as to establish a design proposal. Two identical beamswere strengthened with SikaWrap® Hex-230C unidirectionalfabric and Sikadur-330 resin.

EMPA: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf, Switzerland

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

350 13601360 520 2240 520 1360 350

6000

1770110 125

EMPA Test Report No. 200137/E/1

F/4 F/4 F/4 F/4

350 13601360 520 2240 520 1360 350

6000

1770110 125

EMPA Test Report No. 405552E

Beam T4 – Fabric Applied Vertically

Beam T5 – Fabric Applied with 45° Inclination

SikaWrap® FabricsCarbon fiber fabrics Glass fiber fabricsSikaWrap®Hex-230C/-103C SikaWrap®Hex-430G/-100G

Tensile strength > 3500 N/mm2 > 2250 N/mm2

of fibers

Tensile modulus > 230000 N/mm2 > 70000 N/mm2

of fibers

Sikadur® Epoxy Adhesives

Sikadur®-330 Sikadur®-300/-306

Flexural strength 3800 N/mm2 3120 N/mm2

Bond strength on concrete > 4 N/mm2 > 4 N/mm2

(concrete failure) (concrete failure)

For additional information see the Product Data Sheets

SikaWrap®Fabrics

380

500

120

375 375150

900

Sika Wrap fabric

Shear Strengthened T-beam


GFRP pads

Tensile force

Anchoragelength100 – 200 mm

GFRP pads

Basic Shear Plate Tests

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Ready for test

After failure test

Anchorage Zone Tensile Test

Bend Zone Tensile Test

Load-bearing Capacity of

Sika® CarboShear L® Tests at the EMPABeam T3


Bend zone length150 – 300 mm

Concretetest specimen

Tensile force

GFRP pads

Mid-span Deflection of the Beams str

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60

Failu

re lo

ad F

tota

l [kN

]

Mid-span Deflection of the Beams str

EM

PA

Tes

t Rep

ort

No

. 405

552E

EMPA Test Report No. 169219E/1

Concretetest specimen

Performance Testing ®®

SikaWrap® Tests at the EMPABeam T4

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Beams T3, T4 and T5

Ready for test

After failure test

Test Set-up for the Moiré Measurements

Ready for test

After failure test

Beam T5

SikaWrap®Fabrics

rengthened with Sika® CarboDur®

80 100 120

Beam T3

Beam T4

Beam T5

rengthened with Sika® CarboDur®

Deflection [mm]


Preparation of the Concrete Substrate

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Sika® CarboShear L® Installation Procedure

▲ Pretreatment of the anchor zone of the Sika CarboShear L Plate with Sikadur-30, 24 hours before fixing.

▲ Blast cleaning or equivalent mechanical means▲ Clean, oil and grease free surface▲ Vacuum the surface before resin application▲ Levelling with Sikadur mortars as necessary ▲ Smoothening the edge of the structure to fit the inner

radius of the L-shaped plates

Preparation of the Sika® CarboShear L® Plate

Fixing Sequence▲ The CarboShear L Plate on the second side is

then installed in exactly the same way as on the first side.

Bonded Bonded


Inserting the Sika®

CarboShear L® Plate and carefully removingthe exuded excess resin.

Drilling holes with diamonds coated chain saw


Plate: completed installation

▲ When the anchor lengthis reached, the plate ispressed with a rubberroller against the substrate.

▲ The long leg of precut CarboShear L is slightly inclined and pushed into the boreholes prefilled withSikadur-30.

Drilling Holes in the Concrete Slab and Filling them Completely with Sikadur®-30

Installation and Application ®®

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The SikaWrap® Installation Procedure

▲ Trowel apply the Sikadur-330 resin with a notched trowel and control the thickness.

▲ Blast cleaning or equivalent mechanical means▲ Clean, oil and grease free surface▲ Vacuum the surface before resin application

Preparation of the Concrete Substrate

Application of the MixedSikadur®-330 to the PreparedSubstrate

Careful Impregnation of the SikaWrap® Fabric into the Sikadur®

Resin with the Laminating Roller

Shear Strengthening of the Reinforced Concrete Beam Completed with SikaWrap® Fabric and Sikadur®-330 Resin

SikaWrap®Fabrics

Basis of▲Eurocode EC 2▲ EMPA and EPFL Test Reports▲Approvals from SOCOTEC and ICBO


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Proceeding

Sika® CarboShear L® Design Proposal

▲Vservice ≤ Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VCarboShear L

National Standards

2. Serviceability Limit State

AS = Cross section of one stirrupfS = Stress in steel stirrups, ≤0.8fyielding , acc. fib/ACI-440�LS= Strain in CarboShear LEL = Modulus of elasticity, CarboShear L➞ Compatibility

�LS = �Steel, with max. 0.8fyield

AS� fS� z—s �cotg �+

AL��LS�EL� z—s �cotg �

▲No sudden failure of the whole structure in case of loss of Composite/CarboShear L® contribution

▲Vd : Shear force design value =Shear force at working level with �DL=�LL=1.0

▲VRO : Shear resistance of unstrengthened section

Therefore Vd<VRO�R

, �R : Resistance factor>1

3. Unstrengthened Section


▲Vd : Shear force design value = �DL�VDL + �LL�VLL

�DL, �LL = Load factors, according to National Standards

▲VR : Shear resistance of the concrete section strengthened with CarboShear L®

= Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VCarboShear L

See EC2, or National Standards

▲ Structural safety is proven if: Vd<VR—�R

�R = Resistance factor, according to National Standards

1. Ultimate Limit State

AL��L�EL� z—s �cotg �

AL = Cross section of CarboShear L�L = Ultimate strain, max. 7‰, EMPA TestsEL = Modulus of elasticity, CarboShear Lz = Lever arm of internal forcess = Spacing between CarboShear L� = Inclination of compression force in concrete –

Truss model

®®

Design Proposals

Design Proposals

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SikaWrap® Design Proposal

Proceeding

▲ Identical approach/design philosophy as for CarboShear L®.

3. Unstrengthened Section

SikaWrap®Fabrics

▲Vd : Shear force design value = �DL�VDL + �LL�VLL

�DL, �LL = Load factors, according to National Standards

▲VR : Shear resistance of the concrete section strengthened with SikaWrap®

= Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VSikaWrap


0.9 � �fd,e � Efu � pf � bw � d (cotg � + cotg �) sin �

▲ Structural safety is profen if: Vd<VR—�R

�R = Resistance factor, according to National Standards

▲ Reinforcement ratio p f for:

1. Continuously bonded SikaWrap®: p f =

2. SikaWrap® in form of sheets ofwidth bf at a spacing sf: pf = �

1. Ultimate Limit State

tf = Thickness of SikaWrap = Thickness of fibres�fd,e= Ultimate strain in SikaWrap, max. 5‰ EMPA TestsEfu = Modulus of elasticity = Tensile modulus of fibrebw = Minimum width of cross sectiond = Effective depth of cross section� = Angle between principal SikaWrap orientation and

longitudinal axis of member

▲ Vservice = Vconcrete + Vsteel stirrups + VSikaWrap


0.9 � �serv � Efu � pf � bw � d (cotg � + cotg �) sin �

See remarks for stress limitation in steel stirrups andfollow the proposed approach made for CarboShear L.

2. Serviceability Limit State

2tf

bw

2tf

bw

bf

sf

▲Recommandations of ACI-440 and fib-TG 9.3 ▲ Technical Papers▲Sika® CarboDur® Product Data Sheets


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Shear Strengthening with CarboShear L®

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete BeamsBridge, Switzerland

Shear and flexural strengthening of columns and beams with Sika® CarboShear L®

and Sika® CarboDur® CFRP plates

Increase of Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Columns for Seismic UpgradingOffice building, Taiwan

Warehouse StructureBeam strengthening, Denmark

Office BuildingBeam strengthening, Switzerland

Anchorage end detail Strengthening of the main bridge girders


Plate installation

International References ®®

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Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete BeamsOffice building, Switzerland

Shear Strengthening with SikaWrap® Fabrics

Increase of Shear and Flexural Strengths of a Brick ChimneyChemical Factory, Switzerland

Application of Sikadur®-330

Increasing Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns for Seismic UpgradingBridge, USA

Rolling of the SikaWrap®

glass fabric intothe Sikadur® resin

Fabric application to column baseOverview

Laminating the SikaWrap®

fabricsOverview Strengthened chimney

SikaWrap®Fabrics

Strengthening of the precast beams

Overcoated SikaWrap®

Crossing

Testing of CFRP shear strips on EMPA Test Report 1998reinforced concrete T-beams T1 and T2 No. 169219E/1

Testing of CFRP shear strips. EMPA Test Report 1998Flexural beam T3 No. 169219E/2

Shear strengthening with CFRP fabric. EMPA Test Report 1999Test beam T4 No. 200137/E/1

Shear strengthening with CFRP fabric. EMPA Test Report 1999Test beam T5 No. 405552E

Sika Shear Strengthening of EPFL Final Report – 97.02 1998Concrete Beams

Additional Sika® CarboDur® System Brochures

Test Reports Technical PapersCFRP L-shaped Plates. H. Meier, SI+A 43/1998

Shear Strengthening with CFRP L-shaped Plates. Ch. Czaderski, SI+A 43/1998

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete with CFRP. Ch. Czaderski, IABSE,Lucerne 2000

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete with CFRP. Ch. Czaderski, SAMPE 2000, USA

Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams using FRP Composites. T. Triantafillou, ACI Journal March-April 1998

The Latest R&D in Structural Strengthening with bonded CFRP Plates. H. Meier, A. Bleibler; Structural Faults & Repair, 1999, London

On the strengthening of RC beams by Sika CarboShear L system against shear failureA. P. Jensen, E. Poulsen, CCC 2001, University of Porto, 2001

Anchorage and laps of CFRP strips for the strengthening of RC structural componentsE. Poulsen and all, CCC 2001, University of Porto, 2001

Structural strengthening with bonded CFRP L-shaped plates H. Meier, M. Basler, S. Fan CICE 2001 Hongkong

Design of concrete flexural members in shear with FRP.T. Triantafillou, C.P. Antonopoulos, ACI Journal, November 2000

ApprovalsReport/Technical Investigations SOCOTEC 07.08.2000on Sika CarboDur and SikaWrap No. HX0823

France

Aprobata Techniczna IBDiM No. AT/99-04-0587 27.01.1999(SikaWrap-230C/Sikadur-330) Poland

Evaluation Report for SikaWrap ICBOFRP Systems No. ER-5558 01.04.2000

California, USA

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Sik

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Internet: www.sika.com

Shear StrengtheningSika® CarboDur® Composite Systems

The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the appli-cation and end-use of Sika products, are given in good faith based on Sika’scurrent knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored,handled and applied under normal conditions. In practice, the differences inmaterials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no warranty in respect of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose, nor anyliability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever, can be inferred eitherfrom this information, or from any written recommendations, or from anyother advice offered. The proprietary rights of third parties must be observed.All orders are accepted subject to our current terms of sale and delivery.Users should always refer to the most recent issue of the Technical Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which will be supplied onrequest.

Solutions with Sika System

®®

Sika® CarboDur® Heating Device Rapid Application of CarboDur® Plates

▲Fast curing of structural adhesive▲Application at low temperatures ▲For use at elevated service temperatures▲Application even under dynamic load

1

Bridge StrengtheningSika® CarboDur ® Composite Systems

®®

Solutio s wit Sika System

▲Flexural Strengthening▲Shear Strengthening▲Seismic Retrofitting

®®

Sika Technologies in ActionSupporting Earthquake Recovery

▲ Concrete restoration▲ Structural strengthening▲ Seismic upgrading

Solutions with Sika Systems

The Circum Pacific Belt“The Ring of Fire”

The Alpide Belt“The Hot Line”

®®

Cer

tified Quality System

ISO

9001/ EN 29001

since 1986

Your Local Sika® Company

Cer

tifie

d Management System

ISO 14001

since 1997

The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the appli-cation and end-use of Sika products, are given in good faith based on Sika’scurrent knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored,handled and applied under normal conditions. In practice, the differences inmaterials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no warranty in respect of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose, nor anyliability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever, can be inferred eitherfrom this information, or from any written recommendations, or from anyother advice offered. The proprietary rights of third parties must be observed.All orders are accepted subject to our current terms of sale and delivery.Users should always refer to the most recent issue of the Technical Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which will be supplied onrequest.

solutions with sika systems shear strengthening · solutions with sika systems shear strengthening...

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